ahmad heidari

One of the limiting factors in crop yield in calcareous soils of arid and semi-arid regions is the deficiency of micronutrients in these soils. This study was conducted to examine the effects of various commercial humic acids (HAs) and fulvic acids (FAs) on the release of manganese (Mn) in 15 calcareous soils. The results indicated that the application of all five different HAs used in this study had no significant effect (P<0.05) on the release of Mn, but the effects of FAs varied in different soils, the majority of them resulted in a significant increase (P<0.05) in Mn release. In 20% of the soils, either three or all five FAs, and in 26.7 % of the soils, either two or four of the FAs resulted in a significant increase in Mn release. In one soil, none of the FAs were effective in increasing Mn release. Two FA samples, FA1 and FA5, were much more efficient in releasing Mn, indicating that the effectiveness or ability of the marketed or commercial FAs to release Mn, on an equal weight basis, is not the same and varies greatly among them. The difference was, to some extent, due to the ability of these humic substances to form strong (multidentate) complexes with Mn or act as a chelating agent. The results also indicated that effectiveness was dependent on soil characteristics, which were related to the binding strength of Mn with surface functional groups of soils and the solubility of Mn minerals in the soil.

Machine learning algorithms usually do not consider spatial autocorrelation in soil data, unless it is perspicuity specified. Machine learning algorithms that compute autocorrelated observations have been recently formulated, such as geographic random forest (Georganos et al., 2019), or spatial ensemble techniques (Jiang et al., 2017). In theory, if we include all relevant environmental variables to model a soil property or class, there should be no spatial autocorrelation in the residuals of the fitted models. If this happens, some important predictors are likely to be missed. Despite the availability of the data set and the care taken during modeling, residual autocorrelation is still likely to occur. Several researchers have suggested the use of spatial alternative covariates as an indicator of spatial location in the SCORPAN model. The most common alternative is to use geographic coordinates (east and north) as covariates in the model, which leads to synthetic maps, especially when used in combination with tree-based algorithms. On the other hand, distance maps from observation locations are proposed by Hengl et al. (2018). Distance maps to observation locations usually do not have a clear meaning in terms of soil processes in an area (e.g., distance from a river). In the field of digital soil mapping, the current use of distance maps is not satisfactory for several reasons. The presence of pseudo-covariates with a set of covariates related to pedology is not very useful because it prevents the analysis of residuals and the creation of new hypotheses from these residuals. It also hinders the interpretation of the most important key predictors. Finally, pseudo-distance covariates may be well integrated into multiple pedology-related covariates, making them better predictors or masking the effect of pedology-related covariates. In spatial ecology, spatial eigen-vector maps, spatial filters or trend level regression replace distance maps in reducing or eliminating spatial autocorrelation (Kuhn et al., 2009). The purpose of this study is first to detect and calculate the spatial autocorrelation in the soil data. In the second step, it is going to develop a non-spatial model without considering the spatial autocorrelation, then to extract the spatial eigenvectors as an index of the spatial autocorrelation, and finally to use them as independent variables in spatial modeling.

Methods and Materials:

 In this study, the soil salinity data utilized of 297 soil samples from a section of the Qazvin plain. The first and second derivatives of a digital elevation model as topography factors, remote sensing indices, parent material map, geoform map, and annual average temperature and rainfall maps were used to select the most important auxiliary variables. Finally, in order to select the best and most relevant environmental variables for modeling, the correlation between these variables and the dependent variable i.e. soil salinity in 297 study points was used using FSelector package of R software. Moran's I and Jerry's C indices were used to evaluate the spatial autocorrelation of soil data. First, the non-spatial ordinary least square (OLS) model was fitted to predict the spatial distribution of soil salinity. At this stage, spatial autocorrelation was not considered. Then spatial regression was fitted by calculating spatial filters through spatial eigenvectors as independent variables. Finally, the comparison of the outputs of the non-spatial OLS model and the spatial regression model was done with criteria such as R2, Akaike information criteria (AIC), autocorrelation of residuals and root mean of square error (RMSE).

Statistical analysis indicated the high variability of soil salinity in the study area (coefficient of variation or CV more than 35%). Also, soil salinity shows high skewness and kurtosis, indicating its abnormal distribution. The high variability of this soil characteristic emphasizes the interaction of complex and numerous factors, including soil forming processes and different management strategies. The most important variables selected based on the correlation analysis include elevation, Multi-resolution Valley Bottom Flatness (MrVBF), wetness index, drainage basin, greenness index, normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI) and the corrected and transformed vegetation index (CTVI). A total of 7 variables were selected, which include four topography variables and three remote sensing variables. Among the topographical variables, the MrVBF had the most importance (correlation: 0.70). The spatial distribution map of soil salinity shows that the soil salinity is low in the northern, northeastern and northwestern parts towards the center of the studied area. The highest amount of salinity is found in the southern and southeastern regions. Moran's I and Jerry's C indices were 0.57 and 0.4, respectively. Based on both indices, soil salinity in the study area exhibits spatial autocorrelation. In the spatial regression model, by considering spatial autocorrelation, compared to the non-spatial model, the results are improved. By considering the spatial autocorrelation, the value of R2 increased, while the values of AIC, spatial autocorrelation of the residuals and RMSE decreased. The distribution maps of residuals from the non-spatial OLS model and the spatial regression model differ in terms of the spatial sign of the residuals and the spatial autocorrelation distribution that can be recognized in the form of clusters. Clusters (red or blue) indicate the presence of spatial autocorrelation in the residuals. In the distribution map of the residuals of the non-spatial model, more and larger clusters (marked with green ovals) are identified, indicating the existence of spatial autocorrelation in the residuals of the model. The presence of spatial autocorrelation in the residuals of a model shows that the model is not able to remove the spatial dependence, which may be due to not considering an important auxiliary variable in the modeling.

