abdolkarim khayami

Since the early 2010s, “Video On Demand” (VOD) has steadily captured an increasing share of Iranian media consumption and has begun to play a key role in the country’s overall media landscape. From its inception until now, there have been many disputes among various executive bodies about how VOD should be regulated, and no clear, optimal regulatory framework has been established. To envision an ideal scenario, it’s necessary to analyze the historical background first. This study seeks to establish a preliminary framework for regulation by identifying key historical events, segmenting the timeline using major milestones, and then pinpointing the emerging issues. The ultimate goal is to support and help policymakers in designing strategies that reflect the sector’s evolving complexities, based on documented evidence.

This research employs documentary studies and interviews with experts and well-informed professionals. Data were analyzed using a descriptive and analytical approach. Themes were extracted from historical events and organized into analytical tables in chronological order. Expert feedback helped to identify key historical turning points, leading to the division of the timeline into distinct periods. For each period, a summary of the relevant themes was provided. Using these tables, the regulatory issues in the VOD sector were further categorized. Finally, to ensure the validity of the findings, the analytical tables were shared with experts, and additional input was incorporated based on their advice.

Based on the findings, the evolution of VOD regulation in Iran can be divided into five periods, each marked by historical milestones: Period of Ambiguity and Instability (2011–2019) Period of Stabilizing Iran's Audiovisual Media Regulation Authority (SARTA)(2019–2021) Period of SARTA’s Decline (2021) Period of Management and Approach Changes at SARTA (2022) Period of Early Convergence (2023 and Beyond)The Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution passed a resolution aimed at better organizing comprehensive audio-visual contentBased on the analysis of these developments, the study identified several key regulatory challenges in Iran’s VOD sector:Lack of Political Consensus: There is significant internal and inter-agency disagreement—especially regarding private sector activities—with various bodies alternately viewing them as opportunities or threats.Outdated Legal Framework: Unclear platform responsibilities—and, more broadly, an ambiguous legal framework governing their rights and obligations—along with vague regulatory competencies, the lack of clearly defined duties for some regulators, the way offenses and penalties are legally codified, insufficient guidelines for international interactions among platforms, weak rules on foreign investment, and inadequate child protection measures are all issues in urgent need of legal reform.Impact of Political Change: Frequent shifts in government and political priorities have significantly influenced policymaking and regulation, undermining public trust.Fragmentation of Regulatory Bodies: There is an excessive number of decision-making organizations compared to the real market players, leading to fragmented governance.Unclear Institutional Relationships: The roles and boundaries between regulatory bodies and other institutions (legislative, executive, and judicial) are undefined, resulting in overlapping authorities and interference.Conflicts of Interest: Competing interests at both intra- and inter-organizational levels have led to conflicts in regulatory practices.Unresolved Theoretical Issues: Persistent questions remain on issues such as whether broadcast regulations should be the same as broadband ones, where the boundary lies between comprehensive and non-comprehensive content, and what the optimalregulatory model should be.Incomplete Regulatory Approaches: Some regulators tend to adopt overly restrictive policies instead of more facilitative ones; in some cases, there is a narrow focus solely on content, neglecting industrial and economic aspects.

The study concludes that the main challenges in VOD regulation stem from a lack of policy consensus and the proliferation of governance bodies in the media sector. The key recommendation is to develop an integrated, overarching media policy that can achieve consensus among various agencies. Although the ideal long-term solution would involve establishing an independent, comprehensive media regulator that brings together all stakeholders, this is a gradual process requiring the gradual development of cognitive, legal, and discursive capacities in the country. As a more immediate measure, establishing a “regulator of regulators” or at least fostering effective, legally structured coordination and a clear division of responsibilities among existing regulators is recommended.

Nowadays, a large part of our life has been covered by the media, and compared to the past, the world of today's human life has undergone extensive and dramatic changes. Meanwhile, the role of media in identifying people and social groups has always been one of the concerns of thinkers and experts in this field. Undoubtedly, the way and extent of influence of different types of media in this field is different, but it seems that media such as video games have a greater impact on human identity and action due to the "intensity of interaction and immersion" as well as relatively high consumption, especially among teenagers and young people. The increasing attention of researchers and rulers to the computer and console games industry can be explained from this point of view.In the following article, while using the theory of impersonation and the concept of transreality in Baudrillard's thought, and by rereading the place of the power of imagination in the construction of identity based on transcendental wisdom, an attempt has been made to understand the prominent role of this power in the process of consuming social media and especially digital games and how Explain its influence on the identity of the actors. At the end, these steps are explained in an example of video games in a four-cycle cycle (checking basic needs, dependence in the game, fantasy and identity conflict) and an example of social networks.

