a.r. pazoki

In order to investigate The effect of salicylic and jasmonic acid on antioxidant enzymesactivity, soluble carbohydrate and proline in artichoke (Cynara Scolymus L.) under salt stress conditions, a research was conducted in 2014 at Islamic Azad University, Yadgar-e-Imam (RAH) Shahre Rey Branch. The experiment was done as factorial based on completely random design with four replications, the first factor salinity stress in four levels 0, 25, 60, and 95 mM, the second factor in two levels no consumption and consumption of 0.7 mM salicylic acid and the third factor no consumption and consumption of 100 µm jasmonic acid were considered. The results showed that all three main effects of salinity stress, salicylic acid and jasmonic acid consumption on antioxidant enzymes activity, soluble carbohydrate and proline content were significant at the 1% probability level, so in salinity stress conditions, the enzyme activity showed a significant increase and the highest level of activity was gained in 95 mM sodium chloride and the lowest one was related to the non applying of salt stress. Also, under the conditions of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid foliar application, the activity level of antioxidant enzymes and soluble carbohydrate and proline content increased and as the result the resistance of artichoke resistance to salt stress improved.

Tobacco is the most important weed Orobanche, leading to reduced performance and quality of this product. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of herbicides to control weed orobanche and enhancement of the Virginia tobacco leaves, a field experiment in a randomized complete block design with 8 treatments and 3 repetitions in July 2014 was conducted in the city Talesh of Guilan. In this experiment, herbicides glyphosate Sl41% and sulfosulfuron were used in the following concentrations and different times: Herbicides application glyphosate at  0/5 L/ha 25 days at 0/75 L/ha 45 days and 1 L/ha 65 days after transplanting used of postemergence, Herbicides application glyphosate at 0/5 L/ha 35 days at  0/75 L/ha 55 days and 1 L/ha 75 days after transplanting used of postemergence, glyphosate three application at 1/5 L/ha  in 25, 45 and 65 days after transplanting, glyphosate three application at 1/5 L/ha  in 35, 55 and 75 days after transplanting, glyphosate three application at 1L/ha in 25, 45 and 65  days after transplanting, glyphosate three application at 1L/ha in 35, 55 and 75 day after transplanting  solfosolforun at 70g before transplanting + glyphosate 1 L/ha 25.45 and 65 days after transplanting used of postemergence, solfosolforun at 70g before transplanting +  glyphosate 1 L/ha 35,55 and 75 days after transplanting used of postemergence, were the most effective treatment on broomrape control. The results showed that largest percentage decline Orobanche in the number of stem air (100%), shoot dry weight (100%) and the density of tumor underground (66/95%) and the highest performance green leaf tobacco (10,834 kg per hectare), increase performance leaves dried tobacco (3/1664 kg), the average price of a kilogram of tobacco per hectare (60,435 dollars) estimated. Based on the findings 70g treatment of sulfusulfurun before planting seedlings + glyphosate 1 liter per hectare, 35, 55 and 75 days after planting, it can be reported as a superior treatment.

In order to investigate the effect of Effect of brassinosteroids and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) foliar application on physiological, biochemical and morphological traits of Borago (Borago officinalis L.) under salt stress conditions, based on a greenhouse experiment was conducted in Shahriar region in 2016-2017. The experiment was conducted as factorial based on completely randomized design with four replications. In which salinity stress from the source of Nacl at three levels (0, 40 and 80 mM), Nitroprosium sodium sulfate was applied at three levels (0, 75 and 150 μM) and brassinosteroids at two levels (0 and 1.5 μm) Were considered. The simple effect of brassinosteroid and sodium nitroprusside on all experimented traits and the interaction effect of experimental factors on carotenoid and xanthophyll content were significant. In these conditions, after increase in salinity stress, the pigment content decreased and these traits improved with anti-stress compounds consumption. So the highest amount of carotenoid and xanthophyll with 1.6667 mg/g and 0.3344 mg/g were obtained with 150 μM sodium nitroprusside and 1.5 μM brassinosteroids consumption.

In order to study the effect of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) on yield and yield components of Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) under drought stress conditions in Shahr-e-Rey region, an experiment was done as split plot based on completely randomized block design with three replications in research farm of Islamic Azad University Yadegare-Imam Khomeini (RAH) Shahre-rey Branch during 2015. In this experiment, irrigation as a major factor in three levels (55, 95, 135 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan ) and methods of PGPRs application as a sub in four levels (seed inoculation, using in irrigation water, seed inoculation + using in irrigation water) were considered. The results showed that drought stress had significant effect on all traits at %1 level of probability, so that the highest plant height (99/18 cm), number of branches per plant (4.5), capsules number per plant (6), number of seeds per capsule (2.19), 1000 grain weight (18.2 g), grain yield (234.79 kg/ha), biological yield (626.58 kg/ha), harvest index (%42.37) were conducted in irrigation at 55 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan. The use of PGPRs on plant height, number of branches per plant, number of capsules per plant, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index were significant at 1% level of probability. The highest amounts of traits were observed in seed inoculation + using in irrigation water. So it can be stated that the PGPRs application can reduce destructive effects of drought in black cumin. The seed inoculation + using in irrigation water were the best recommended treatment in water deficit stress conditions.