This study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of spatial autocorrelation on the results of soil salinity modeling. Soil salinity prediction was done by non-spatial OLS model (without considering spatial autocorrelation) and spatial regression model (with spatial autocorrelation considered). The results indicated the improvement of the performance of the spatial regression model compared to the non-spatial ordinary least squares model. In the spatial model, considering the spatial autocorrelation as a covariate, the value of R2 increased, while the values of AIC, spatial autocorrelation of the residuals, and RMSE decreased.

Chickpea is one of the important legumes of dry regions, which can be replaced by fallow in rotation with wheat. Due to the lack of moisture in the dryland areas and the decrease in soil fertility due to continuous use of the common method of tillage and not maintining crop residuals, the use of conservation tillage systems in these areas are important due to the advantages of this method (preserving soil moisture, reducing soil erosion and increasing soil fertility, preserving the environment, reducing production costs, etc.). Also, chickpea cultivation is expanding due to the interest in sustainable agriculture, because when legumes are planted in rotation with other crops, they can reduce the consumption of nitrogen fertilizers. In addition, legumes can be recommended to restore areas where the physical and chemical properties of the soil have been deteriorated over years.

Six methods of tillage and planting chickpea in wheat residue including T1- reduced tillage with conservaion compound tiller (chisel-packer) + planting chickpeas with seed drill, T2- compound tiller (subsoiler + chisel + roller) + planting chickpeas with seed drill, T3- no till (plant of chickpeas with a direct seeder), T4- Three-level tiller (subsoiler + chisel + roller) + use of a roller leveling device + planting chickpeas with a seeder, T5 - using a leveling roller + plant of chickpea with a direct seeder and T6- the conventional method of the region (broadcasting chickpea by hand + plowing with a moldboard plow) as control were implemented as a randomized complete block design in three replications for three years.

The results of this experiment showed that the effect of different tillage methods on the chickpea grain yield and its components were significant (P<0.05). Treatment T3 with an average grain yield of 608.6 kgha-1 and treatment T6 with an average 369.3 kg ha-1 had the highest and lowest grain yields, respectively. The effect of different tillage methods on weed weight were significant (P<0.05). Treatments T2, T3 and T5 had the lowest amount of weeds and treatments T1 and T6 had the highest amount of weeds. From the economic point of view, the highest gross value (267784000 Rials per hectare) and net value (261784000 Rials per hectare) was related to T3 treatment, which shows the highest value among the examined treatments. Based on the obtained results, direct planting of chickpeas in wheat residues was recommend for conditions similar to the present experiment.

Remote sensing technique is an effective and reliable tool in management and monitoring soil salinity. Saline lands can be assessed, mapped, and monitored in different regions using remote sensing techniques. This study was conducted in the Rudasht Region of Isfahan with the aim of investigating changes in soil salinity and its relationship with soil water, as well as the state of vegetation using spectral ratio indices of remote sensing techniques in different years. To achieve this goal, multispectral LANDSAT series of 1994, 1998, 2014, and 2017 were used and three spectral ratio indices were calculated, including Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Salinity Index (NDSI), and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI). Also, 100 soil samples were taken from a depth of 0-30 cm with appropriate spatial distribution from the Rudasht region to measure the electrical conductivity (EC) to match the ground data and the results of the spectral ratio indices. The results indicate that during these 23 years, salinity has increased and a large part of the studied area with dense vegetation has turned into low density vegetation and saline lands. According to the results, allocating fresh water with low EC to farmers in the second half of the year may be a good solution to deal with salinity problems. Also, the findings show that the Rudasht region is exposed to severe salinity and if not properly managed, there is a risk of turning agricultural lands into uncultivable saline lands.

Climate change, characterized by reduced precipitation, elevated temperatures, recurrent droughts, and a burgeoning population coupled with imbalanced groundwater utilization, has precipitated severe water crises in urban environments. Kabudarahang City, situated in Hamadan province, exemplifies this challenge, grappling with a critical water shortage exacerbated by excessive groundwater extraction, the operational demands of the Moftah hydroelectric power plant, and inefficacious water management practices. This research investigates the determinants of urban resilience in Kabudarahang amidst escalating water scarcity, considering its implications for agricultural, industrial, and domestic water consumption. For this purpose, a questionnaire-based survey was administered to city residents, and structural equation modeling was employed to identify critical causal pathways. Findings reveal that the root cause of the water crisis in the study area is attributable to the mismanagement and inadequate planning associated with the establishment of the Shahid Moftah power plant on the Kabudarahang plain. Moreover, the study underscores the significance of economic, physical, institutional, social, environmental, and psychological factors in influencing urban resilience. Specifically, economic illiteracy, rapid urbanization and technological advancements, organizational deficiencies in water consumption, sourcing, and distribution, a deficit in public awareness, unsustainable groundwater exploitation, and a prevailing sense of despair among residents emerged as key challenges.

