a. ghaffari

Hairy vetch (vicia villosa) is suitable winter crop for cold drylands because of its specific characteristics especially for its cold tolerance. Gholshan cultivar has been derived and released through individual selection within local hairy vetch landraces. Initially, 105 single plants collected from vetch landraces in Kurdistan, Zanjan and east Azarbaijan provinces were evaluated and cold tolerant genotypes in autumn planting were selected for further investigations. After elementary and advanced trials in Maragheh and Qorveh, 12 superior lines were identified and then were studied in terms of adaptability and yield stability at Maragheh, Qorveh and Oroumieh research stations. The results showed that Vv-Zanjan Sel 4 had the lowest mean rank and stanrdard deviation over all environments and with 3057 kgha-1 dry forage yield was the most stable cultivar over studied environments. Studies in the Hashtrood and Charoymagh on-farm trials showed that Vv-Zanjan Sel 4 had 20% higher dry forage compared to the control cultivar. The plant height of new cultivar was 10 cm higher than gholsefid control. There were no symptoms of fusarium wilt and/or ascochita blight on this cultivar during the elementary and advanced field trials. It was concluded that Vv-Zanjan sel 4 is a suitable winter crop for cold and semi-cold drylands because of its higher forage yield and stability and therefore it was released as cv. Gholshan.

The aim of this study was to investigate the vibration behavior of soft magnetoelastic plates mounted close to rectangular conductors conducting current. New relationships are derived for electromagnetic interaction forces with magnetoelastic plates by taking into consideration the general form of Maxwell's equations and Lorentz forces. By using von-Kámán strain-displacement relations and Hamilton's principle, we derive the nonlinear differential equations for the plate based on classical first-order shear deformation theory. It is investigated numerically how different parameters affect the resonance features of these plates by discretizing the nonlinear equations using the Galerkin method. It has been demonstrated that the intensity of the magnetic field and electric current has a profound effect on the vibration behavior of the plates. Through these effects, energy is lost in the plate, which, as a result, results in a decrease in oscillation amplitude over time.

Community relocation could be voluntary or forced, but such change in the composition of inhabitants can endanger the historic urban context and its cultural significance. So, finding the answer to these questions is crucial: What are the main factors for relocation in historic urban contexts, and are these areas affected differently? This paper presented and discussed the results of a systematic literature review of international English-language publications. Databases such as Scopus, ICOMOS Open Archive, and UNESCO digital library were investigated to reveal the main factors for community relocation in the historic urban contexts. Results revealed a frequent focus in metropolitan regions and major cities worldwide between 1987 and 2021. The multiplicity of non-environmental relocation factors was also noticeable. Despite the commonalities of factors for community relocation worldwide, the type and effect of the relocation differed between the historic urban context and other urban contexts. The interaction of two main factors, namely economics and policies, was found to affect the process of community relocation in the historic urban context the most. Forced relocation was more predominant than voluntary relocation in historic urban contexts. However, the existing relations between internal and external factors that drive relocation must be further investigated. This research identified and charted how the local community relocation in historic urban contexts that are reflected in scholars’ publications. It also defined a theoretical framework on the factors of community relocation in these contexts and their interrelation, which is vital for both urban and heritage studies as well as planning practices.

Mosques are among the buildings that sound has a special role in the explanation of their quality. It seems that different physical forms in mosques also play a role in the field of acoustics, domed, columned and arched buildings offer different qualities of sound. To analyze this feature, the current study has selected 5 samples of large historical mosques in Tabriz as a study sample, which are classified into 5 formal groups. The method is field research based on ISO3382 and visual surveys and Background Noise, Sound Pressure Level and Reverberation Time were measured in the empty position of the samples and at two standing and sitting heights to simulate the prayer positions. Findings of the study consider the arched form to have a balanced behavior, evaluating the maximum RT both at standing and sitting position at a frequency of 100 Hz and related to the domed sample. Another part of the findings, according to the visual surveys, shows that the combination of spatial elements plays a great role in the distribution of sound, and the scattering of the main frequencies of the speech in all the mosques is desirable and intense.

