a. mirzaei

Despite over 1000 years of rural tourism development in the West, this issue has not been seriously considered in developing countries. In recent years, especially in developing countries like Iran, the lack of economic opportunities for rural communities, the failure to provide public services, and infrastructure deficiencies have hindered rural tourism from overcoming challenges and progressing towards development. This study aims to address the following key questions: What are the essential factors for the sustainable development of rural tourism?How significant is the impact of each critical factor on the sustainable development of rural tourism? How can potential villages be prioritized based on critical factors and their impact intensity?

Factors influencing rural tourism development were identified through a literature review, document study, and expert interviews. The classical fuzzy DEMATEL method was employed to assess the intensity of these factors' impact on rural tourism development. Ten experts from various fields participated in completing questionnaires using the fuzzy DEMATEL method to evaluate the relationships between factors. The TOPSIS method was then used to prioritize rural areas based on their tourism development potential, with experts assigning scores to each village.

The study revealed that managerial and physical factors were the most critical for rural tourism development in Dezful County, with average impact intensities of 0.976 and 0.906, respectively. Economic, social, and cultural factors also played significant roles. Natural factors were deemed less important compared to other factors. Job opportunities, social interactions, local festivals, and traditional accommodations were identified as critical factors for sustainable rural tourism development in Dezful County. Villages with potential for tourism development were identified based on these critical factors.

To promote sustainable rural tourism in Dezful County, it is recommended to focus onincentives, government support for infrastructure improvement, job creation in tourism-related sectors, and education on organizing local festivals and interacting with tourists. This study provides a structured framework for identifying critical factors and prioritizing investment in sustainable tourism development, serving as a roadmap for the Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization.

Zinc nanoparticles have gained significant attention due to their wide-ranging applications in various fields, including industries, medicine, and nutrition. These nanoparticles are characterized by their small size, which allows for easy absorption into biological systems, enabling them to interact with different tissues effectively. One of the critical areas of concern regarding the use of zinc nanoparticles is their potential impact on kidney health. The kidneys are vital organs responsible for filtering blood, excreting waste, and regulating essential bodily functions. Due to their high blood flow and the capacity to excrete various compounds, kidneys may be particularly vulnerable to the effects of toxins, including nanoparticles. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effects of nano zinc oxide on antioxidant activity and histological changes in the kidneys of rats. Understanding these effects is crucial for assessing the safety and potential therapeutic applications of zinc nanoparticles in medical and nutritional contexts.

In this research, male Wistar rats were utilized as the experimental model. The rats were randomly divided into six groups, with seven rats in each group to ensure statistical validity. Group 1 served as the normal control group, while the remaining groups received varying doses of nano zinc oxide. Specifically, group 2 received 5 mg/kg of nano zinc, group 3 received 10 mg/kg, group 4 received 25 mg/kg, group 5 received 50 mg/kg, and group 6 received 100 mg/kg of nano zinc. The administration of these doses continued for one month to observe both short-term and potential cumulative effects. After this period, the rats were sacrificed, and their kidneys were isolated for further analysis. Various biochemical assays were conducted to assess total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant capacity (TOS), glutathione levels, and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration. Additionally, liver enzymes were measured, and kidney histopathology was examined to evaluate any structural changes resulting from nano zinc exposure.

The findings revealed significant alterations in antioxidant activity among the groups that received nano zinc. Specifically, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and glutathione levels decreased markedly in the rats that received higher doses of nano zinc, particularly at 10, 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg. In contrast, there was a sharp increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations and total oxidant capacity (TOS) in these groups, indicating heightened oxidative stress. Interestingly, the group that received the lowest dose of 5 mg/kg of nano zinc exhibited no harmful effects on tissue changes or antioxidant capacity, suggesting a threshold below which nano zinc may not pose significant risks. Conversely, in the groups receiving higher doses, observable tissue damage was noted, and these changes appeared to be dose-dependent, emphasizing the importance of dosage in determining the safety and efficacy of nano zinc.

The results of this study underscore the potential harmful effects of nano zinc, particularly at elevated doses, on kidney function and histopathology. The observed increase in oxidative stress markers and accompanying tissue changes highlight the need for caution in the use of zinc nanoparticles, especially in medical and nutritional applications. While nano zinc in low concentrations may offer beneficial effects, such as potential therapeutic properties, the risks associated with higher doses cannot be overlooked. Further research is warranted to explore the mechanisms underlying these effects and to establish safe dosage guidelines for the use of zinc nanoparticles in various applications. Overall, this study contributes valuable insights into the safety profile of nano zinc, particularly concerning kidney health, and emphasizes the need for careful consideration of dosage in therapeutic contexts.

This research will identify the best financial ratios and the best method for forecasting the probability of fraud in the financial statements of approved companies, taking into account the financial significance of decision-making as well as the rise in fraud statistics and its detrimental effects. The statistical sample consisted of 180 companies listed on the stock exchange in Tehran from 2014 to 2021 (532 years of companies -years suspected of fraud and 908 years of non-fraudulent companies). First, by looking at the theoretical underpinnings, 96 financial ratios were extracted, k-nearest neighbor and the Bayesian network, support vector machine, and combined method (bagging) were used to predict fraud in financial statements. The findings reveal that, in general, the methods don't meet the evaluation standards. The gray wolf optimization algorithm, which has an accuracy of 70.60% and a proportionality function value of 0.2940, was thus used to reduce the ratios in order to improve performance. After 31 iterations, 9 appropriate financial ratios were obtained. The effectiveness of the proposed fraud prevention strategies was then assessed again using the extracted financial ratios. The results show that after lowering the financial ratios, all of the proposed methods perform better. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed methods are respectively 79.25% and 81.70% in the combined method (begging), support vector machine 75.83% and 80.30%, Bayesian network 72.01% and 74.60%, and k- nearest neighbor 74.55%. % and 75.60%, which shows the higher accuracy and efficiency of the combined method (begging) compared to other methods.

 Osteoporosis is one of the most common diseases among women, and dietary patterns, especially during adolescence, significantly impact its occurrence and prevention. The present study examined the determinants of osteoporosis in female students at the first secondary school level in Ilam City based on the health belief model.