In the last few decades, we have been faced with the collapse and inefficiency of commercial centers, and one of the causes of the stagnation of these spaces is the lack of attention to the relationship between humans and the environment, which causes the creation of a stable and lively place. Ecological science", investigating the complex interactions of the behavioral environment has become one of the important topics of postmodern currents in architecture and urban planning. This interdisciplinary field considers the environment as a container for collective actions and behaviors in order to deal with the domination of quantitative and metric view in evaluating the human-made environment. According to Roger Barker's ecological psychology, the human-made environment has separate physical and behavioral structures that form a unit in connection with each other and is called "field" or "behavioral headquarters". Therefore, the study of environmental behaviors can be the basis for analyzing and predicting how the environment works. The stronger the compatibility of the behavior environment, which he called "synomorphy", the space will have higher capabilities and efficiency. Among the various collective behavioral centers, markets and shopping centers are rich and attractive for the study of environmental behaviors due to the fact that they form an important territory of daily life. Dealing with the functional decline of local-historical markets as a collective location that is deeply connected with daily behavioral patterns, requires adopting an ecological approach and investigating the links between environment and behavior. The market is one of the most important parts of the structure of the Iranian city in cultural and historical cities, which, in addition to influencing the overall structure of the city and the formation of neighborhoods, is one of the important manifestations of valuable and public identity architecture, and throughout history, it has always been one of It is considered to be one of the most important areas of common interactions in civil life. Due to the existing values in the social and cultural structure, the markets have been less affected during the modernist movements in architecture and urban planning, and their continued activity as the main pole of the city's trade shows its important position in public belief. The purpose of this research is to investigate the mutual influence of the body on the behavior of users, which causes the creation of a stable behavioral environment, and in order to achieve this goal, the historical market of Kerman, which has maintained its vitality after several centuries and is still It is known as a dynamic behavioral site. The current research is a descriptive and analytical type that the researcher uses a qualitative research method to explain the body component through library studies and systematic observation and episodic interview and finally entering the data into the Atlas t software with the help of the grounded theory method. The research results show that the body supports the current events in the market of Kerman, which means that the co-construction of the body and behavior (cynomorph) is established in the historical market of Kerman, and as a result, it is one of its physical components. Power is used as the design principles of new commercial centers in Kerman.

The wetting drying cycles, through the creation of Swelling Shrinkage sequences in soil aggregates, lead to changes in the soil's microstructure. In this study, attempts were made to investigate changes in the geometric properties of loamy sand and silty clay soils by applying moisture cycles in different treatment conditions, including amendmentsand degradations. The hypothesis of this research is based on the premise that the presence of different treatment intensities of the effects of wetting drying cycles affects the soil's microstructure from the perspective of soil aggregates. Using ImageJ software, image processing was performed on 2D and 3D images acquired from soil blocks. In addition to soil aggregate volume and surface area, properties such as sphericity and flatness coefficients were estimated and used for the classification of soil aggregates. For statistical analysis and chart plotting, Orange 3 and Excel 2016 software were used. The results indicated that treatments such as calcium carbonate, cations, and organic matter increased the coefficient of soil aggregates elongation, while degradation treatments led to an increase in the coefficient of soil aggregates flatness in both studied soil textures. Geometric classification of soil aggregates revealed that a small portion of loamy sand soil aggregates were categorized as elongated soil aggregates, while more than half of them fell into the category of flatted soil aggregates. In silty clay soil samples, a uniform distribution of elongated, bladed, and flatted soil aggregates was observed. However, none of the studied treatments resulted in soil aggregates falling into the category of compacted soil. Considering the direct impact of soil aggregate shape on the hydraulic conductivity of soils, the method employed in this research can effectively determine the microstructural status of soils from the perspective of soil aggregates.

