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Due to its location in a seismic zone on one hand, and the vulnerability caused by dereliction on the other, the District 3 of Sari is highly exposed to earthquake hazards, making the planning of post-earthquake reconstruction all the more necessary. One of the most important aspects of any such plan is attracting stakeholders’ the participation, which faces many challenges. The present paper examines appropriate forms of community participation in providing post-earthquake permanent housing in the absence of a guideline. The results of this research can enhance the effectiveness of community participation in housing reconstruction in the complicated, chaotic conditions after an earthquake.
The research was conducted based on case studies using observations and semi-structured interviews, and using them to explore the main themes of community participation extracted from the literature review in the studied region. Purposeful sample selections were made and data were analysed using thematic analyses. After the validating the results of qualitative analyses through expert opinion elicitation by Delphi method, it was used to determine appropriate forms of community participation in the reconstruction of permanent housing in the District 3 of Sari.
The results show that resident satisfaction is the most important ‘participation target’, with vulnerable households, local builders, and built-environment professionals also identified as ‘key participants’. With the above target, as well as time and participation capacities in mind, the ’appropriate participation levels’ were established for each of the five stages of housing reconstruction. Based on these levels, ‘participation methods’ including community meetings, individual interviews, and informal talks were identified as appropriate methods of participation to achieve the purposes of community participation. Finally, the ‘required resources’ for effective stakeholder participation in post-earthquake housing were identified and categorised into four categories including social, financial, technical, and legal resources.

Abstract:New religious movements that have emerged in protest against Western modernity, include variety of tendencies. Despite the fact that many of the famous leaders of these movements, such as Ashou, Quillo and Castaneda, have opposed philosophy, they have been influenced by the new philosophies, especially the teachings of existentialism. Existentialist philosophy began officially in twentieth century by the publication of Kierkegaard's works. There are many teachings in this school related to human existence and life used by new religious movements in an Unreasonable way. This paper, without paying attention to the critical study of existentialism, describes teachings of this school, which we can see in works of some most famous leaders of new religious movements, namely, Ashou, Quillo and Carlos Castaneda. Also, the imperfect use of these leaders is explained in this paper.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the role of liquid-claim, free cash flow and capital structure in optimizing financial leverage in active banks in the Iranian capital market. The statistical sample of 10 banks accepted in the capital market, whose information was available for the period from 2006 to 2016, were selected by systematic elimination method. The research carried out in terms of the target type is a part of applied research and the research method is correlated in terms of content and content. The research has been carried out within the framework of deductive-inductive arguments. For analyzing the hypotheses, a panel analysis has been used. The results show that there is a significant relationship between liquid-claim and financial leverage optimization, between capital structure and optimizing financial leverage, between free cash flow and optimizing financial leverage, and between credit risk of the bank and optimizing financial leverage, but There is no meaningful relationship between type of ownership and financial leverage optimization.

Considering energy rebound effect, real energy savings are determined by the efficiency of resources. otherwise, creation an unrealistic place occur Economic analysis and planning. Therefore, the results of the policies applied are not desirable. In this paper, energy rebound effect of agricultural sectors was estimated in two models, with Divisia index and signification coefficient of fix effect Panel model, Cobb-Douglas function showed positive effect energy consumption of agricultural sub-sectors on agriculture Value Added during 1996–2015, by least square method. The energy decomposition results of Divisia index method confirm energy intensity as the most effective factor in increasing energy consumption. energy rebound effect in two models decreasing trend respectively with an average annual 19.38% and 16.99% ,i.e., an average with 80.62% and 83.01% saved expected energy savings. Given that effect energy intensity the most important factor on increasing energy consumption in the agricultural sectors and after planning subsidies down trend energy rebound effect has decreased, therefore planning and policy making In efficiency and energy rebound effect must do more attention.