 This cross-sectional study involved 819 participants selected by a two-stage cluster random sampling approach. Data were collected using a 52-item researcher-developed questionnaire based on the health belief model and analyzed using descriptive tests, Pearson’s correlation, multiple linear regression, one-way analysis of variance, and Chi-square test by SPSS 22 software.

 The average age of participants was 13.72±0.97 years, with an age range of 12 to 16 years. Also, 22.2% of participants had a family history of osteoporosis. Additionally, 29.2% and 22.6% of the participants reported a history of calcium and vitamin D supplement intake in the last month, respectively. The health belief model constructs accounted for a total of 18.9% of the variance in behavior. Perceived barriers and perceived self-efficacy were identified as the most important predictors of behavior, while other constructs were not significant predictors despite showing significant correlations with behavior.

 The constructs of self-efficacy and perceived barriers directly affected nutritional behavior preventing osteoporosis among teenage girls in Ilam City, while another construct had an indirect effect.

In the present study Dragon's head (Lallemantia iberica F. & C. M.) landraces that collected from different parts of Iran, were evaluated in nine dryland agricultural research stations in mainly fall planting during 2010 to 2019. At the beging, three Dragon’s head landraces belong to Zanjan, Kurdestan and West Azarbaijane proviences evaluated in Maraghe (cold region) agricultural research station in 2010 and Sararood (semi-cold region) agricultural research station in 2010 and 2012 under rainfed condition, then superior genotypes selected. Twelve landraces were evaluated for adaptation in eight cold, semi-cold and warm agricultural research stations including: Sararood (Kermanshah), Maragheh (East Azarbaijan), Ghamloo (Kurdestan), Gachsaran (Kohgiluieh and Boierahmad), Shirvan (North Khorasan), Shirvan Chardavol (Ilam), Sarabchangaee (Lorestan) and Khodabandeh (Zanjan) under rainfed condition durind three years, 2014-2017. Results showed that, Kurdestan genotype had the highest seed yield, the best rank and the lowest rank standard deviation among all landraces. Onfarm trials conducted in Kermanshah, Lorestan and Zanjan farmer’s fields revealed that in total, Sara veraiety (Kurdestan genotype) had the highest performance and yield stability in most of locations. Overall, Sara variety with average of 42% oil content, high seed and oil yield (929 and 392 kgha-1 respectively) and high oil quality (the highest omega3 among oilseed crops) was suitable crop for fall planting in cold, semi-cold and warm drylands of Iran. Results from Gonbad agricultural research station showed that all genotypes at the beginning of generative growth stage infected to Fusarium culmorum, Rhizoctonia solani and Alternaria solani diseases and had the low performance therefore, growing Dragon’s head under high rain and moderate climates such as Gonbad is not recommended. Results of complementary studies showed that Sara variety had 42% oil content and 62.87% linolenic acid, also 400 plants m-2 was the best plant density.

Today, the increase in the world's population, especially in third-world countries, has caused an increase in the demand for livestock products, which will subsequently require more livestock products and more food resources to meet these needs. The use of waste from factories of agricultural transformation industries in feeding livestock helps to make the cost of breeding more economical. Since cotton by-product is considered a product of cotton ginning factories, it can be said that due to its nutritional value, its use in animal diets is to avoid wasting this huge source of feed. Cotton by-product contains 86.9% dry matter, 12.3% crude protein, 57.7% NDF, 12.2% ash, 1.7% calcium, 0.31% phosphorus, and 1.06% net energy. The results of the studies showed that cotton waste can be used as a source of protein in the diet of fattening animals. This study aimed to assess the effect of feeding different levels of cotton by-products on performance, degradability, rumen fermentation parameters, microbial protein, and microbial population in fattening lambs.
In this study, 24 male Afshari lambs with a mean weight of 30±0.7 kg and a mean age of four months were used in a completely randomized design with four treatments and six replications for 90 days. The experimental treatments included: 1) a diet without cotton by-product (control), 2) a diet containing 33.33% cotton by-product instead of alfalfa, 3) a diet containing 66.66% cotton by-product instead of alfalfa, and 4) a diet containing 100% cotton by-product instead. Hay was based on dry matter. The cotton by-product used in this study was obtained from Mahosh cotton ginning factory located in Razavi Khorasan province, Neyshabur city, Iran. After entering the test site, it was chopped and then mixed with alfalfa in certain percentages; it was consumed by experimental lambs. Growth performance traits including daily feed intake, daily weight gain, and feed conversion ratio were measured during the experiment period. To measure ruminal fermentation parameters and bacteria and protozoa populations, the rumen fluid of the experimental lambs was taken from the rumen on the 90th day of the experiment, three hours after morning feeding using an esophageal tube. To determine urine purine derivatives, the total 24-hour urine production of each animal was collected in a special container under the metabolic cage on five sampling days. The number of three fistulaized Afshari sheep with a mean weight of about 50±2 kg and a mean age of approximately 11 months was used to estimate the parameters of degradability of dry matter, crude protein, and NDF.
The growth performance results showed that replacing 100% cotton by-products instead of dry alfalfa increased feed intake, increased daily weight, and decreased feed conversion ratio (P<0.05). The results of ruminal parameters showed that the treatment containing 66.66 and 100% replacement of cotton by-products instead of dry alfalfa had the highest concentration of total volatile fatty acids, acetic acid, and acetate to propionate ratio (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the experimental treatments in the amounts of purine excretion derivatives and microbial protein production. The use of 66.66% of the substitute cotton by-product instead of dry alfalfa in the diet increased the total population of rumen fluid bacteria (P<0.05) but had no significant effect on the protozoan population. The results of meta-measures of dry matter degradability, crude protein, and NDF showed that there was no significant difference between experimental treatments.
The general results of the study showed that replacing cotton by-products by 66.66 or 100% instead of dry alfalfa in the diet improved the performance, increased the bacterial population, and concentration of total volatile fatty acids in the rumen fluid of fattening lambs. The use of cotton by-products can be a suitable substitute for alfalfa in the diet of fattening lambs without negative effects on growth performance and rumen fermentation indices.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of a health education program on empowering mothers to prevent home accidents among rural children under five years old in Ilam County.