native architecture; It is an architecture that has given an appropriate answer to the needs of man, in relation to himself, society, the surrounding world and nature (basic needs) and has not occurred due to a specific event, in a specific time frame, it is a human-oriented architecture and based on his identity, It is formed as a dynamic movement over time. In fact, past architecture has crystallized typological values in the concept of type and transferred it. The architect has created a link between the present and the past through the concept of type and acting based on it. This link has become a chain of interconnected links that have evolved throughout history. What is being built in the present is a link of that chain. To act correctly and appropriately in the present tense, one must read the links of a chain. The starting point of this chain is a kind of base. In general, Iran's architecture of yesterday was valuable and proud; He gave honor to the soil, and he left behind the dignity of efficiency, reliability and beauty to man, and he thought of the sublime. Today, by examining the surrounding world, a certain regularity can be seen in the complex system of nature and human mind, which is necessary to establish order and balance in life. Therefore, decision-making in different situations is required to simplify complexities from a mental point of view and to find some kind of regularity in order and disorder in order to identify and remember patterns that lead to the conscious discovery of design patterns. Christopher Alexander first took an effective step in this field by proposing the theory of pattern language, but today, despite the design of several patterns based on Alexander's intuitive knowledge, some thinkers have not yet paid attention to this topic of architecture. According to Alexander, all the buildings that have been built so far, whether traditional or modern, all of them take their shape from the languages that their builders use; And it is the language that gives meaning and concept to the structure and saves it from the resulting anonymity.The native architecture of Iran has an ancient history. In every corner of it, buildings with different architectures can be seen, which at the same time have something in common, this feature has made them need to be investigated. Today's architecture is the result of our neglecting the physical conditions of the residents and past experiences and importing western architecture without localization. The continuation of this current will intensify the priority of aesthetics over comfort and will gradually increase the use of fossil energies and destroy our identity. Therefore, the present article aims to analyze the theoretical field of the researches conducted in the field of native architectural patterns, to meta-analyze the studies conducted in this regard. Considering that native architecture in different societies can have different meanings and types of factors and patterns, therefore, in this article, an attempt has been made to make a theoretical summary in the field of factors in the analysis. The statistical population is 61 articles (31 domestic articles and 30 foreign articles) in the period from 1390 to 1402. The collection of data from the articles was based on the Prisma protocol, which was adapted to the opinion of experts. After a systematic review of the articles, meta-analysis method and CMA2 software were used to analyze the data. Also, after the inferential analysis of the data through the funnel plot, the linear regression method if, the diffusion error and the Q test of heterogeneity, using the linear regression and multivariate regression methods, first the relationship between each independent variable and then all the independent variables in different dimensions with The dependent variable, i.e. native architectural patterns, was evaluated. The findings of the research show that among all the variables in the studies, the dependence of the building shape on the climate is the most effective variable on the local architectural pattern, followed by the variables of the flexibility of the space for multiple functions in all seasons of using local materials. And the amount of radiation and temperature has the greatest effect on the native architecture pattern.

This study aimed to investigate the spatial changes of soil salinity using RF model in a part of Eyvanekey Plain (Semnan Province 2018). Grid sampling with 100 m intervals (106 samples) was taken from 105 ha of soils developed on marl and gravely alluviums. The land uses were pistachio plantations with furrow irrigation and abandoned land. The maximum EC was (173.2 and 34 dS/m) in the abandoned and furrow irrigation pistachio plantations respectively. The main factors of salinization were saline marls, saline irrigation water, and high PET. The R2 for the salinity prediction map by RF model was 0.49, and the most important covariates were normalized difference salinity index (NDSI), topographic wetness index (TWI), Channel Network Base Level (CNBL), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and modified soil vegetation index (SAVI). Spectral ratio indices derived from Landsat 8 contributed the most to the soil salinity prediction. Out of 5 main auxiliary variables, 3 variables are related to spectral ratio indices and the reason was the presence of salt on the soil in the studied area. Using NDVI with other salinity and moisture indices improved the salinity prediction model. Examining the results of covariates correlation and the implementation of recursive feature elimination showed that many covariates increase model complexity and prediction error. Recursive feature elimination helped to simplify the model by identifying the most important covariates. The salinity prediction map by random forest was consistent with the field observations and clearly defined the critical saline area.

Architecture, as both an art and applied science, plays a significant role in shaping human life today. Unfortunately, the architecture of today often falls short, serving merely as a shelter, leaving few users feeling at peace or at ease. The atmosphere of a building, which is the spirit and life of the architecture, is what makes it unique and memorable. Yet, experiencing the atmosphere of architecture and understanding the complex processes that create it can be challenging. it can be difficult to even explain or identify the components that contribute to it.While many studies have investigated the semantic and hermeneutic dimensions of the audience to atmospheric architecture from a phenomenological perspective, this research seeks to develop criteria and tools using a structural method to achieve atmospheric architecture in the process of architectural design. This approach is both practical and developmental, aimed at strengthening the structure of the building.To achieve this goal, Alexander's structure strengthening method is proposed as a guide in creating an atmospheric model. The research method used in this study is grounded theory or database analysis.Through the method of library document studies, relevant sources were examined, and ideas were categorized and clarified with the help of experts. Categories with the highest repetition and quality were identified through in-depth study and consultation with experts. Open coding was performed, resulting in 93 characteristics and 9 codes in the axial coding and 7 categories in the selective coding, based on the opinions of thinkers in the field of the structuralism approach of atmosphere in architectural spaces.The data were coded and selected in MAXQDA 10 software based on the frequency and repetition of the codes. The findings revealed that the atmospheres in architectural buildings result from a combination of structural and physical factors, as well as a set of invisible yet highly impactful concepts or quasi-things that affect the audience's perception based on their senses and abilities. Physical measures were more frequently studied than functional ones in existing atmospheric research, but the most important and frequent indicator was an integrated whole.Atmospheric architecture is characterized by its integration and synergy, which can have optimal effects on well-being, health, and vitality and can ultimately lead to an increase in the quality of life. The grand theory generated concepts and quasi-things such as light, temperature, and sound, and identified creative indicators of the architectural atmosphere in categories such as immediate perception, multi-sensory architecture, participation of subject and object, materials that make up the body, temporality, and corporeality, inducing movement, and an integrated overall structure that is in the relationship between subject and object.One of the most effective ways to actively engage people with their environment is through architecture and multi-sensory design. By creating a specific atmosphere for an architectural space, it is possible to induce a unique character or feeling that makes it memorable and serves a specific purpose. The quality of the atmosphere in a space can create a stronger emotional connection to our environment. A nombness and indifferent environment can have negative effects on both our mental and physical health. Therefore, improving the quality of the built environment, which covers a significant portion of people's lives, is crucial for enhancing their quality of life and social well-being.In summary, architects can use both material-physical tools and immaterial concepts or quasi-things in the design of atmospheric architecture, organizing them into a comprehensive whole called atmosphere. Physical measures have been studied more frequently than functional ones in existing atmospheric research, but the most important and frequent indicator is an integrated whole.From a structural perspective, the architectural atmosphere can be defined as the induction of tone, mood, personality, or a special feeling to an architectural space, making it unique and memorable with a specific purpose. The atmosphere in an architectural space provides special and potential qualities, and a numb environment can negatively impact general mental and physical health. Improving the quality of the built environment, which covers a long period of people's lives, deeply affects the quality of people's lives.However, the atmospheric design method cannot be explained by an algorithm or specific abstract ideas. Rather, it is a synergistic approach of imagination and thinking formed through interaction with the world and physical awareness