In ceramic additive manufacturing, it is important to fabricate parts with high solid contents to guarantee defect-free sintered parts. In stereolithography, low viscosity and especially shear-thinning behavior of the ink are the key factors in producing ceramic-resin parts. Therefore, there should be a correlation between solid loading and viscosity. In this study, Alumina-glass inks were printed using bottom-up and top-down approaches, and the rheological properties were investigated. The main objective of this study was to print a highly filled ceramic-resin part with a viscosity suitable for DLP printing. While use of suspensions with low viscosity was recommended for top-down digital light processing (DLP) printing, a new setup was designed to study the feasibility of the top-down approach for pastes for the top-down approach. According to the findings, ceramic-resin pastes with the solid content of maximum 75 wt% and viscosity of 47.64 Pa.s at the shear rate of 30 s-1 were easily printable via our hand-made top-down DLP printer. However, it was not possible to print inks with solid contents more than 60 wt% using the bottom-up DLP, mainly because the detachment force grew dramatically with an increase in viscosity.

In the nearly six decades, exoskeletons have progressed from the stuff of science fiction to nearly commercialized products. In addition, the main part in usage of these robots in the medical sciences and particularly for the rehabilitation, specially disabled and elderly people is to help them to do their basic routine activities like walking, sitting and etc. This article represents the design process of a lower limb exoskeleton robot for helping disable people in gait cycle. First, the conceptual design of 7 Degrees of Freedom (DoFs) robot, consist of 3-DoFs in each leg and 1-DoF in hip joint, is presented. Then the dynamic modeling of mechanical system is shown by Lagrange Method. In addition to producing an optimized mechanical model of the exoskeleton, it was necessary to ensure the strength of each component. So that after the force analyzing of the robot components which are designed for the lower limb extremities, the physical output information of the modeling software (CATIA) is used as the dynamic model input and also in order to obtain motion equation in the gait cycle always needed to choose an appropriate coordinate for simulating closer to reality. In continuation of discussion a combined controller is designed to investigate its performance. Finally the system results are shown the maximum torque of 1st joint is 32 N.m, the 2nd joint is 13 N.m and the 3rd joint is 3 N.m. The maximum torques lead to select the suitable actuator for each link of robot.

Lane changing behaviors, due to the hidden aspects of factors involved, are considered as one of the most complicated behaviors in traffic flows. This paper proposes an intelligent system for discretionary lane change behaviors in the real traffic flow. The introduction presents a review of the research into the models of lane change behaviors. Then, a new method is proposed to determine the initial and final points of lane changing behavior in terms of time parameter. Hypotheses are then introduced to extract data on lane change behaviors from data recorded by NGSIM. An intelligent system is put forward using two control sub-systems based on fuzzy logic. Basically, this paper brings about innovative features by the utilization of time parameter during the execution of lane change behaviors and by the consideration of the impact of human and environmental factors through measurable data such as relative distance and relative speed in terms of time parameter. Finally, the results of the proposed intelligent system are compared with the behaviors of the driver in real situations. The framework of the result analysis employs error criteria and standard deviation (Variance). The said comparison indicates that the developed intelligent system outperforms the human behaviors in real situations.

Daylight has a great impact on the quality of indoor spaces, especially educational spaces. In educational spaces, visual comfort along with the use of daylight is of great importance. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to evaluate the visual comfort in the classrooms.

Two indexes of illumination (lux) and Glare (DGP) were investigated to evaluate the visual comfort in 9 classrooms of 3 faculties from Polytechnic University of Shahrood. Attempts were made to examine at least one sample from each geographical direction. Cases were simulated in Grasshopper software via Honeybee plugin and then analyzed.

The evaluation of the Illumination (lux) index showed that only the class 2 in Mechanical Faculty was in accordance with Standards and in terms of DGP index, class 1 in Engineering Faculty was annoying at 10 and 14 o’clock in February. In the rest of the classes, the glare was due to reflective light and inappropriate lighting angle.

The results of the analysis showed that in the current situation, by making change in the spatial location of variables such as seats place and white board location relative to the position of windows, we can control the shading and better use of shades and light situations and can greatly improve the lighting quality of interior spaces. Also, the most important finding of the research is that the interior design of the space to create the connection between the light source and the layout and white board is not done by experts or is left to uninformed people.