Birth of premature neonate is Assosieted with hospital neonate and separation from family. Their long-term hospitalization costs are 50% of the total cost of all newborns admitted. more than 27% of preterm neonates are readmitted after discharge , which ultimately leads to an increase in health care costs. This of this study was performed to determine the effect of implementation of the program on empowerment of parents on hospitalization and duration of hospitalization of premature infants. This clinical trial study was performed on 100 parents of preterm infants in the control and intervention group. The educational program consists of four stages: the 1) 2-4 days of admission, 2) 2-4 days after the first stage, the 3)1 to 3 days before the discharge, and 4) One week after discharge, the mother listened to the audio file at each stage. Mothers were in control of the hospital according to the policy of the informational hospital. At intervals (15 to 30 days) after the discharge of the infant during a telephone call The newborn's hospitalization and activity were questioned, and the duration of admission was recorded through a neonatal case. The mean duration of hospitalization in the intervention group was 8.58 ± 4.22 and 12.2 ± 6.3 in the control group (P = 0.01). The rate of readmission in the intervention group was 31% and in the control group was 62% (P=0.01) The results of the study showed that the implementation of the program will reduce the length of hospitalization and the rate of readmission

Tethered spinal cord is the most common anatomic deformity which is usually diagnosed in childhood. This study aimed to describe the different anatomo-radiological patterns of the tethered spinal cord with lipoma. Methods and Materials/Patients: We conducted a retrospective and descriptive study in Neurosurgery Department of General Grand Yoff Hospital and the Neurosurgical Clinic at Fann University Hospital of Dakar, Senegal. Eight patients with spinal cord lipoma underwent surgery in these medical centers from July 2007 to January 2011. Anatomo-radiological and clinical data of the patients were collected and analyzed. The mean age of the patients was 4 years ranging from 45 days to 30 years. Male to female ratio was 0.6. The symptomatic triad of median cutaneous signs, orthopedic, and sphincter disorders was found in 2 (25%) patients. Neuroimaging, mainly MRI, showed conus medullaris lipoma in 7 (87.5%) cases, and a filum terminalis lipoma in 1 (12.5%) case. All patients had a tethered spinal cord with a low-lying conus medullaris. The dehiscence of posterior lumbosacral and sacral vertebral arches was noted in 7 (87.5%) cases and scoliosis and scalloping each in 1 case. All patients were operated and the outcome was good for 5 (62.5%) patients. No death has been reported. According to surgical findings, the patients were grouped in the modified Chapman’s classification. In comparison to myelomeningocele, tethered spinal cord with lipoma is a rare condition. Health practitioners should be aware of this condition when facing a child or a young adult patient bearing a median lumbar sacral cutaneous stigmata associated with or without lower limb orthopedic abnormalities and or sphincter disorders. Ultrasound and MRI are good diagnostic tools for the newborn allowing to make good surgical planning. However, MRI is reportedly more sensitive and the surgical option for asymptomatic cases has remained controversial. To our experience, the surgical findings can provide comprehensive information on the interface between the lipoma and the neural structure.

The presence of the Alawis in the north of Iran and the spread of their thoughts has had a profound influence on the regions. The present study will provide a descriptive analysis of the socio-political heritage of Nāsir al-Utrūsh and the effect of his activities during his settlement in the very regions. Through the promotion of Shia political doctrines, Nāsir al-Haqq restored the political authority of the Alawis. He emphasized on the significance of cherishing human dignity in political ethics, tolerance with the opponents, forgiveness of the wrongdoers, and mercy toward the subordinate. He considered social unity as an important factor in achieving his highest aspirations. His jurisprudential instructions implied the attempts to accord Zaidi jurisprudence with Imami Jurisprudence. He was also the founder of the first madrasa for Islamic instructions, and had the most effective role in converting the people of the regions to Islam.

Soft-Threats is means doubt in bases and structures of a political system, crisis within values and central thoughts of society and crisis in behavioral and normative patterns of society. Law Enforcement (NAJA) can to control and prevent of the threats process by exact understanding and looking about society’s values and norms identity. Values regarded as basic directing factors to behaviors and norms in all societies. Social norms as definite behavioral patterns, are determined people’s responsibilities in the different condition. All members of society in the light of awareness of norms would be able to act appropriate behaviors to other person expectations. Prevention management and confrontation with Soft-Threats as every other strategic activity, is followed frameworks and principals that Law Enforcement (NAJA) also need to this frameworks (intelligent management, society-based management, detrital management, taking steps in the framework of Law) as protector of Islamic and Iranian values and norms. The purpose of present study is examination of the role of national social values and norms in prevention of Soft-Threats and based on disciplinary approach. In this essay, have been attempted to be given necessary guidelines for encountering against Soft-Threats, by exact studying various grounds of Soft-Threats and collecting the role of social values and norms. For this purpose, on the basis of library study, contents and different views and ideas in this field was collected and in the end of the study, has been given an appropriate guideline and reasonable concluding based on the role of Law Enforcement (NAJA). By considering preformed discusses, concluding as follows: prevention of Soft-Threat required to participation of all members of society and insistence on national and Islamic Iranian values and norms, as well belief to attack and Soft-Threat management of preventive activities, safe-making, deepening to actions, promotion of good and prevention of evil, enforcement of religious beliefs and creeds, faithfulness to God, enhancing the knowledge and insight, use of elites potencies, use of soft method and etc. Obviously, NAJA have an important part in all such activities, because NAJA as protector of national and Islamic values and norms, must be took an effective steps in this area.