In this research, with the aim of increasing knowledge about how the cultural components of the nation brand of Islamic Republic of Iran are represented on Instagram, 75 sample posts (with purposeful sampling) from five selected pages in a certain period of time, using the qualitative content analysis method has been analyzed based on 13 summarized components. According to the findings of this research, the "places and buildings" component is ‎the most prominent and main cultural component represented in the nation brand ‎of Iran. Also, the components of "popular culture", "cultural lifestyle" and "natural ‎scenery and beauty" are other significant components in this regard. Moreover, ‎the characteristics represented from the cultural dimension of the nation brand of ‎Iran show that Iran is country with a rich historical, artistic, cultural and natural ‎heritage and has beautiful architectural works and natural landscapes. Also, ‎Iranians are kind, friendly and hospitable people, and in general, Iran is a very ‎attractive and enjoyable destination for tourists. Generally, the mentioned ‎components are represented on Instagram in an attractive and pleasant way for ‎the international audience. However, considering the diverse and numerous ‎cultural capacities of Iran, this represented image is incomplete. So that many ‎components, elements and characteristics of the cultural dimension of the nation ‎brand of Iran remain unknown to the international audience on Instagram.‎

Delineation of the implementation model of deterrence in the Islamic Republic of Iran's IRIB The deterrence strategy, though imported from the military sector to other areas, is not only limited to the military sector, but it can also embrace the media sector. In this research, an attempt was made to compile the “deterrence Strategy in the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting " by taking advantage of the opinions of professionals and media experts, the way this strategy is implemented, methods, and tools instrumental to the deterrence strategy in providing national security is the object of this research. In order to deeply understand the research question, the present research used the data-based method, or in other words, the grounded Corbin and Strauss method, which is a subcategory of qualitative research. The experts who participated in the interview unanimously believed that the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting does not have the necessary deterrence power to cope with media attacks from hostile countries.

In recent years, Iranian cinema has consistently depicted the role of women within the framework of their objectification in life challenges. Due to certain societal restrictions, the issue of violation of dignity in this context has been less frequently addressed. The film Ablaq (Pinto) is one of the rare films that, by portraying a patriarchal system within a traditional, marginalized community on the outskirts of the city, addresses the representation of women as the "second sex" through actions that emphasize their victimization and oppression. In this article, using a combination of narrative analysis and the semiotic approaches of Barthes and Fiske, the role of women in this film is examined. Within the system of meanings and the explicit and implicit significations of signs, gender-based discrimination becomes evident. As a result, a patriarchal image is reflected in which women possess the least rights, and poverty and corruption are two sides of the same coin. In this system of domination, women, for the sake of family survival or their own livelihood, overlook many of their rights and even show no mercy to themselves, unwittingly submitting to an inescapable victimization, thereby being rendered valueless.

As the world ventures into a new realm of technologies aimed at fostering deeper integration between physical and digital spaces, and striving to cultivate a more authentic sense of human presence within cyberspace—an example being the metaverse—the significance of video games as a profoundly immersive domain of human interaction in the virtual realm has been increasingly scrutinized. The burgeoning proliferation of new video games, especially online variants, alongside their surging popularity, has piqued the interest of researchers, giving rise to two distinct groups of theories regarding these games. On one hand, some contend that these games epitomize the era of digital communication, possessing positive attributes. Conversely, other studies have delved into uncovering the potentially negative ramifications of video games. This research endeavors to examine the perspectives of Iranian researchers on these games, aiming to elucidate how they perceive video games within their studies and which opportunities or threats inherent to these games they have identified.The theoretical framework of this article is built upon Albert Bandura’s social learning theory, Rushton’s friendly community theory, and the theories proposed by Abbott and Loftus. Furthermore, we employed the meta-analysis method to examine forty pertinent articles. The findings from this meta-analysis reveal that while these articles are nearly evenly split between opportunity-based and threat-based approaches to video games, the majority (ninety-five percent) focus solely on one of these approaches, with only five percent addressing both the negative and positive functions of such games

The bill titled "Supporting Users' Rights and Basic User Services in the Cyber Space" proposed in the Islamic Consultative Assembly can be considered one of the most important and contentious legislative proposals and policy documents in the governance and policymaking of the cyber space in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Although this bill, along with its preceding and subsequent versions, has not yet reached a conclusive stage in the Islamic Consultative Assembly, a detailed analysis can provide valuable insights for researchers and stakeholders in this field. The present study aims to examine and understand this bill through discourse analysis and explore the prevailing discourse surrounding it. The research adopts the innovative discourse analysis approach of Laclau and Mouffe, drawing on the Walton and Boon's innovative approach. The results of this study are presented in the form of a discourse map of the "Supporting Users' Rights and Basic User Services in the Cyber Space" bill. On this basis, supporting the people is a floating signifier that the dominant discourse on the plan, as well as the discourse that defines it as a rival, are in discursive conflict over. The empty signifier of people, which is present in the dominant discourse on the plan as moral people, is the axis of connection of the central signifiers of sovereignty and domestic cyberspace, and the central signifiers of security, health, and independence are also placed in relation to the signifier of domestic cyberspace.