In this paper we define $varphi$-Connes module amenability of a dual Banach algebra $mathcal{A}$ where $varphi$ is a bounded $w_{k^*}$-module homomorphism from $mathcal{A}$ to $mathcal{A}$. We are mainly concerned with the study of $varphi$-module normal virtual diagonals. We show that if $S$ is a weakly cancellative inverse semigroup with subsemigroup $E$ of idempotents, $chi$ is a bounded $w_{k^*}$-module homomorphism from $l^1(S)$ to $l^1(S)$ and $l^1(S)$ as a Banach module over $l^1(E)$ is $chi$-Connes module amenable, then it has a $chi$-module normal virtual diagonal. In the case $chi=id$, the converse holds

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Islamic coping strategies training on happiness and life satisfaction of parents of children with learning disabilities in Ardabil city. The present study is an experimental study. The sample size included 40 persons who were considered as parents of children with learning disabilities in Ardabil city and were randomly divided into one experimental and a control groups. Oxford Happiness Questionnaire and Life Satisfaction Scale (SWLS) were used to collect data as pre-test and post-test. Group training in Islamic coping strategies was performed for the experimental group. The data were analyzed by SPSS software using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results of the data analysis showed that training coping strategies with emphasis on Islamic teachings was effective on happiness and life satisfaction of parents of children with learning disabilities. Based on the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that teaching coping strategies with emphasis on Islamic teachings can be used as an effective way to improve family functioning, and increase life satisfaction and happiness of parents of children with learning disabilities.

Given the importance of pursuing a policy of free-market prices in bread and flour markets within Iran’s subsidies reform, this study aimed at recognizing and prioritizing the most important factors affecting the bread and flour prices under such an assumed situation using AHP and FAHP methods and comparing the results. The required data were gathered in 2013 through questionnaires and interviews with seven experts who had been active in government offices as well as the bread and flour producers. Unlike the FAHP results, the AHP results were proven to be valid. Furthermore, the AHP results indicated that the most important contributing factors of flour prices would be domestic wheat prices, international wheat prices plus export volume, respectively; in addition, bread prices would be influenced firstly by flour prices and then by wages and fuel costs, respectively. Therefore, since following the implementation of free-market price policy in bread and flour markets, the bread prices might be significantly influenced by the wheat ‎prices, it would be inevitable to build up a stable wheat market through a market regulation mechanism and to make a careful reconsideration ‎of wheat guaranteed prices in this respect. ‎

Spiritual health is the newest dimension of health, along with other aspects of health. The purpose of this study is to investigate "the role of good and evil in spiritual health". Methods & Materials: In this study, library resources were searched and internal databases related to the purpose of the study were used.

Looking at the determinants of spiritual health from the perspective of Islamic teachings, one can see that there is a very close relationship between good and benevolence with spiritual health. One of the most important and central features of a human being's spiritual health include romantic creativity, religious rationality, conscientiousness, and hereafter which somehow refer to goodness and benevolence. This man, by loving others, as he strives to uphold ethical principles, to consider others with good faith, and to act quickly and in good faith with others, to cultivate harmony with people and tolerance. The psyche and spirit of others extend the comfort of others, while trying to balance their own people. That is, to behave the way he wants others to be with him.

Good and evil can have an impact on spiritual health. Whereas goodness promotes and evil reduces one's spiritual health, on the other hand, there is a synergistic relationship between goodness and spiritual health so that both increase one another. It is recommended to use good and humane discussions for spiritual well-being

Although the issue of vocational training has been considered in the history of education in the country, we do not come across a credible scientific document about the philosophy of vocational training. In other words, the study of preliminary evidence showed that the philosophy of vocational training in Iran has not been considered as much as its value and sensitivity. For example, in the Fundamental Document of Educational Change, it is only important to pay attention to vocational training in general. In a general view, we see that in different periods of time, with the momentary decisions of the officials, the training of professionals has had many ups and downs. In these ups and downs, mostly without logical support, the vocational education system has sometimes been sharply criticized by some education experts in the country. As the philosophy of education and its different aspects such as vocational education is not so clear, and it is considered as a vaccum issue system of education, the purpose of this article is to understand the evolution of the philosophy of vocational education in Iran (from the establishment of Dar-al-Fonoon, up to now).