Misuse of water, a reduction in average rainfall and Climate Change has been decliningthe country's water resources in spite of fluctuations in different years. In addition, the ministry of energy despite the high costs involved in the extraction and distribution of water to different sectors, including agriculture, always receives very low and similar rates from all provincial farmers and they do not pay any money for removal of wells. In recent years, the discussion of "virtual water" and water content products in the form of "green water", "blue water" and "gray water" attracted the attention of many researchers of water.
Now cropping pattern is determined by the goal of maximizing the area under cultivation. The water content products are various in different regions with different agricultural products. In addition, the process of global warming has caused the country's water resources in spite of fluctuations to decline in different years continues. Therefore, farmers should determine the production rate of crops in different areas by goals such as water efficiency. They should aim to maximize water efficiency and should be replace it as an alternative to maximize the acreage or maximize their performance. The question of this study is determination of economic value of virtual water according to water content and water efficiency products?
Our review sample includes a selection of the provinces that have the status of "severe water shortage", "water shortage", "water stress" or "tolerable" are based on the classification of the water balance of the ministry of energy. Thus, the five provinces of Ilam, Bushehr, West Azarbaijan, Esfahan and Semnan were selected for this study. Products are divided into five groups of crops (cereals, pulses, industrial crops, vegetables and cucurbits), and among them 12 are selected products whose information has been registered in the Ministry of Agriculture Jahad. To evaluate the aim of this study, a pattern of fuzzy linear programming (FLP) is used. The results show that: (1) The economic value of blue water (total surface and groundwater) of West Azerbaijan, Bushehr, Isfahan, Semnan, Iran Ilam provinces according to maximizing water productivity are 14615, 40608, 7240, 4673 and 39274 Rials per cubic meter of blue water, respectively. (2) The economic value of gray water (water from sewage treatment) for West Azerbaijan 7220 and for Isfahan is 8330 Rials per cubic meter of gray water. In general, the provinces have more bad water situation, the economic value of water content of their products is higher. (3) water productivity of 12 crop were increased in selected provinces. So that, it increased in Semnan province of 0.14 to 8.13, 0.02 to 0.04 Isfahan, West Azarbaijan province from 0.12 to 0.29, Ilam province from 0.34 to 5.29 and in Bushehr province from 0.62 to 3.53.
Due to the results of the research, recommendations for decision-making and policy-makers in relevant fields provided. (1) policy agricultural production in order to conserve water resources shall be directed to give priority to crops that while increasing water productivity of agricultural products is in line with the virtual water content. (2) According to the results of the economic value of water content is different crops in different provinces. So the government for the proper distribution of water in agriculture in different provinces with different prices. (3) According to different economic values ​​for the water content of crops, the price of finished agricultural products are blue in the provinces where the situation is different, be different. It seems to be in determining the final price of agricultural products and guarantees, the value lies in their virtual water content of the reform.