Due to analyze the correlation and regression of agronomic traits (grain dimensions) with grain yield of two peanut cultivars under irrigation management conditions (water requirement) and plant mulch an experiment was done as factorial split plots based on completely randomized blocks design with 3 replications during 2019 in Astaneh Ashrafieh. The irrigation management in 3 three levels (no irrigation (rainfed), 50 and 100% of plant water requirement) as main factor and mulch application in 3 levels (0, 2 and 4 cm) and peanut cultivars in two levels (Guil and Gorgani) were considered as sub factor. The results showed that the interaction between irrigation and mulch had the highest seed yield in 100% of water requirement and 4cm of mulch application (2775 kg ha-1). The plant height at 100% of water requirement was 73.8cm which showed 13.7% and 7.7% increase than irrigation conditions and 50% of water requirement respectively. The highest plant height was obtained in 4 cm mulch treatment (75.5cm). In irrigation management, the highest seed length was obtained in 100% water requirement (2.4cm) and 4 cm mulch (2.4cm). The highest seed width was observed in 100% water requirement (1.2 cm), 4 cm mulch application (1.2 cm) and Guil cultivar (1.2cm). Seed yield was positively and significantly correlated (0.788**) with seed length. It can be concluded that with higher seed length, greater seed yield will be observed. Overall, water stress decreased yield and mulch application reduced the negative effects of water stress on both Guil and Gorgani cultivars. Guil cultivar showed higher resistance to waterdeficit stress compared to Gorgani cultivar.

Purslane is a valuable medicinal plant and study of quantity yield and phytochemical changes of them in drought is necessary. Determining the effects of nitrogen chemical and biofertilizers on quantity yield and oil content of purslane herb under drought stress and feasibility of replacing chemical fertilizers with biological fertilizers. This experiment was done in the Research farm of Shahed University in 2012 on the base of split-plot experiment in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The irrigation as main factor in levels of 50±3 mm، 100±3 mm and 150±3 mm of evaporation pan and also application of nitrogen fertilizers as subsidiary factor in levels including control (without fertilizer use)، about 250 kg/ha fertilizer of urea، incorporation of about 2. 5 L/ha of biological fertilizer with 120 kg/ha of chemical fertilizers nitrogen about 2. 5 L/ha and biological fertilizer of nitrogen about 5 L/ha were considered. The treatments of drought and fertilizers had significant effects on plant height، fresh weight of leaf، stem، total fresh weight، dry weight of leaf، stem، total dry weight، grain yield، relative water content (RWC)، oil content of grain and oil yield (p≤0. 01). The highest quality and quantity yield of purslane were obtained on combined treatments of fertilizer and optimal irrigation (3 ± 50) mm evaporation and also the smallest amount of quality and quantity yield of purslane was achieve at control treatment and Severe stress (3 ± 150) ml m evaporation pan. Conjunctive use of bio-fertilizer and chemical treatments under optimum irrigation treatment was increased the oil content about 23% compared to the control. Drought was reduced yield and seed oil content purslane. Conjunctive use of nitrogen bio-fertilizers (NitroxinR) with chemical urea increased yield and quality of Purslane plant. Therefore، the biofertilizers can be an alternative to replacing chemical fertilizers for increasing Purslane production which is in order to minimize of environmental pollution.

Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) is an aromatic and medicinal plant of Lamiaceae family which cultivated in different region of Iran. Evaluation of methanol and ethanol spraying effects on dry matter and phytochemical yield of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.). This study was done in a randomized complete block design with three replications and eleven treatments in the research farm of ACECR - Institute of Medicinal Plants in Karaj, Iran. The treatments were: control (without spray), ethanol solutions with 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% (v/v) and methanol solutions with 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% (v/v). The volatile oil was extracted by hydrodistillation using Clevenger-type apparatus then after it was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The results showed that the foliar application of hydro-alcohols treatments had significant effect (p<0.01) on all studied parameters. The highest dry matter yield was obtained at methanol 30% and ethanol 20%. Also, the highest yield of oil, thymol and carvacrol was observed at 20% methanol, 10 and 20% ethanol, respectively. Foliar application of methanol and ethanol increased the yield of dry matter and content of volatile oil, thymol and carvacrol.