This research was a randomized controlled trial involving 88 mothers with children under five years old attending healthcare houses in Ilam County in 2022-2023 who were randomly assigned to the intervention and control groups. A one-month online educational intervention was implemented for the intervention group using the WhatsApp application, while the control group received no education. Data were collected using a questionnaire assessing the constructs of the health belief model regarding home accidents in children, completed online by the participants at baseline and three months later. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16 software, employing an independent sample t-test and paired sample t-test.

No significant difference was found between the two groups in the mean scores of the health belief model constructs regarding preventing home accidents in the pre-test phase (p>0.05). The results of the independent sample t-test showed a significant increase in the mean scores of health belief model constructs in the intervention group compared to the control group after a three-month follow-up (p<0.05).

Designing interventions based on the health belief model effectively empowers mothers to prevent accidents in rural children under five years old.

The postposition “rā” is syntactically an accusative case marker in the Persian language. Accompanying the case marker “rā” with the direct object is mandatory for some verbs, but in other cases, transitivity defines the presence or absence of “rā”. According to Hopper and Thompson (1980), transitivity is considered a continuous concept and is a feature of the clause (and not only a feature of the verb). Then, in addition to the verbs, the subject and object in a sentence also play a role in transitivity. Accordingly, if the object of an active verb is a proper noun, human (animate), objective or singular, and countable and referable noun, the clause is more transitive. This research studies the postposition “rā” in Persian based on Hopper and Thompson. We assume that there should be a relationship between the presence of “rā” and the transitivity of the clause. To investigate this hypothesis, we used the “Persian dependency treebank” (Rasouli et al., 2013). This corpus contains about half a million words and thirty thousand sentences. There are twenty thousand objects in this corpus. The findings showed that the inanimate singular nominal objects are the most frequent object accompanied with “rā”, and definite nouns and object pronouns tend to be associated with “rā” more than indefinite nouns.

The transition from the global epidemic of Corona; Gaining a new experience on a wide and unprecedented scale in the last few centuries in global health made possible the public vaccination of this disease. Examining and analyzing the process of acceptance of vaccination by people will be one of the very important principles in the future research of similar epidemic disease management, policy making and planning in future epidemics.

Methods and Materials: 

The current research is a review-narrative study that was conducted between December 2019 and January 2022. The English language databases Scopus, EMBASE, Google Scholar and Persian SID databases were used to search for the required information. The search strategy was implemented using related keywords and related operators. In addition, criteria were defined for the entry and exit of studies into the research. Finally, to extract information related to studies, forms based on standard indicators were compiled and used.

After checking the databases, a total of 17100 articles were retrieved in the databases, after checking the title and abstract of the articles in the screening phase and removing the articles with no thematic connection, finally, the full text of 27 articles, were included in the study based on the inclusion criteria. The findings of this research showed that the average amount of willingness to pay was higher in high and middle income countries, also there is a direct and significant relationship between people’s willingness to pay for vaccination and the increase in monthly income.

In global epidemics, planning to make vaccines free for low-income people in the society and donating free vaccines to low-income countries, by global organizations in charge of health, can be among the suggested solutions for to streamline vaccination programs. In addition, planning to increase awareness and promote the beliefs of the people of these countries regarding the benefits of vaccination by policy makers and the use of health belief models can be effective in improving the acceptance of vaccination in people.

With the growing population of the world, water, food and energy supply will be one of the most important challenges ahead. Agriculture as the most important food producer is not only the consumer of water and energy, but also the most important supplier of energy. As a result, a balance must be struck between harvesting and exploitation of production resources and the amount of agricultural production. Due to the close relationship between water-food-energy systems and also their interaction with each other, a new concept called the “nexus” approach has been proposed which refers to the integrated nature and interactions of water-food-energy planning. This approach has provided suitable options for political decision makers, managers and planners in order to conserve existing resources and achieve sustainable development.

In this study, we have tried to introduce a mathematical programming model using multi-objective mathematical programming (MOP) technique for water-food-energy nexus that has the ability to process managerial decisions. In this model, in addition to examining the economic aspect, the control of greenhouse gas emissions has also been investigated. The regions of Mashhad, Chenaran and Torqabeh-Shandiz are the most important regions in the study area of Mashhad province in the production of crops. The data required for the study were collected through review of reports and agricultural statistical yearbooks of the year 2020-2021 and interviews with experts in each region and through consulting engineering companies. The hypothetical model under study includes lands covered by crops of Mashhad, Chenaran and Torqabeh-Shandiz. In this model, the water needed to irrigate crops is supplied from surface and groundwater sources. Electricity (electricity consumption) is used to collect and pump of irrigation water, produce food, and supply the domestic and industrial sectors. In the process of generating electricity, production of food, irrigation of crops and consumption of fertilizers and pesticides, greenhouse gases are emitted, especially CO2. In this study, 6 objectives including: maximizing gross profit, maximizing the production of calories from food, minimizing emission of greenhouse gases, minimizing consumption of fertilizers and pesticides, minimizing consumption of irrigation water, and minimizing consumption of energy have been pursued.

The results of the proposed model showed that the rate of change in the level of cultivation area in MOP compared to the current cultivation pattern in Mashhad, Chenaran and Torqabeh-Shandiz decreased by 25.92%, 53.05% and 55.88%, respectively. The level of optimal cultivation for barley in Mashhad in order to maximize net profit objective increased by 16934 hectares (46.71%) and its maximizing caloric production equal to 8484 ha, which has decreased compared to the current pattern (22%). The cultivation area of barley in minimum irrigation water consumption decreased by 10877 hectares (1.11%) and in other minimization objectives it changed to 12892 hectares which increased by 17% in Mashhad region. Wheat, barley, alfalfa, corn, sugar beet, tomato and potato have the highest decrease in cultivation area in the MOP among crops. The total area of optimal cultivation in the net profit maximization model of Mashhad, Chenaran and Torqabeh-Shandiz equal to 48639, 26027 and 75 hectares, which showed an increase of 41.4%, 11.61% and 55.8%, respectively. Furthermore, in the model aimed at minimizing energy, irrigation water, fertilizer, pesticide consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions, the recommended cultivation areas are as follows: 25,475 hectares for energy consumption, 15,954 hectares for irrigation water consumption, and 100 hectares each for fertilizer consumption, pesticide consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions. These figures clearly indicate the need to reduce the cultivation area dedicated to agricultural products that have a significant environmental impact. Consequently, it is crucial to alter the cultivation pattern and adopt a strategy that focuses on producing crops with a lower environmental impact. By implementing this strategy, the objective is to cultivate crops that require less energy, irrigation water, fertilizer, and pesticides, while also minimizing greenhouse gas emissions. This approach aims to mitigate the environmental footprint associated with agricultural practices. By reducing the cultivation area for crops that have high environmental effects and transitioning towards crops that have a lesser impact on the environment, it is possible to achieve a more sustainable and environmentally friendly agricultural system.