The current study investigated the possible role of the cell cycle regulator, cyclin-dependent kinases regulatory subunit-2; the angiogenic factor, plateletderived endothelial cell growth factor; and the cell adhesive molecule, neural cadherin, as prognostic factors in schistosomal and non-schistosomal-associated urothelial carcinomas. We also investigated the possible correlation between cyclin-dependent kinases regulatory subunit-2, platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor, neural cadherin, tumor grade, and stage.
The study included 40 patients with primary bladder cancer (25 nonschistosomal- associated and 15 schistosomal-associated) who had no prior anticancer treatment. Tumor specimens were collected at the time of the transurethral resection. The vivid portions of the resected tumors were subjected to routine pathological examinations to determine stage, grade, and schistosomal infestation. Control bladder tissues (5 cases) were obtained by cystoscopic biopsies from patients who underwent transurethral resection of the prostate. Platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor and neural cadherin protein expressions were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining. RNA was extracted, reverse transcribed, and amplified by PCR using cyclindependent kinases regulatory subunit-2 specific primers. Relative expression was detected by a comparison of the expression in normal and tumor samples relative to GAPDH (housekeeping) gene expression.
We detected a positive correlation between neural cadherin and plateletderived endothelial cell growth factor proteins in schistosomal-associated and non-schistosomal-associated bladder cancer. Significant overexpression of relative cyclin-dependent kinases regulatory subunit-2 gene, neural cadherin, and plateletderived endothelial cell growth factor proteins were detected in invasive stages and higher grades of bladder cancer. Differential expressions of neural cadherin and plateletderived endothelial cell growth factor proteins, tumor recurrence, and tumor progression were detected between schistosomal-associated and non-schistosomal-associated bladder cancer.
Cyclin-dependent kinases regulatory subunit-2, neural cadherin, and platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor may be used as biomarkers for predicting bladder cancer outcome and aid in selecting patients for more aggressive treatments.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease characterized by selective destruction of pancreatic beta cells.
The study included 80 children, 20 of them have T1DM, 40 children were selected from first degree relatives to the same child and 20 healthy children serve as control. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated, random blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (GHbA1c) were measured. The following biochemical markers were measured in sera of all subjects by ELISA kits: Human insulin ,C-peptide, human islet cell antibody (ICA), insulin auto antibodies (IAA) and antiglutamic acid decarboxylase (anti-GAD) antibodies.
This study showed that diabetic children had high level of ICA (65%), IAA (55%), anti-GAD antibodies (50%) and decrease in C-peptide (60%). Whereas the relatives showed high level of anti-GAD antibodies (30%), IAA(25%), ICA(2.5) and decrease in C-peptide (30%). Anti-GAD antibodies were significantly higher among the relatives of the diabetics compared to the healthy controls.
The strongest predictors of diabetes were C- peptide and islets cell antibodies, which had odd ratio 4.7 and 3.1, respectively. Autoantibodies could distinguish T1DM patients from healthy control subjects and they may also identify individuals at high risk during progression from pre-diabetes to overt disease.

The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the effect of vermivash on yield and leaf nutrient status of strawberry "Govieta" at research greenhouse of Shahrekord University in 2013. Treatments were included control (without vermiwash foliar spray) and different concentration of vermiwash (10, 15 and 25 percent) that spryed at 1, 2 and 3 weeks interval. Vermiwash was extracted from cow manure vermicompost through earthworm Eisenia foetida. The experiment was conducted in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. The results showed that there was significant difference between vermiwash treatments and control for the leaf elements of N, K and Fe, but was not significant for the other macro and microelements. Leaf Fe concentration increased up to excessive level in 25 percent concentration with weekly interval. Foliar spray of 25, 15 and 10 percent vermiwash with two-weeks intervals considerably enhanced the number of fruit and yield per plant, but decreaced fruit weigth average a little. Increasing the yield per plant ranged between 24 and 68g for various vermiwash treatments in comparison with control. Vermiwash treatments had no effect on inflorescence number per plant and flower number per inflorescence. Foliar spray of 15 and 10 percent vermiwash with two-weeks interval improved the yield of strawberry "Govita".

Research has shown that oil palm decanter cake (DC) serves as a potential source of nutrients for plant growth. This study therefore investigated the applicability of decanter cake (DC) as an amendment to soil for the growth of Solanum melongena (brinjal) at three ratios 10, 20, 30 % DC and suitable controls (0 %).
Seeds of brinjal were sown in soils amended with decanter cake at 10, 20, 30 % w/w and 0 % as control. Nutrient enrichment factors were calculated from the concentration of selected metals (Cu, Ca, Fe, Zn and Mg) in plant parts. The scanning electron micrographs were also taken to measure the stomatal opening/closing due to the effect of excess nutrients on the leaf structure.
Enrichment factor (EF) values in this study were all below 3 indicating low enrichment of metal ions from soil to plants. SEM studies of the leaf epidermis of the test plants revealed the closure of guard cells with increasing decanter cake treatments.
Decanter cake at 20 % amendments with soil could serve as a source of soil amendment for cultivation of S. melongena plants.