The formation of the body of any space can be derived from the prevailing behaviors and diverse lifestyle patterns and the physical support of the type of space from specific activities or diverse uses. Each space has a different meaning that emerges based on the body that surrounds it. Traditional markets as the support of commercial centers have components that are derived and show the physical design and spatial behavior that are directly related. This research was formed with the aim of extracting physical-spatial components and classifying them in the markets of Kerman .
The research method is a combination of nested qualitative and quantitative type. In the qualitative part, semi-structured interviews with scholars and snowball sampling are used, in which 28 experts are interviewed. In order to reduce the data, coding is used in ATLASTI software. It is a causalcomparative quantitative method that uses the components of the previous stage to develop a questionnaire and distribute it among 384 space users. The results are entered into the GRAPHER 16 software for analysis and are analyzed with inferential statistics. The results show that the most important factors in the body-behavior components in the formation of the traditional market of Kerman city include the response of the wise in the form, the support of the body to the activity, the cover Plant is with a value of (1.000) and the lowest factor contribution is related to inviting elements with a value of (0.295). Also, all the components have a significant relationship to explain the factor contribution, except for the flooring component, whose factor contribution is (0.467) but it does not have a significant relationship. To facilitate the review of the results, a summary chart of the determined coefficients has been presented.

The dissolution of carbon dioxide in water is one of the sources of soil carbonates, which have an inverse relationship with water temperature. The origin of soil-forming carbonates formed in glacial sediments, and the effect of glacial processes on their formation were investigated. This study was conducted in the year 2021 in Alborz province, and eight profiles located in Karaj and Hashtgerd regions with glacial-alluvial parent materials were described and sampled. Physical and chemical characteristics, including soil texture before and after the removal of carbonates by the hydrometer method, pH, and EC in saturated extract, organic carbon by the Walkley-Black method, Calcium Carbonate Equivalent (CCE) measured by the calcimetric method in 27 samples were determined. Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) measured by the ammonium acetate method. Soil description and classification were performed based on the American classification system. A micromorphological study of undisturbed samples, before and after the removal of carbonates, was carried out following their impregnation with polyester resin, cutting, sawing, mounting on glass slides, and reducing the thickness to about 30 microns. Imaging was done with a polarizing microscope, and the analysis and interpretation of the results were carried out according to the guide for the analysis of thin sections. The results showed that the petrocalcic horizons formed on glacial tills and moraines are the result of the long-term infiltration of cold water rich in dissolved carbonates into the soil. This model of the formation of secondary carbonates in the soil is different from other models that mainly consider the origin of carbonates to be the dissolution and recrystallization of primary carbonates or the biological respiration of roots and living organisms.

Flooding is a serious global problem, so as its intensity and frequency increase, global concerns in terms of loss of fatalities and economic losses associated with this phenomenon also increase.. In this research, were used Landsat 8 image satellite, DEM30 SRTM, annual precipitation statistics of Rain gauge stations and geological layer 1:10000.Then, in order to analyze the effective parameters in flood risk, two methods, IWPCA,respectively were used in MATLAB, and ARCGIS software. In the next step, in order to validate the two methods, the OLS method was used to validate the mentioned model. The final flood hazard is modeled (at the last stage, the least-square method was used to test the mentioned models.The weighted linear combination (WLC) method was used for spatial modeling and layer combination to prepare potential flood maps. The results of Flood Risk Zoning with IWPCA was presented. The flood rates by IWPCA model was about 147 km2 of the watershed, respectively. The value of this parameter in the central and northern parts was higher than in other regions. Finally,the validation of the model showed that IWPCA with R2 and P-value of 0.76 and 0.0001 had the highest degree of agreement between the dependent and independent variables.

The effect of different tillage methods on wheat yield in Iran's dryland conditions has been investigated in several studies. Most of the conducted studies only cover a small area (field experiments in one area), which in some cases have contradictory and incomplete results. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of conservation tillage (reduced tillage and no tillage) on dryland wheat yield using domestic studies with meta-analysis method. For this purpose, articles, research reports and student thesis between 1991 and 2021 were reviewed using key keywords related to tillage in the dryland wheat. Finally, after quality control, 29 studies were selected to compare minimum tillage method with conventional tillage and 22 studies were selected to compare no-tillage with conventional tillage using a random model. Based on the results, according to the effect size in the method of minimum tillage (SMD = +0.42) and no tillage (SMD = -0.43), it can be concluded that the minimum tillage method has increased wheat yield (+1.44%) and no-tillage method has decreased wheat yield (-7.7%) compared to conventional tillage method. It is suggested in dry lands, that one of the minimum tillage methods includes: 1- plowing with combinated tiller (chisel plow equipped with roller), 2- plowing with chisel-packer and 3-plowing with chisel plow + disk should be used instead of the conventional tillage (moldboard ploughing + disc + leveler) by observing plant rotation.