The purpose of this study was to propose a nonlinear multi-objective mathematical programming model with water-food-energy nexus approach for crops in Mashhad province. In this study, in addition to economic relations, energy and environmental issues (greenhouse gas emissions) were also analyzed. The various components of the water-food-energy nexus, including energy supply planning, water supply and demand, food production, and control of greenhouse gas emissions, were modeled. The results showed that considering the MOP model based on economic and environmental objectives, the area under cultivation of wheat, barley, alfalfa, tomatoes, sugar beets and potatoes has significantly decreased. In other words, in order to achieve the objectives of maximum profit and minimum environmental impact, the area under wheat, barley, tomato, corn should be reduced and the area under cucumber, onion, potato and sugar beet should be increased. According to the results of this study, the following suggestions are presented:- Implementation of the proposed optimal model of water-food-energy nexus allows farmers to simultaneously maintain economic income, environmental considerations, optimal and sustainable consumption of resources (water-food-energy) to select and consider suitable policies. So, it will only be a sustainable policy if it can be built within the combined framework of water, food, energy and the environment. In order to minimize the emission of greenhouse gases and its damage to the environment, the area under cultivation of agricultural products that have high environmental impact should be reduced, and in contrast to changes in cultivation pattern, the strategy to produce crops with less impact. Therefore, by developing a cropping pattern model, the productivity of the production capacities of the agricultural sector can be maximized and at the same time the damages and destructive consequences of crop production can be reduced.

Background & objectives: 

According to the recommendation of the World Health Organization, health insurance is an effective tool to achieve the global goal of universal health care coverage. The present study was conducted to design and determine a valid and reliable questionnaire to measure universal health insurance coverage in Iran.

 This descriptive-applied study was conducted in 2022. Based on the data obtained from the review and comparative study, an initial questionnaire was prepared based on the balanced scorecard model. Content validity was measured using a panel of 15 experts and content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI) for each question. The test-retest method was used in a sample of 30 people to determine the reliability. Data were analyzed using Excel and SPSS 20 software. 

 Validity assessment was done in two stages. The final questionnaire was approved with a total content validity index score of 0.85 and a content validity ratio of 0.67. The results of Spearman's correlation coefficients for the four dimensions of the questionnaire showed the acceptable reliability of the questionnaire components. 

 Considering that the designed questionnaire was approved in terms of validity and reliability, it can be a suitable tool for determining the requirements for achieving universal health insurance coverage in Iran.

Nowadays, the industrialization of societies and the improvement of the quality of life are associated with issues such as air pollution and environmental pollution. Hence, gas sensors are widely used to detect toxic and hazardous gases and vapors in various applications. Among the different gas sensors, resistive gas sensors based on semiconducting metal oxides, its work is based on changes in sensor resistance in the presence of the target gas, are among the most popular types of gas sensors. These sensors have high sensing response, short response and recovery time, high physical and chemical stability and low price. In this review article, resistive gas sensors based on semiconducting metal oxides are discussed. Various aspects of fabrication, gas sensing mechanism, strategies of improving sensing properties, and methods of reducing energy consumption in these sensors are explained. This article is organized and written in such a way as to provide the basic concepts for those interested in entering this field.

In this study, 14 advanced chickpea genotypes selected from regional experiments with Adel and Azad, as control cultivars, were cultivated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in eight environments (Gonbad, Gachsaran, Ilam and Khorramabad in three, two, two and one years, respectively) in Iran during 2017-2020 growing seasons. Combined analysis of variance showed that environment, genotype and genotype by environment interaction (GEI) explained 43.5, 19.8 and 36.7% of the total variation of grain yield, respectively. The first and second principal components accounted for 50.89% and 19.39% of variation, respectively. The polygonal view of biplot showed that genotypes G11, G14 and G9 were the most adaptable genotypes for environments E2, E3, E6, E7, E8, E4 and E5 and G8, G5 and G13 for E1. Based on average tester coordinate (ATC) view, genotypes G11, G5, G13 and G14 were the most stable and high-yielding genotypes. The GGE-biplot based on genotype-focused scaling showed that genotypes G11, G14, G8, G9 and G13, in the circles around the ideal genotype, were the most preferred genotypes. The priority index (PI) showed that in all environments and favourable environments (environments with higher than average grain yields), genotypes G11, G9, G16, G13 and G14 and in unfavourable environments (environments with lower than average grain yields), genotypes G11, G13, G14, G12 and G5 were superior genotypes. Based on different biplot views as well as priority index, genotypes G11, G14 and G5 had grain yields higher than average yield and yield of Adel and Azad cultivars. Further, given their grain yield stability in all environments they can be suitable candidates for introduction of new cultivars.