With respect to the fact that housing satisfies a social need, in addition to the impact of economic factors, the social factors are alsoimportant in housing market. The broad economic and social developments in previous years require a study on their impacts on home ownership, so recognizing important factors is a good guide for planners and policy makers. Since people with higher education need to spend some money on their education and this education status increases the expectation of people with higher degrees with respect to their salaries and employment opportunities, therefore studying the impact of education level on the probability of home ownership and evaluating its trend in different time horizons has a critical importance. Since about twenty percent of higher education graduates of Iran do reside in Tehran province, this effect for Tehran province is stronger and of higher importance. In this study with emphasis on recognizing the effect of factors identified in theoretical basis, we have used logit and probit models to investigate the importance of some factors affecting the status of home ownership with emphasis on education level of head of households during the years 1997, 2002 and 2007. The results show that the socio-economic characteristics of households have a significant effect on housing ownership and the relationship between education level of head of household and home ownership is negative. Also the probability of home ownership in families with higher education decrease in the years under study.

The current research intends to study the possibility of producing fiber recycled self-compacting concrete (FRSCC) using demolitions as a coarse aggregate (crushed red brick and crushed ceramic). Steel fibers were used in recycled self-compacting concrete (RSCC) to improve fresh and hardened properties of this type of concrete. Thirty nine concrete mixes were prepared to achieve the aim proposed in this paper. Steel fiber volume fraction varied from 0 to 2.0% by the volume of concrete with aspect ratio 65. The fresh properties of FRSCC were evaluated using slump flow, J-ring and V-funnel tests. Compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength and density tests were performed in order to investigate mechanical properties. The optimum volume fraction of steel fibers was 0.25% and 1.0% for the mixes contained crushed red brick and ceramic as a coarse aggregate respectively. At optimum content of steel fibers, the compressive strength for the RSCC mixes with steel fibers improved by 11.3% and 31.8% for the mixes with crushed ceramic and crushed red brick, respectively with respect to control mix. Also the tensile strength and the flexural strength for the mixes were improved.

Veritable identification and differentiation of avian species is a vital step in conservative، taxonomic، forensic، legal and other ornithological interventions. Therefore، this study involved the application of molecular approach to identify some avian species i. e. Chicken (Gallus gallus)، Muskovy duck (Cairina moschata)، Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)، Laughing dove (Streptopelia senegalensis)، and Rock pigeon (Columba livia). Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples and partial sequence of themitochondrial cytochrome b gene (358 bp) was amplified and sequenced using universal primers. Sequences alignment and phylogenetic analyses were performed by CLC main workbench program. The obtained five sequences were deposited in GenBank and compared with those previously registered in GenBank. The similarity percentage was 88. 60% between Gallus gallus and Coturnix japonica and 80. 46% between Gallus gallus and Columba livia. The percentage of identity between the studied species and GenBank species ranged from 77. 20% (Columba oenas and Anas platyrhynchos) to 100% (Gallus gallus and Gallus sonneratii، Coturnix coturnix and Coturnix japonica، Meleagris gallopavo and Columba livia). Amplification of the partial sequence of mitochondrial cytochrome b gene proved to be practical for identification of an avian species unambiguously.

Kierkegaard is the first person who turned to radical fideism and was convinced that true faith lies within the end of reason and tolerates no rational argument. Referring to the story of Abraham (peace be upon him) and the slaughter of his son, as told by the Torah, Kierkegaard describes his lord as a cavalier of faith, who only by risking, enthusiasm and confronting intelligence, he surrendered to God’s will. The reasons he brings for the paradoxical claims of faith are not enough for his purpose. What he develops about the knight of faith is further than the context of the Torah.
But Mulla Sadra; according to the Quran and the hadith; believes that the true faith indebted on the heart revelation and rational arguments. He says faith in occult matters such as the resurrection, although through rational argument not accessible, but it is possible through the cleansed and revelation heart.
So from his perspective, the fait is not inconsistent with the wisdom and rational arguments, but also the rational arguments enhance the strength of the faith.
This paper presents an evaluation of two approaches and illustrates the orientation stimulus of Kierkegaard on the extreme fideism. Also it points out the essential problems and consequences of Kierkegaard's view. In the end, we can see that Mulla Sadra's view makes a deep compatibility between reason and faith that will be accordance with the criteria of reason and religion.