Since its creation, media coverage has always struggled with a category known as rumors. But with the spread of social media, a new and, of course, more prone place for spreading rumors has been created, which in some countries, including Iran is more aggressive for reasons such as the lack of official information. The present study intends to determine the typology, origin, level of prevalence, and prevalence of rumors through the human observation of news agencies, telegram messengers, Instagram social network, and Twitter, from the time of announcing the outbreak of corona in Iran on February 22, 2017, to April 20, 2016. Analyze Iranian society. According to investigations, half of the Corona rumours were devoted to rumours that provoke public sentiment, spread rumours against the government, and exaggerate the number of Corona patients and victims. Other categories, such as gossip against the armed forces and gossip about methods of transmitting, preventing, and treating coronas, are in the next category. Considering the effect of cyberspace rumors on false arousal of emotions and public opinion and its psychological and social consequences, in the present study, an attempt has been made to use the concept of news literacy, which is in fact a subset of the concept of media literacy. Talking to experts in the field of news and modern news media, the reasons for the relative prevalence and high number of cyberspace rumors in Iran and policies and ways out of the current situation should also be mentioned.

Deterrence has more meaning in the military field and is less used in the field of media, and concepts such as soft power are usually repeated in media literature. However, deterrence was analyzed on two levels in this article: the internal level, which suggests that radio and television should take advantage of creativity and the production of up-to-date content so as not to lose internal audiences, and at the external level, what is important about deterrence is paying attention to proper functioning. It is cross-border networks that how many of them can indicate the correct output of that deterrence. The most important strategy to deal with the media war against the Islamic Republic of Iran can be considered to be increasing the trust of the national media audience by responding to their needs in the field of information, various events and increasing the trust of the national media audience. Sedavsima can do better by adopting a policy of protecting the audience from the adverse effects of satellite networks, instead of trying to throw them away or leave them completely free. One of the most important solutions is to increase the trust of the audience towards the national media by providing comprehensive, accurate, unbiased news and information and responding to the recent needs of the audience by continuously evaluating the needs of different social groups. The research method used in this study was descriptive-analytical.

The Statement of “the Second Phase the Revolution”, as one of the most prominent strategic documents of the Islamic Revolution, deals with important issues such as science and technology, ethics and spirituality, economy and production, justice and fight against corruption, independence, etc. In addition to drawing ideals and setting goals, it has also paid attention to the requirements and challenges and, as an extract of four decades of valuable experience, has explicated not only the nature and history of the revolution but also its final destiny and ideal. Therefore, it can be considered as a basis for policy making in various fields, especially the media. This research has been conducted with the aim of identifying the guidelines of media policy, focusing on the Statement of the Second Phase the Islamic Revolution and through content analysis method. The extracted themes are categorized into four groups of attitudinal commitment, normative commitment, behavioral commitment and emotional commitment as comprehensive themes. Based on this research, by committing to the Statement and emphasizing themes such as idealism, value orientedness, excellence, honesty, moderation, creativity, care, etc. in policies and subsequent strategies and programs, the media will be on the way towards realization of the statement.

The goal of the Islamic Republic of Iran system is to reach the new Islamic civilization. A matter that has been emphasized many times by the supreme leader of the revolution (the Magnificent) and they have always called for attention to the horizon of civilization and strategic planning for its realization. Communication and media strategies are one of the most important strategies that must be pursued in the realization of civilization. From a religious point of view, the true criterion of evolution and progress is to lay the groundwork for personal and social closeness to the Almighty God. Based on this, the effective communication system will not be subject to the improvement of indicators such as increasing the speed of transmission or ease of communication. A phenomenon that, especially in recent decades, with the huge developments in communication technologies and the global dominance of modern media, has practically faced challenges in moving towards the horizon of Islamic and Iranian civilization. This essay seeks to raise the question of what the Islamic Republic of Iran should do in this situation and in the direction of moving and creating a new civilization, and has tried to find some previous communication strategies for approaching this ideal, so that the country's media governance, by adopting and implementing these strategies, disrupts the communication order of the domination system and realizes Islamic civilization-building communications. Some suggested that the strategies such as "denying the idolatry of modern communication technologies" have a negative aspect, and others such as "convergent regulation of the media system", "strengthening listening skills" and "founding anthropology instead of mathematical logic in communication" have a positive aspect.