Researchers consistently seek methods that minimize data requirements and decrease soil quality assessment costs. Soil pores are recognized as indicators of soil physical quality due to their environmental sensitivity. This study identified key parameters related to soil pores and physico-chemical properties to assess their potential as indicators of soil physical quality. Conducted between 2020 and 2022 at the University of Tehran's Soil Sciences Department Micromorphology Laboratory, the study used image analysis to determine the parameters related to pores resulting from 126 experimental units, including ammendments, removals and disruptive experimental treatments and affected by 22 cycles of wetting and drying which were determined in two types of soils, sandy loam and silty clay. Parameters included sphericity, elongation, area, and compactness. The first two principal components (PC1 and PC2) represent more than 70% of the variations in the studied soils. Parameters like sphericity (81% and 80% correlation with PC1 and PC2) and elongation (77% and 83% correlation with PC1 and PC2) in loamy sand, and elongation (53% and 87% correlation with PC1 and PC2) and pore area (48% and 68% correlation with PC1 and PC2) in silty clay loam were identified as quality indicators. Comparing soil quality based on pores in different treatments with control showed 32% and 18% differences in loamy sand and silty clay loam, respectively, demonstrating indicator efficacy in reflecting soil quality changes. The microscopic features of pores that possess fractal properties were successfully utilized in this study for assessing soil quality. Based on this method, it is possible to employ this approach for determining soil quality on a field scale.

Regarding the atmosphere of architecture, due to its importance and vacancy in contemporary architecture, recently, a relatively large number of studies have been devoted to it. But in the meantime, the scattering of votes and views on it has caused that it could not have a clear definition and restriction for it. Sometimes a fixed component in different buildings has different results, or even the strongest atmospheric component alone does not create the right atmospheric quality in the building, so that even fixed atmospheric components in different buildings lead to different and even contradictory results. This possibility indicates the synergistic effect of the factors on the whole space. Factors in different combinations reach a different generality, and the effect of each criterion on the whole is intensified by the combination of other criteria. In order to investigate this, the effect of light on the atmosphere was examined, because most of our perceptions are related to light-dependent vision. On the other hand, light with its various characters also gives a semantic and comprehensible dimension to architecture. The study of light is most used in previous researches of temples, especially mosques. Generates new insights. After meta-analysis of the subject of the atmosphere by examining the conditions for creating synergy and its principles, it seems that light is very effective in synergizing with the characteristics of the architectural atmosphere, not separately but synergistically, in all stages of perception and cognition in perceiving the atmospheric quality of the building.

Two spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch is one of the most important pests of agricultural products that damages many plants, including cucumber in greenhouses. A new acaricide Oberon Speed®) abamectin, EC 8.1% + spiromesifen, SC 24% (0.4 ml/l and 0.5ml/l was compared to Kanemite® (acequinocyl, SC 15%) 1.25 ml/l, Danisaraba® (Cyflumetofen, SC 20%), 1 ml/l and control treatment (Water spraying) for efficacy against spider mite under greenhouses condition in Kerman (Jiroft city) and Isfahan (Isfahan city) provinces. Sampling of each treatment was done at one day before spraying then 3, 7 and 14 days after spraying respectively. The percentage of efficiency was calculated using Henderson-Tilton formula and statistical analysis was conducted using SAS software with randomized complete block design. In two provinces, the mean mortality of treatments was significant. In Jiroft, the mean mite mortality of Oberon Speed® 0.5 ml/l at 3 and 7 was 89.57% and 91.57% and the efficacy declined on 14th day (63.90%). During the test, Kanemite® and Oberon Speed® 0.4 ml/l caused mortality in the range of 76.30-89.04% and 56.89-75.63%. In Isfahan, the efficacy of Oberon Speed® 0.4 ml/l and 0.5 ml/l was 74.08-63.99% and 91.9.-79.61% respectively and Danisaraba® effected 71.98-87.38%. Result showed that mite mortality of Oberon Speed® 0.5 ml/l recorded more than 74.73% in both provinces and it can be recommended for control of spider mite in greenhouse cucumbers; there were no residues of Oberon Speed® 0.4 ml/l and 0.5 ml/l, after 7 days spraying.