Himalayan mountain populations have been dependent upon indigenous plant resources for their health care for many years. Tribal women are interested in use of local herbs for cosmetic purposes. The present work is based on the results of research conducted on cosmetic uses of some important plants by the tribal women in District Poonch, Azad Kashmir Pakistan. An ethno botanical survey was carried out during summer 2012. The data were collected from 310 female informants from 16 villages using questionnaire method and semi structured interviews. A total of 39 plants species belonging to 20 families, being used for various cosmetic purposes were recorded. Indigenous species are traditionally used by the locals for problems including acne (16%), hair growth (11%), bad breath (12%), facial spots (9%), allergy, (9%), fairness (8%), wrinkles (8%), eye and lip care (9%). Seventy different recipes were recorded to be practiced by locals using herbal parts. The major plant parts utilized in herbal recipes included fruit (32.8%), Leaves (25.2%), seeds (13.4%) and roots (8.9%). Women of older (>30 years) age group showed greater (67%) response regarding knowledge and practice of cosmetic herbs. This study was the 1st ever project focusing on cosmetic perspectives of ethno-botany in the area. Our study contributes to an improved understanding of ignored aspect of cosmetic ethnobotany among the local women. Further detailed investigations are recommended to record and preserve precious ethno-botanical knowledge of the area.

To study the frequency distribution of the data for the height of trees in uneven-aged stands in Gorazbon forest and its modeling، some statistical distribution were used. The utilized data belong to 196 trees (Fagus orientalis، Betulus carpinus، Quercus castaneifolia، Alnus subcordata، Acer velutinum etc.) that were extracted from the data related to the forest management plan of Gorazbon district located at Khyroud forest. The range of the trees’ height measured was between 5 and 51 meters which is an indication of height variable in the northern forests. After initial calculations، four distributions Weibull، Gamma، Normal and Lognormal for frequency distribution modeling of height variable were selected and related pertinent calculation were done. The results of Anderson-Darling test and P-P plot showed that lognormal distribution is not an appropriate model for frequency distribution modeling of trees’ height. Among the other three distributions، Weibull، Gamma and Normal are respectively more suitable.

Image is an emergence, the emergence of a dynamic idea in the body of a dynamic statement that is directly rooted in ontology. With such an authenticity and inclusiveness, promotion of images should be on the top of educational programs; image should be in the focus of attentions rather than being faded or forgotten. Literary image is created by technical and particular writing and its dynamism is always dependent on its regeneration and reconstruction. Image, in its usual sense, refers to the statement of idea, including imagery, text and its constituent elements (phonetic features and words); and in its particular sense, image refers to creation (for example, creation of a literary work or passage). Author's worldviews are manifested in their writings; a limited worldview leads to a simple language and an inclusive worldview leads to complex clauses and rich sentences. Technical (or long) sentences bring about complex as well as flexible language structures. Creation in these sentences that require more mental activity and dynamism and usually lead to particular writing is more concrete. Some of the fields in the humanities, i. e. literature, philosophy, and art, more than other fields, have the potential to take advantage of different kinds of creativity, including application of creative images, particular writing, and scientific felicity.

As the using of reinforced concrete shells structures with opening have many advantages that they permit to cover large area without using intermediate supports. They have light weights and require minimum amounts of material that it is required small thicknesses comparing to their spans. This investigation is carried out to study the efficiency of repair and strengthening of elliptical parablooid reinforced concrete shells, which loaded by four concentrated loads at the center of the opening. An experimental program of several different techniques in repair and strengthening is executed. The materials, which are considered for strengthening, are; Glass fiber reinforced polymers GFRP at different position of the shell bottom surface, steel strip and external tie. The initial and failure loads as well as the crack propagation for the tested shells at different loading stages, deflections and failure load for repaired and shells are recorded. A non-linear computer program based on finite element techniques is used to study the behavior of these types of shells. Geometric and materials nonlinearities are considered in the analysis. The efficiency and accuracy of computer program are verified by comparing the program results with those obtained experimentally for the control shell with opening and strengthened shells.

Background and

Leishmania is flagellated protozoa and causative agent of leishmaniosis that is most public health problem in some countries especially developing countries. Cantharidin is terpenoid component that exist in Meloidae and Oedomeridae beetles. Cantharidin is vesicant. It can induce apoptosis in cancerous cells. This study was performed with experimental design to determine the role of cantharidin in inducing apoptosis in the Leishmania promastigotes and macrophages infected with parasite.