Method and Materials:

 To achieve this purpose, the researchers have studied the evolution of philosophy of vocational education in contemporary Iran through a philosophical approach and via logical-analyzed procedure. This is done to express challenges and current issues as well as representing required suggestions related to the issue. To achieve this purpose, the relevant documents have been studied by evidence analysis method.

The study of philosophical foundation of education system in Iran before and after the stablishment of Islamic republic indicates that the sprite of ruling over the vocational education in Iran’s education system is affected by several philosophical streams including doctrines related to the realism, pragmatism, liberalism, naturlizm, and mercantilism which are different from Islamic education philosophy in some axiological and epistemological foundations.

In summary, the study of the philosophical foundations of the educational system of the Islamic Republic of Iran shows that the prevailing spirit of the philosophy of vocational education in the Iranian educational system is influenced by several philosophical associations that in some axiological and epistemological foundations with the philosophy of Islamic education. They are different. The most important of these schools were pragmatism, liberalism and utilitarianism. Therefore, it is inferred that the planning and implementation of vocational training programs has been associated with many shortcomings, and with the continuation of this situation, we can not hope for the success of these programs in the future. Because any vocational training system needs a philosophy to help it give basic answers to questions about what and why vocational training is. According to the present study, efficient vocational training is one of the most fundamental ways to achieve some goals of any educational system, and having a clear philosophy and a specific theoretical framework for vocational training is one of the first fundamental steps in achieving the goal of efficient vocational training. As stated in this study, and a review of the theoretical and practical background of research in Iran also shows, that the country's education system has clearly lacked the stated philosophy of vocational training. The lack of clarity in the philosophy of vocational training is a vacuum in any educational system. It is clear that having philosophical support alone is not enough, but also the stability and financial policies of the government can contribute to the success of vocational training projects.

The Global Positioning System (GPS) and an Inertial Navigation System (INS) are two basic navigation systems. Due to their complementary characters in many aspects, a GPS/INS integrated navigation system has been a hot research topic in the recent decade. The Micro Electrical Mechanical Sensors (MEMS) successfully solved the problems of price, size and weight with the traditional INS. Therefore they are commonly applied in GPS/INS integrated systems. The biggest problem of MEMS is the large sensor errors, which rapidly degrade the navigation performance in an exponential speed. Three levels of GPS/IMU integration structures, i.e. loose, tight and ultra tight GPS/IMU navigation, are proposed by researchers. The loose integration principles are given with detailed equations as well as the basic INS navigation principles. The Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is introduced as the basic data fusion algorithm, which is also the core of the whole navigation system to be presented. The kinematic constraints of land vehicle navigation, i.e. velocity constraint and height constraint, are presented. A detailed implementation process of the GPS/IMU integration system is given. Based on the system model, we show the propagation of position standard errors with the tight integration structure under different scenarios. A real test with loose integration structure is carried out, and the EKF performances as well as the physical constraints are analyzed in detail.

Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) benefit from current infrastructure to discern environmental information. Traffic signs are global guidelines which inform drivers from near characteristics of paths ahead. Traffic Sign Recognition (TSR) system is an ADAS that recognize traffic signs in images captured from road and show information as an adviser or transmit them to other ADASs. In this paper presents a novel machine vision algorithm for traffic sign recognition based on fuzzy sets. This algorithm is a pipeline consists of multiple fuzzy set that create a fuzzy space here called Super Fuzzy Set (SFS). SFS helped to design a flexible and fast algorithm for recognizing traffic signs in a real-time application. Designed algorithm was implemented in computer-based system and checked on a test car in real urban environment. 83.34% accuracy rate was obtained in real-time test.

The designing of advanced driver assistance systems and autonomous vehicles needs measurement of dynamical variations of vehicle, such as acceleration, velocity and yaw rate. Designed adaptive controllers to control lateral and longitudinal vehicle dynamics are based on the measured variables. Inertial MEMS-based sensors have some benefits including low price and low consumption that make them suitable choices to use in vehicle navigation problems. However, these sensors have some deterministic and stochastic error sources. These errors could diverge sensor outputs from the real values. Therefore, calibration of the inertial sensors is one of the most important processes that should be done in order to have the exact model of dynamical behaviors of the vehicle. In this paper, a new method, based on artificial neural network, is presented for the calibration of an inertial accelerometer applied in the vehicle navigation. Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm is used to train the designed neural network. This method has been tested in real driving scenarios and results show that the presented method reduces the root mean square error of the measured acceleration up to 96%. The presented method can be used in managing the traffic flow and designing collision avoidance systems.