City as a combination of natural and social factors and environments recognized by human in which a resident population has been centralized has a special identity. An identity has distinguished city from other cities and gives meaning to the population residing in it, identity in the appearance of environments built by humans is always taken from the parameters of human and behavioral sciences that this identity is more valuable in neighborhoods with historical oldness and historical context due to more application of semantic and identity signs attributed to culture. The semantic and semiotic indices have been different from each other considering neighborhoods and their types but it seems that indices with high coefficient have been used to design the centers of these neighborhoods. This study aims at extracting variables with high coefficient in all neighborhoods to be used in the flagship development of other neighborhoods. Concurrent nested mixed research method has been used in this study that variables and indices extracted in qualitative part and compared in quantitative part, semi-structured interview used in qualitative part to explore and scrutinize variables and in order to facilitate this, Atlas. ti has been used to reduce data. The results compared in qualitative part using ORIGINPRO, sample size achieved using snowball system with theoretical saturation in qualitative part and Morgan Table used in quantitative part. The results show that all spaces are axial and central (1.000), specifying, explaining and defining each path (0.958) and inner value (0.921) have the highest coefficient of determination and effectiveness in Posht-e Bagh neighborhood and the least effectiveness is related to conceptual richness (0.246) but all spaces are axial and central (1.000), inner value (0.978) and special arrangement and order (0.920) have the highest coefficient of determination in Fahadan neighborhood and the least one is related to motifs taken from nature (0.254).

Conservation tillage can be an alternative system to conventional tillage of irrigated wheat crops in Iran due to its potential for protecting soil and water resources and reducing production costs. Many studies in Iran have investigated the effect of different tillage methods on various factors, such as yield, soil physical properties, costs, etc., in irrigated wheat cultivation. All available studies were systematically reviewed to gain a better perspective on the impact of tillage methods on wheat yield in Iran, and their findings were analyzed by meta-analysis. All articles published in Iranian journals, final reports of research projects, and related articles presented at congresses and student dissertations were reviewed using standard keywords Then, the articles and reports published in this field with the criteria for entering the research were entered into the meta-analysis after quality control using a random model. Finally, 40 studies were selected to compare minimum tillage methods with conventional tillage, and 21 were selected to compare no-tillage with conventional tillage. The results showed that the effect size (SMD) in minimum tillage and non-tillage methods were -0.42 and -1.18, respectively, indicating the negative effect of these methods on yield. Reduced tillage methods significantly reduced wheat yield (-2.87%) compared to conventional tillage. Also, no-tillage significantly reduced yield (-8.2%) compared to conventional tillage. Minimum tillage methods did not have much effect on reducing wheat yield. It is suggested that one of the minimum tillage methods, including 1- Chiselpaker, 2- combined tiller (chisel plow equipped with rollers), 3- chisel plow + disc, and 4- disc according to the facilities and access of each area to these tools, replaced conventional tillage (moldboard plow + disc harrow + leveler).

Soil compaction and formation of plow pan in Iranian agricultural soils became a serious problem, which threatens regional productivity. The formation of plow pan due to the long-term use of tillage tools at a constant depth, is a common consequence of conventional tillage, which limits crop growth. In order to prove the existence of plow pan and its effect on physical and chemical soil characteristics, 32 soil profiles (eight soil profiles in each region) were analyzed in Qazvin, Golestan, Markazi and Khuzestan provinces. In all four regions and in 70% of the soils, plow pan with an average thickness of 24 cm was observed at 16 to 64 cm below the surface. Total porosity and the amount of bulk density showed respectively about 7-19% decrease and 5-14% increase in the plow pan compared to other horizons. The depth of the formation of this layer and its vertical expansion as well as the intensity of compaction in the soils of the studied areas have been different. The presence of the plow pan (except for Abyek region of Qazvin) had caused the accumulation of 14 to 40% of dissolved salts and the creation of a relatively saline layer under the surface horizon (Ap). The most important reason for the high compaction of the plow pan in the Gonbad agricultural area compared to the other three areas, was the high average percentage of silt (about 60%) in this area. In addition to the effect of soil texture, the predominance of submerged irrigation, despite the aridity of the climate, intensifies the compaction and resistance to root penetration especially in the agricultural areas of Golestan, Khuzestan and Markazi provinces, because annual plowing at constant depths along with heavy irrigation with a large volume of water leads to the eluviation of clay and silt particles from the surface and illuviation in depth.

Environmentally sustainable design is widely recognized as a key strategy to reduce the negative effects of buildings on the environment and has been criticized for its focus and dependence on technological advances, as opposed to focusing on the qualitative aspects of the human dimension and the desire to connect with nature. Has encountered Biophilic design as a potential strategy can pave the way to fill this gap by shifting the focus towards human-centered approaches. Biophilic design is based on the concept of health and well-being, and its basis is to create a positive effect in increasing the relationship between man and nature for the residents of the building and the environment. Since sustainable design and biophilic design better represent environmental responses, they can lead to more sustainable results as a comprehensive approach. The research method in this study is "grounded theory" which is one of the approaches of "qualitative strategy" and is applied and developmental in terms of its purpose. According to the basic theory, three main elements: concepts, classes and categories related to research were created through data conceptualization. The data was open coding including 113 characteristics and in axial coding 10 codes of concepts and in selective coding 6 categories, which was done in the form of library documentary studies according to the opinions of scholars in the field of sustainable biophilic approach. In the MAXQDA 10 software, the data were coded and selected according to the frequency and repetition of the codes. The results showed that in the biophilic approach, the existence of dimensions of direct connection with nature in the field of natural sustainability and the nature of space and place in the field of cultural sustainability caused human interaction with nature in the artificial environment, which subsequently had optimal effects on well-being and health. It can lead to an increase in the quality of life.