Nowadays, due to bacterial antibiotic resistance, the design of new high-performance antibiotics to maintain human health has been a significant challenge. Accordingly, photothermal antibiotics have been developed based on semiconductor materials such as graphene. Herein, copper sulfide (CuS) nanoplates and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)/CuS were synthesized as salient antibacterial agents and their antibacterial features were assessed using polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) as a practical matrix. The morphology and structure of nanostructures were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet (UV)-visible (Vis) diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Based on the results obtained by the UV-Vis light absorption, the g-C3N4, CuS, and g-C3N4/CuS nanostructures illustrated strong absorptions in the visible light region while demonstrated 2.92, 1.20, and 0.27 eV band gaps, respectively. Eventually, the study of the antibacterial properties of the nanostructures exhibited that the zone of inhibition is augmented by anchoring the CuS nanoplates onto the g-C3N4 surface. Interestingly, g-C3N4/CuS nanocomposite brought 12 and 17 mm zone of inhibitions for Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), respectively. More significantly, the results attested that inserting the g-C3N4 nanostructures promote the antibacterial features of CuS nanoplates, originated from its nucleation effect boosting surface area to volume ratio of the sulfides, amplifying interfacial interaction, and elevating established reactive oxidative species (ROS) killing the bacteria. The presented research opens new windows toward augmenting the antibacterial features of biomedical polymers.

Lentil cultivar Sepehr was first introduced as FLIP 2005-53L line through LIDTN-L-08 ICARDA international nursery and was evaluated in Gachsaran and Maragheh stations in 2007-2008 cropping season. FLIP 2005-53L line in the cropping seasons 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 was evaluated in the preliminary and advanced yield trials in Gachsaran and Khorramabad research stations. After evaluating the results of advanced experiments, this line was selected to participate in the national uniform regional yield trial (2010-2013) in Gachsaran, Khorramabad, Gonbad and Moghan research stations. Stability analysis of genotypes grain yield in this experiment showed that this line had the lowest contribution in the interaction of genotype × environment using different statistical methods and also it had the lowest mean rank values ​​for non-parametric stability parameters as well as 19% increases in the grain yield (with grain yield of 1166 kgha-1) ‌ compared to the control cultivar Gachsaran (with grain yield of 978 kgha-1) and therefore can be considered as "one of the most stable genotypes" with high grain yield. FLIP 2005-53L line with average grain yield of 1902 kgha-1 in farmers field in the research-extension trials, had a 15% advantage of grain yield over control cultivar Gachsaran with grain yield of 1651 kgha-1. In addition to high grain yield, good yield stability, high resistance to fusarium disease, desirable 100-seed weight (4.2 g) and suitable plant type and plant height for machine harvesting were other reasons for releasing Sepehr cultivar. Sepehr cultivar is suitable for cultivation in subtropical regions of the country including Khuzestan, Fars, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Lorestan, Kermanshah, Ardabil (Moghan) and Ilam provinces.

The importance of the Iraqi style is not limited to the inclusion of many great works of Persian literature in it, but today, with the development of critical sciences and studies of Western literature, new angles of validity and importance of this style have been identified. Recent studies in the field of Oriental studies and the relationship between Eastern and Western literature show that many features of Western art and literature, especially the literary school of Romanticism in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, bear a striking resemblance to Eastern art and literature, especially Iran, when The establishment of the Iraqi style according to the speakers of the sixth to ninth centuries AH in the region of Jabal, Zagros and Ajam has been non-existent. The purpose of this study is to analyze the Iraqi style from this angle.

The present study has been done with a descriptiveanalytical method with the aim of highlighting the similarity between Iranian sentimental literature and Western romantic literature by quoting European sayings and works as well as mentioning and analyzing examples of related works of Iraqi style.

Realizing the similarity between the characteristics of the Iraqi style and some components of the school of Romanticism, especially at the intellectual level, is one of the most important achievements of this study.

Coordinates such as sentimentality, individualism, imagination, religiosity, introversion and sorrow, as well as the tendency towards nature, which are characterized by the literary school of Romanticism, in the works of Iraqi style literature are clearly different from those mentioned in other literary styles. It shows itself, so that according to critics and the existence of Western literary books that have been written according to the works of Persian literature, especially in the Iraqi style, certain traces of similarity with romanticism can be found in this style.

Mycorrhiza fungus is of special importance in organic agriculture and in relation to the coexistence of all root characteristics of the host plant is affected and also improves the water relationship in the host plant.  With application of mycorrhizal fungus, the plant absorbs soil water better and as a result, by increasing the relative moisture content of the leaves, the stomata are open for a longer time and carbon dioxide processing is done optimally, resulting in more photosynthesis, which ultimately leads to increased yield. The aim of this research in rainfed agriculture is to reduce the stresses on rainfed wheat. In rainfed wheat cultivation, the plant gets its water requirement from rainfall. In most cases, the plant water needs are not met in this way. Due to the reduction of grain yield of rain-fed barley cultivars, new achievements can be reached by investigating the role of plant growth-promoting bacteria on physiological and biochemical traits under rain-fed conditions. Considering that no research has been reported on the role of plant growth promoting bacteria on rainfed barley in the country and especially in Ilam province. Therefore, the present experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of plant growth promoting bacteria on the activity of antioxidant enzymes and physiological traits of rain-fed barley cultivars.
Materials and

In order to investigate the effect of inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi on some physiologic and biochemicaltraits of barley cultivars in rainfed conditions, a factorial field experiment was carried out in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in the farm station of Sarablah Agricultural Research Center during 2019-2020 cropping season. Experimental treatments including factor of barley cultivars (Mahali, Mahour, Khoram and Fardan) and fertilizer sources treatment including: control (without fertilizer source), 50% P fertilizer, mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus mosseae, Glomus etunicatum and Rhizophagus irregularis), mycorrhizal fungi + 50% P chemical fertilizer and 100% P chemical fertilizer.
Results and

The results of this experiment showed that the interaction between cultivar×fertilizer sources had a significant effect on the activity of some antioxidant enzymes and physiological properties. Fardan cultivar× mycorrhizal fungi +50% P chemical fertilizer increases the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (14.3 µmolmin-1 mg protein-1), gluthathion peroxidase (3.5 µmol.min-1 .mg protein-1), catalase (12.1 µmolmin-1 .mg protein-1), peroxidase (14.8 µmol.min-1 .mg protein-1), super oxid dismutas (25.4 µmol.min-1 .mg protein-1), chlorophyll a (3.5 mg.g-1 fresh weight), chlorophyll b (3.3 mg.g-1 fresh weight) and reduces malonde aldeyede (20.4 nmol.g fresh weigh leaf) and hydrogen Peroxide (0.26 mmol.g-1 FW) and Mahali cultivar× control treatment (without fertilizer sources) had the lowest activities of ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and photosynthetic pigments.