The main purpose of this research is to identify broadcasting (IRIB) issues for interaction with new media. For getting the answer to research main question, the researcher has qualitativeinterview «semi-structured» with 13 people from managers and experts in cyberspace areas and broadcast making policycollageprofessor and experts in communication and media, and actives in cyberspace areas in addition to study related areas herself. In the present research, the method of «Thematic analysis» has been used and in 3 coding descriptive, interpretive and integration steps, 13 issues in 5 parts of :1-management issues: «separation of policy making chains , technical,generation content and .... of organization in cyberspace area ⸴ organizational structural inefficiency for organization outside optimized management», 2- issues arising surroundingchanges «audience change features and backward oforganization reactioninto technology changing speed and new media content», 3- issues related to rules and regulation: «plurality of country cyberspace regulatoryand Ambiguity in defining the concept  ofacquisitiveaudio and videoand its’ responsible», 4- issues arising the weakness of knowledge and proficiency: «absence of managers and policy makers’ proficiency viewpoint to cyberspace, the weakness of personal and subsistentexperience of some managers and experts in using new media, absence of futurology and forecasting and also imperfect knowledge from economic and commercial dimensionsof cyberspace» 5- and issues arising approach and viewpoint to cyberspace:«analogue and broadcast’thinkingand viewpoint conquest in different areas, imagine cyberspace management as if its somethingengineering and technicaland doubt andassumingenemy to it»were identified.

Literacy is a word whose meaning has changed throughout history in accordance with social needs. As we enter the 21st century, information and communication technologies have become increasingly complex and pervasive, affecting all social systems of human life. Now, with the expansion of cyberspace and real life, cyberspace gradually has become the second life of human beings and the extension of their lives. for this reason, we need another literacy to face it with the best approach, and that is cyber literacy. Although some thinkers in the field of media literacy believe that cyber literacy is the same as media literacy, but these two concepts are not exactly the same and differ in some respects. It is thought that this disagreement arises from the reduction of the definition of cyberspace by some thinkers and their mistake in simply looking at cyberspace as a medium, while cyberspace is only one of the media systems. The present study is a research using the method of thematic analysis in two stages of enumerating the basic concepts and themes of theories and definitions of media literacy and cyberspace literacy with library studies and extracting the system of cyberspace literacy issues and problems based on autonomous definition. Its purpose is to analyze the concept of cyberspace literacy, explain its distinction with media literacy and enumerate the system of its issues.

Celebrities are one the resources that media resort to them to attract audiences and more likely they love to be seen and earn money in the media. Thus, there is a mutual relationship by which each side tries to achieve its goals. But in this interaction, there are problems and issues that create costs for both parties. In this paper, in the theoretical section, two Driessens and Nayar theories were proposed. Then, with the objective sampling method, 15 experts in communication, media and cultural fields were interviewed and the most important themes related to the present and desirable status of IRIB interaction with Celebrities were classified and analyzed by MAXQDA software. The results of this study indicate that to improve and enhance the interaction of celebrities and IRIB, based on the model presented in this study, a clear policymaking could be designed to educate and introduce young faces; And in terms of material and intellectual properties in the field of artistic activities such as stage, environmental advertising and cyberspace, define and formulate a new system of reciprocal rights for national faces and the media.

With regard to the focus of the conversation in communicative action and the role of the analysis of the word in the reconstruction and establishment of discourse, 133 the existing Quranic conversation is extracted in full scale, and then, respectively, the descending of the surahs (and not in accordance with the verse) with the adoption of other Quranic studies, In four stages, the public invitation of the Prophet and the secret faith of the believers; the spread of the invitation and publicity of believers' beliefs, the formation of a faith community, and the establishment and monitoring of the Islamic society were categorized. (The first and second steps of Maki and the third and fourth stages of civilization)
Then, using a multi-level combination of different types and levels of discourse analysis theory and method, the most important linguistic elements of the dialogues were firstly extracted based on the Halliday role-based school and then the conversations were retrieved in the context and context of the text and the macro-society. Finally, the recruitment of the concepts of the discourse theory of Laclau and Muffe; the formulation of the discursive evolution of the dialogues in the 23 years of the Qur'an revelation has been presented and presented in which the process of the elimination of the prevailing participatory discourse and the initial formation of the discourse of Islamic sovereignty in four phases: "the agitation of the ruling discourse"; "antagonism "," Discourse articulation " and" Discourse enhancement