In this study the effect of cantharidin with concentrations, 0.5-50 µg/mL on the L. major promastigotes and concentrations 5, 20 and 50 µg/mL on macrophages infected with L. major after 24, 48 and 72h was analysed by flow cytometry assay.

Results showed that cantharidin with concentrations 0.5 µg/mL and 50 µg/mL has 68.50% (as 63.23% apoptosis, 5.28% late apoptosis and 0% necrosis) and 14.29% cytotoxicity (as 13.12% apoptosis, 1.12% late apoptosis and 0.05% necrosis) in promastigotes after 72h respectively. Cytotoxicity of 50 µg/mL and 5 µg/mL cantharidin in infected macrophages after 48h was 61.81% (as 43.42% apoptosis, 1.27% late apoptosis and 17.11% necrosis) and 44.44% (as 31.05% apoptosis, 10.08% necrosis and 3.31% late apoptosis) respectively. Cytotoxicity of 50µg/mL and 5µg/mL cantharidin in non-infected macrophages after 48h was also 49.34% (as 21.35% apoptosis, 4.23% late apoptosis and 23.76% necrosis) and 43.79% (as 34.90% apoptosis, 7.27% necrosis and 1.61% late apoptosis) respectively.

Based on the results, it is obvious that cantharidin induces apoptosis in L. major promastigotes and macrophages infected with amastigotes in the time and dose-dependent manner.

Our information expanse step by step and we are trying to discover unknown things. The progress of science is somehow surprising. Although scientifically progresses is useful for human societies, but some thinkers beliefs that it causes the negligence to spirituality. The most important question which people have been encountered is whether or not humankind himself can link with spiritual world? Is it possible to demonstrate a special world which is not material?Another important question is whether or not any relationship between scientific results and the world of spirituality? Is there any relationship between miracles, munificence, weird, nonmaterial, and psychic subjects? Does holy book verify news which comes from an unusual and nonmaterial world? Does it verify surreptitious things which some spiritual people are talking about?Finally, if there any relation, what kind of relationship is between spirituality and these metaphysical phenomena?This research is a positive answer to above questions. There are close relationship between psychic phenomena and the world which Quran talks about as a surreptitious world. According to Quran, they are linking together in a way that even believing to metaphysical and nonmaterial world is somehow necessary.

End stage patient control and autonomy are core principles in human bio-medical ethics and key components of end-of-life (EOL) care. Albeit, according to modern medical ethics principles the centrality of the patient as decision maker may not be relevant to culturally diverse groups of end stage people. The purpose of this article is to present results of a literature review of end stage patient control and their family position within the context of end of life support. The review revealed that the interaction between medical control and ethical values in end of life support is multifaceted and unpredictable. According to the recommendations of American College of Physicians/American Society of Internal Medicine End-of-Life Consensus Panel and some other world class medical and ethical societies, culturally effective end of life support includes the following essential elements;•acceptance of and respect for cultural differences among all end stage patients •willingness to negotiate and compromise when world views differ •understanding of one's own values and biases •contact and communication skills that enhance empathy •information of the cultural practices of patient groups should be seen on a regular basis; and •attention that all patients are individuals and may not share the same views as others within their own ethnic groupAccording to the above description, applicants identified five domains of quality end of life support:1.receiving adequate pain control; 2.avoiding inappropriate prolongation of the dying process; 3.achieving a sense of control; 4.relieving burden on loved ones; and 5.strengthening relationships We emphasize that, despite above mentioned points and advices maintaining a sense of control is an essential element in the end of life support for some individuals, further study of the interplay between ethnicity, desire for control, and achieving a good death is needed.

This study is to consider Intertextuality, and questions about Quran Intertextuality of Al Zahavy 's poems called ode on Revolution in Inferno, then the different kinds of Intertextuality were expressed. There was a brief of his biography and it was addressed to the various of Intertextuality in him poetry such as:distance verses and Quran phrases and Quranic materia (parallel, total and partial denial) The fact that Al Zahavy has used many of the Quran Intertextuality that the first, would be expressed both in positive and negative for them. And After the careful examination revealed that he has not used negative form and meaning in Quranic Intertextuality, instead it is positive. This study is analytical-descripitive.