The results of this study showed that in the dryland conditions of the region, physiological traits (leaf chlorophyll content) were significantly reduced in all studied barley cultivars. In this study, the maximum activity of hydrogen peroxide and malondealdeyede in the Mahali cultivar×control treatment was observed, but when inoculation was used with mycorrhizal fungus, observed an increase in physiological characteristics. Fardan cultivar×Mycorrhiza+50% P fertilizer with maximum activity of photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide desmutase, catalase and peroxidase) which resulted in increased growth and yield. According to the results of this study, among the rainfed barley cultivars used, Fardan cultivar with mycorrhizal fungi +50% P fertilizer can be recommended in rainfed agriculture of the region.

Acknowledgements

This research was derived from a research project that was carried out at Sarablah Agricultural Research Station. Thanks to all the colleagues who accompanied and helped the authors during the implementation of this study.

In this study, 18 lentil genotypes were grown under rainfed conditions for three growing seasons (2013-2016) in Gachsaran, Ilam and Khorramabad field stations in Iran. Analysis of additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) revealed that the effect of environment, genotype and genotype by environment interaction and the first three principal components were significant for seed yield. According to the simultaneous selection indices: ssiASV; G12, G16, G8, G9 genotypes and G2, ssiSIPC: G11, G12, G9, G2 and G7 genotypes, ssiEV; G9, G11, G2, G7 and G15 genotypes, ssiZA; G12, G9, G2, G16 and G7 genotypes, and ssiWAAS; G12, G9, G16, G2 and G8 genotypes were identified as genotypes with yield stability. Polygon view of biplot demonstrated that G2 and G12 genotypes with yield stability. The average tester coordinate (ATC) view of biplot illustrated that G1, G10, G18 and G12 genotypes, in addition to high grain yield, had seed yield stability. G1, G16, G8, G18, G10, G15 and G12 genotypes were desirable based on the ideal genotype view of biplot. The vector view of GGE biplot indicated that the first environment (Gachsaran in 2013-2014) was highly discriminating and representative, and could discriminate the genotypes with yield stability. In conclusion, based on different views of biplot and simultaneous selection indices using AMMI analysis, G12 genotype was identified as superior genotype and can be considered as a candidate for being released as new lentil cultivar for dryland conditions.

The high prevalence of Cesarean section (CS) is a global health concern globally, especially in Iran. The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of a Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) based educational intervention on preventing elective cesareans.

An interventional study (NCT02929875) was conducted on a sample of 100 nulliparous pregnant women attending health care centers in Kermanshah, Iran, 2016. Women were randomly selected and assigned into either intervention or control groups on a 1:1 basis. The intervention group received a theory-based (Theory of Planned Behavior) health education intervention, while the control group received only standard care. A questionnaire containing items on TPB constructs, including attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and intention, was used to collect baseline and 1-month follow-up assessments. Each woman also received a phone call after childbirth to record their delivery method. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 15 at a significance level of p<0.05. The paired t-test, the independent t-test, the chi-square, and ANCOVA were used for data analysis.

The results revealed significant differences in scores of attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and behavioral intention in the intervention group before and after the intervention (p<0.05). Additionally, the intervention group chose elective cesarean less than the control group (p<0.05). The risk of having an elective cesarean section in the intervention group was about one-fifth of the control group (RR= 0.21; CI=0.4197 to 0.0018).

According to this randomized control trial results, the TPB-based education improved the TPB constructs and NVD rates by providing education to women and their close friends or relatives during pregnancy.

Food security is one of the main goals of economic growth and development of each country. , in this study, Due to the importance of agricultural sector in food security, the effect of agricultural productivity and Business environment on food production index in Iran was investigated using Bayesian network during 2001-2016. One of the indicators of food security that is based on micro data is the food production index. The food production index includes food products that are considered edible and contain nutrients. But coffee and tea are an exception, because although they are edible, they have no nutritional value. This index is calculated as the ratio of food production value to the value of basic food production. Also, the health and food security of a country is directly dependent on agricultural production. One of the important indicators in the field of improving domestic production and subsequent food security is improving business environment, which its role in increasing production, especially in the agricultural sector, has been ignored. Improving the business environment is a key step in developing private sector investment, product and employment in the country. Although many studies have attempted to investigate effective factors on food security, but impact of the agricultural productivity index and business environment has not been considered. The institutional environment in which all economic businesses are formed, or have gone bankrupt and exit is called the business environment of economic activities. Improving the business environment by increasing entrepreneurship, increasing investment, reducing the informal sector, reducing production costs and prices of domestic goods, strengthening property rights, reducing corruption and reducing smuggling will increase economic growth. In this study, the effect of two factors of agricultural sector productivity and business environment on food security as factors affecting domestic production has been investigated. Various studies have proven the establishment of food security through supportive policies in the agricultural sector and increasing production in this sector. None of the studies, in particular, examined the effect of agricultural productivity on food security.

In this study, the effect of agricultural productivity and Business environment on food production index in Iran is investigated using Bayesian network during 2001-2016. The Bayesian network is a probabilistic graph pattern that shows a set of variables and probabilities associated with each. This network is a straightforward, cyclical graph in which nodes are problem variables. The structure of a Bayesian network is, in fact, a graph of the interaction of the variables to be modeled. In addition to showing the quality of the relationship between the problem variables, it also shows the quantity of the relationship between these variables. Each network consists of three components: 1) nodes 2) the relationship between nodes and 3) the conditional probability table of nodes. The variables in the graph and the links show the relationships between the variables. The conditional probability table is also used to define the conditional probability of causal relationships.