In this paper a control system has been designed to improve traffic conditions in car following maneuver. There are different methods to design a control system. In this paper design approach is based on the Fuzzy sliding mode control (FSMC) system. The aim of designing FSMC system is to achieve safe and desire longitudinal distance and less lateral displacement. In order to control and obtain desired longitudinal and lateral movements, suitable values of composite torque and steering angle is generated. At first to design of FSMC system, a nonlinear dynamics model of vehicle with three degrees of freedom is presented and validated with real traffic data. Then, the performance of the FSMC system has been evaluated by real car following data. At the end, the simulation results of FSMC are compared with the first and second order sliding mode control. Simulation result shows that performance of FSMC is better than sliding mode control. Also by comparing between FSMC and real driver, it is shown that FSMC is much safer than a real human driver in keeping the longitudinal distance and also the FSMC produces less lateral displacement in the lateral movement too.

Overtaking a slow lead vehicle is a complex maneuver because of the variety of overtaking conditions and driver behavior. In this study, two novel prediction models for overtaking behavior are proposed. These models are derived based on multi-input multi-output adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (MANFIS). They are validated at microscopic level and are able to simulate and predict the future behavior of the overtaking vehicle in real traffic flow. In these models, the kinematic features of Driver-Vehicle-Units (DVUs) such as distance, velocity, and acceleration are used. Unlike the previous models, where some variables of the two involved vehicles are considered to be constant, in this paper, instantaneous values of the variables are considered. The first model predicts the future value of the longitudinal acceleration and the movement angle of the overtaking vehicle. The other model predicts the overtaking trajectory for the overtaking vehicle. The second model is designed for two different vehicle classes: motorcycles and autos. Also, the result of the trajectory prediction model is compared with the result of other models. This comparison provides a better chance to analyze the performance of this model. Using the field data, the outputs of the MANFIS models are validated and compared with the real traffic dataset. The simulation results show that these two MANFIS models have a very close compatibility with the field data and reflect the situation of the traffic flow in a more realistic way. These models can be used for all types of drivers and vehicles and also in other roads and are not limited to certain types of situations. The proposed models can be employed in ITS applications and the like.

The lane change maneuver is among the most popular driving behaviors. It is also the basic element of important maneuvers like overtaking maneuver. Therefore, it is chosen as the focus of this study and novel multi-input multi-output adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system models (MANFIS) are proposed for this behavior. These models are able to simulate and predict the future behavior of a Driver-Vehicle-Unit in the lane change maneuver for various time delays. To design these models, the lane change maneuvers are extracted from the real traffic datasets. But, before extracting these maneuvers, several conditions are defined which assure the extraction of only those lane change maneuvers that have a smooth and uniform trajectory. Using the field data, the outputs of the MANFIS models are validated and compared with the real traffic data. In addition, the result of these models is compared with the result of other trajectory models. This comparison provides a better chance to analyze the performance of these models. The simulation results show that these models have a very close compatibility with the field data and reflect the situation of the traffic flow in a more realistic way.

Car-following models, as the most popular microscopic traffic flow modeling, is increasingly being used by transportation experts to evaluate new Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) applications. A number of factors including individual differences of age, gender, and risk-taking behavior, have been found to influence car-following behavior. This paper presents a novel idea to calculate the Driver-Vehicle Unit (DVU) instantaneous reaction delay of DVU as the human effects. Unlike previous works, where the reaction delay is considered to be fixed, considering the proposed idea, three input-output models are developed to estimate FV acceleration based on soft computing approaches. The models are developed based on the reaction delay as an input. In these modeling, the inputs and outputs are chosen with respect to this feature to design the soft computing models. The performance of models is evaluated based on field data and compared to a number of existing car-following models. The results show that new soft computing models based on instantaneous reaction delay outperformed the other car-following models. The proposed models can be recruited in driver assistant devices, safe distance keeping observers, collision prevention systems and other ITS applications.