The results showed that the increase in the real exchange rate, agricultural productivity, water productivity in the agricultural sector, and the improvement of the business environment have led to an increase in the food production index in Iran. The business environment is very important in the prosperity of production because an unfavorable business environment would increase production costs and reduce the competitiveness of goods in the international arena. Inadequate business environment has a significant impact on reducing economic growth and, consequently, the growth of the agricultural sector. Agriculture is considered as an area or platform for business. Therefore the development of agricultural businesses is also a manifestation of entrepreneurial behavior in this sector. Improving the business environment is a key step in the development of private sector investment, production and employment in the country. By providing the right conditions for competitiveness and effective entry of the private sector, a decisive role in it plays the economic growth and development of the country. Therefore, simplifying the licensing process; Reducing administrative procedures and time to enforce customs tariffs and simplifying rules and regulations are effective in improving the business environment. The health and food security of a country is directly dependent on the production of the agricultural sector. The results showed that the share of value added of the agricultural sector in GDP and grain production, as indicators of agricultural productivity, has a positive effect on food security. The agricultural sector has an important role to play in achieving a prosperous production and food security. Therefore, the need to pay attention to the agricultural sector and appropriate support for this sector is felt. Increasing the level of productivity can improve economic growth, optimal use of resources, cost reduction, profitability and production capacity. For this purpose, it is necessary to review the necessary parameters in the design of irrigation systems and to develop design instructions according to the crisis water and soil conditions of the country.

Banana (Musa spp.) is one of the most important commercial tropical fruits traded. Fruit is perishable and have a relatively short shelf life due to physiological characteristics at the time of ripening. Due to these characteristics postharvest losses of fresh banana fruits have been estimated to be very high, especially in developing countries, and their postharvest life can be very short (Yahia, 2011). Polyphenol oxidase is considered the enzyme responsible for quality deterioration and browning in fresh banana fruits during postharvest period. Browning reaction of banana fruit results from the enzymatic oxidation of phenolic substrates by polyphenol oxidase leading to the production of black or brown pigments which is the cause of enzymatic browning in fruit (Tapre and Jain, 2016). Antioxidant properties of essential oils and plant extracts were obtained from a reduction of enzymatic browning and fruit shelf life extension (Ranasinghe et al., 2002; Yahia, 2011). Treatment with basil essential oil inhibited anthracnose and crown rot and extending storage life of banana as well as eucalyptus oil-enrichment reduced fruit decay and maintained fruit quality of strawberries. The composite edible coatings of gum arabic enriched with lemongrass showed the synergistic effects and the greatest potential to control anthracnose and improved postharvest quality of fruit banana (Tzortzakis and Economakis, 2007). Thyme essential oil treatment induced the activities of peroxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase and chitinase which all play an important role in disease resistance in avocado fruit (Sellamuthu et al., 2013). Ethanol extract of Rhizophora mucronata reduced the growth of Penicillium pupurogenome, Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium notatum, Penicillium niger, Penicillium alternata and Penicillium italicum in vitro (Rastegar and Gozari, 2017). Mangrove leaf extracts were inhibited Penicillium digitatum of growth. Mangrove leaf extracts, in 20, 40, 60 and 80 Percent concentration, the mentioned extract were shown inhibition effect on mold pathogen growth (Alizadeh Behbahani et al., 2012). Therefore, the objective of the present experiment was to evaluate doses of red mangrove and eucalyptus ethanolic extracts from leaves on the effective control of the polyphenol oxidase activity and enzymatic browning and maintenance ofantioxidant capacity of fresh banana fruit.

Banana fruits (Musa,genome group AAA and subgroup Cavendish) at the mature green stage were harvested from a commercial orchard in Zarabad (Sistan and Bluchestan Province) and were transferred to the postharvest laboratory of hormozgan university. The selected fruits were randomized before being used for plant extract treatments. Ethanolic extracts of red mangrove (Rhizophora mucronata) and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.) leaves in concentrations (0, 500 and 1000 µg/L) for ten minutes. According to the method used by De León-Zapata et al. (2015), the extracts were prepared by adding 5 g of dried leaf powder to 50 ml ethanol (96%). The extracts were stored in opaque vials at 4 °C before using them on fresh banana fruits. Then, the liquid extracts on the surface layer of the fresh banana fruits were left to evaporate, and the fruits were stored at (25°C ±1 and 80-90% relative humidity) for 0, 7, 14 and 21 days. Several parameters were measured every 7 days during the storage time. These were the antioxidant activity, total phenol content, malondialdehyde, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity. The current study was carried out as a factorial assay and was based on a completely randomized design with three replications. Data were processed by ANOVA using the SAS software version 9.4. Significant differences were identified by using LSD test at 1% probability level.

The results showed that the processed fruits had better quality compared to the control fruits. The most effective treatment for maintaining the total phenol content in fruits was the eucalyptus leaf extract at a concentration of 1000 μg/L with 10.79 mg gallic acid/100 g fresh weight. Phenolic content was higher in fruits at harvest time (15.85 mg gallic acid/100 g fresh weight). Lowest total phenol content was observed in untreated fruits (7.11 mg gallic acid/100 g fresh weight) after 21 days. With ripening, total phenol content decreased in fresh banana fruit. Phenolic compounds and tannins which are responsible for astringency taste of unripe fruits, decreased with ripening mainly due to polymerization. The highest antioxidant activity (11.9%) and the lowest amount of malondialdehyde (0.29 nmol/g fresh weight) were achieved in fruits treated with 500 μg/L Eucalyptus leaf extract, while the lowest amount of antioxidant activity (5.82%) and the highest amount of malondialdehyde (0.44 nmol/g fresh weight) were achieved in the control sample. Also, the highest enzymatic activity of peroxidase (7.72 unit/mL/min) was observed in fruits treated with 1000 μg/L mangrove leaf extract. The lowest activity of polyphenol oxidase (11.22 unit/mL/min) was observed in fruits treated with 500 μg/L mangrove leaf extract. The results showed that the extending of postharvest life of banana fruits from 0 to 21 days significantly enhanced the activity of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase enzymes. Enzymatic browning reaction of banana fruit is usually caused by polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase enzymes, following cell damage caused by senescence. The study indicated the beneficial effect of extracts of red mangrove and eucalyptus leaves by postharvest immersion on antioxidant capacity and enzyme activity of fresh banana fruit.

Ethanol extracts of red mangrove and eucalyptus treatments maintained greater total phenol content and antioxidant activity, reduced malondialdehyde, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity in fresh banana fruit during ripening. This study showed that the ethanolic plant extracts have a significant effect on preserving the biochemical properties of banana fruits by reducing the rate of mechanisms involved in ripening. Also, the use of plant materials are more acceptable by the consumer due to their higher health safety compared to chemical agents.

In order to evaluate root yield and quality of Paya, a newly released drought tolerance sugar beet cultivar and compare it with foreign check Rasta, this experiment was conducted on farmers' fields under both normal and drought conditions in 2016. In this study, half hectare of each cultivar was planted and from the second irrigation, irrigation was done with intervals of 7 and 14 days for each half of the cultivated area. At the end of the growth stage, four samples were harvested (along two 5-meter lines at two rows) and the root pulp for qualitative traits was provided. Economic evaluation was carried out using benefit- cost ratio and partial budgeting. The results showed that the yield for two cultivars in the irrigation interval of 7 days (normal irrigation) was 93.3 tons and in the irrigation intervals 14 days (stress conditions) was 57.6 tha-1. In the irrigation interval of 7 days, the percentage of sugar was 16.5% and the 14-day irrigation interval percentage of sugar was 14%. Irrigation interval did not have a significant effect on the elements in the root (sodium, potassium and nitrogen). There was no significant difference between two cultivars in terms of yield, but the sugar percentage of Rasta cultivar (16.9%) was higher than Paya cultivar (13.7%).  Under drought stress condition for Paya and Rasta cultivars yield reductions were 31% and 46%, respectively. Economic evaluation showed that the Paya cultivar had economic advantage of 95% to Rasta cultivar in 14-days irrigation interval and advantage of 63% in complete irrigation (7-days interval). Therefore, the Paya cultivar under stress conditions has more capability compared to Rasta sugar beet cultivars (one of the good foreign cultivars) and can be recommended for regions with water shortages and disease-free soils.

In this paper, a constrained cooperative distributed model predictive control (DMPC) is proposed. The proposed DMPC is based on linear adaptive generalized predictive control (AGPC) to control uncertain nonlinear large-scale systems.
The proposed approach, has two main contributions. First, a novel cooperative optimization strategy is proposed to improve the centralized global cost function of each local controller. Second, using the proposed linear distributed AGPC (DAGPC), the mismatch between linearized and nonlinear models is compensated via online identification of the linearized model in each iteration of optimization.
The proposed novel cooperative optimization strategy decreases the computational burden of optimization process compared to conventional cooperative DMPC strategies. Moreover, the proposed linear DAGPC decreases the satisfaction time of the terminal condition compared to conventional DMPC methods. The paper establishes sufficient conditions for the closed-loop stability. The performance and effectiveness of proposed method is demonstrated through simulation of a quadruple-tank system for both certain and uncertain situations. The imposed uncertainty changes the system from minimum phase to nonminimum-phase situation. Closed-loop stability and proper convergences are concluded from simulation results of both situations.
Most important advantages of proposed linear cooperative DAGPC are its less design complexity and consequently less convergence time compared to fully nonlinear DMPC methods, due to its online identification of the linearized model.

Space is considered a signicant and eective resource and constraint in building construction projects. In order to execute project activities, other resources, such as labor, machinery, equipment, and material, require space. In other words, each activity needs dierent types of space. In case the space constraint is neglected, resources allocated to two or more activities, will be obliged to work in a common area during at least a portion of activities duration. Con ict among spatial requirement of activities, can cause serious problems in their execution. Nowadays with the considerable increase in demand for early completion of projects, in many cases the project schedule is compressed. Schedule compression is also used for the purpose of delay compensation. "Fast tracking" or the parallel execution of previously sequential activities, is among the common methods to shorten the project schedule. In case of fast tracking, more activities will be executed concurrently. Therefore, con ict among their spatial requirements will be more likely. Physical con icts among concurrently executed activities are referred to as \time-space con icts", and these con icts are among the most eective factors in labor productivity decrease in building construction projects. They can also seriously impact other performance indexes such as time, cost, quality, and safety. Thus, development of ecient methods and tools for workspace planning can have a signicant eect on project performance. In the present research, considering the mentioned necessity, the signicance of space as a resource and constraint in building construction projects is studied, and various types of space and space requirements in building construction projects are identied. Furthermore, a 4Dbased software approach is developed to identify potential time-space con icts in the schedule and assess their impact on labor productivity. This approach makes con- ict identication and assessment of its eects possible. Through this approach, with the use of proper solutions, the number of potential con icts will be reduced before the start of the construction phase; therefore, an optimized schedule is resulted.

To study the effect of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPR) and mineral nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components of three durum wheat cultivars, an experiment was conducted as a split factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Dehloran Research Station in Ilam, Iran in 2011-2012 cropping season. Experimental factors consisted of durum wheat (Yavaroosm, Kharkheh and Simareh) was assigned to main plot and nitrogen fertilizers at 3 levels (40, 80 and 120 kg.ha-1) and bio-fertilizer (non-inoculation, inoculating with Azotobacter chroococcum, Azospirillum brasilense) to sub plot. Results of analysis of variance showed that among cultivars studied there were significantly differences at traits under study. Yavaroos had the highest plant height, 1000- grain weight, and biological yield. The highest plant height, 1000- grain weight, biological yield and protein content was obtained by application of 120 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer, but there were not different effect between 80 and 120 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer. Traits under study were affected by using bio-fertilizer. The highest plant height, number grain per spike, 1000- grain weight, grain yield were obtained from inoculation plants with bio-fertilizer. The effect of cultivar by nitrogen chemical fertilizer interaction had significant effect on plant height, number of grain per spike, 1000-grain weight, and spike per meter squared and grain yield. The highest grain yield was obtained from Yavaroos using 120 kg/ha and the lowest grain was observed from Simareh cultivar and 40 kg/ha. Interaction effect of cultivar and bio- fertilizer had significant effect on harvest index only. Nitrogen fertilizer by bio- fertilizer interaction had significant effect on only grain yield, spike/m-2 and grain yield. The highest grain yield was obtained from Yavaroos cultivar when it were inoculation with Azospirillum 120 kg/ha and the lowest grain yield observed Simareh cultivar when it was treated with 40 kg/ha.