Many patterns of ancient art and architecture have been designed based on religious beliefs and orders in the Indian continent. One of them is the wisdom of sacred art Vastu Purusha Mandala. This knowledge is related to square plan that has its roots in the ancient Indian religious texts  that so called Vedas. The mandala has three main shapes: circle, square and triangle. Although the circle is its basic form in art and architecture but form of fire mandala is triangle and earth mandala have a square shape. Hence, the square form, which represents the mandala of the earth, is used to build temples. The purpose of this article is to know the forms of mandalas, analyze the map of Vastu Purusha Mandala and its impact on the religious architecture of fire temples in pre-Islamic of Iran. The result of the study shows that the Iranians were influenced by the wisdom of Vastu Purusha Mandala the construction of the fire temple, which this Vedic knowledge has ancient and common roots between Iran and India. The form and content used in the features of the fire temple follow the wisdom of Vastu and can be applied to it. Fire temples have four doorways, the Altar in the central square plan, circular dome on the base of the square and sanctification the basic four elements in the fire temples, especially the element of fire and keeping the clean air and space in the holy place. These elements are features common between Hindu temples and fire temples. Also in the subject of sacred geometry, squaring of the circular form is the result of the equality of earthly and celestial altars that can be seen in Hindu temples and fire temples.

Microscopic techniques provide invaluable information about soil genesis and also physicochemical and morphological properties of undisturbed natural soil structure. Determination of micromorphological indices is an advanced method of quantifying soil properties and increasing the accuracy of morphological and micromorphological studies. At present, there are no quantitative criteria in the American soil classification system to determine the classification of soils with an aquic moisture regime or with aquic conditions; so that there is no distinction between saturated soils and their reduction due to high groundwater and soils which saturation and reduction due to water infiltration from the soil surface is temporarily saturated only in the upper horizons. To prevent this problem, the general purpose of this research is to use micromorphology and image analysis in order to manage soil resources through the correct identification of soils with aquic conditions. In addition to the specific purpose, a new hydromorphic index (SHI) for soil evolution in aquic conditions based on micromorphological features was proposed.

To do this research and determine the micromorphological index of soil hydromorphic properties, after preparing intact samples from different horizons of the studied profiles (six control pedons with aquic conditions from northern Iran), their thin sections were prepared. In the following, thin sections were prepared and analyzed using a polarizing microscope. To determine the soil hydromorphic index (SHI) for aquic soils the following steps were then performed in the following order: 1-Preparation of thin sections, 2-Study of the micromorphological properties, 3-Preparation of necessary images, 4- Image analysis and quantification of micromorphological parameters, 5- Score attributes between 0 and 100 points and 6-Calculation of soil hydromorphic index (SHI).

The obtained hydromorphic index was correlated with microstructure, fine soil materials, birefringence fabric, organic materials, hydromorphic features and mineral alteration. This index can be useful for correlation of soils with aquic horizons formed on different landscape units. The results showed that the hydromorphic index varied from very high values in paddy soils under aquic moisture regime to very low values in non-paddy soils under kiwifruit cultivation. In paddy soils under aquic moisture regime, SHI values increased with soil depth and its maximum was seen in deeper horizons, whereas in non-paddy soils, the relationship between SHI and soil depth was unclear.

The defined hydromorphic index in soils under aquic moisture regime was more than 0.35 and in the soil taxonomy keys were in the aquic soils class. In contrast, soils with a hydromorphic index of less than 0.35 are found in soils that have only aquic conditions. Finally, many of the problems that exist in the American Soil Classification System in distinguishing soils with aquic moisture regime from soils with aquic conditions can be solved by determining the hydromorphic index.

Soil compaction is a negative factor for plant growth. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of deep tillage (subsoiling) on potato yield using domestic and foreign studies with meta-analysis method. For this purpose, articles, research reports and student thesis between 1966 and 2021 were reviewed using key keywords related to subsoiling in the potato. Finally, after quality control, 23 studies were entered into the meta-analysis process to compare deep tillage (including conventional subsoiling, in row subsoiling before planting and inter-row subsoiling after planting) with conventional tillage without subsoiling using a random model. Based on the results, according to the total effect size value (SMD = 0.37), it can be concluded that subsoiling has had a positive effect on the increase of potato yield and has caused a 3.92% increase in potato yield. Conventional subsoiling, in row subsoiling before planting and inter-row subsoiling after planting increased potato yield by 1.23, 5.18 and 4.75%, respectively, compared to the control treatment (without subsoiling). It is recommended to use either inter-row subsoiling (to depth of 35-45 cm) after planting or in row subsoiling (to depth of 40-50 cm) before planting in the potato crop. Conventional subsoiling is not recommended due to low impact on potato yield and high cost.

In addition to the body, architects creates an architectural space with nonvisible but powerful factors. By incorporating soul through the different atmospheres, an all-encompassing and unforgettable quality is added to them, which is received multisensory and immediately without intermediaries. As a result, users had a pleasant feeling by being in the space and accordingly Increase the desire to stay in space. Daylight has a multifaceted nature, especially in Islamic architecture, on the material and semantic structure of space. It is in spite of light that architecture becomes alive and vital, takes on meaning and character. Regarding the atmosphere of light, it is very important to master and recognize it, because light is so effective and strong element in their continuous formation. This research is applied and has been done on the description of philosophical-interpretive research in a method-analytical way and field and library space with a combination of qualitative quantity .After studying the sources on the architectural atmosphere and lighting, the effects that they can have on each other were evaluated. In order to control the results, three mosques from sheikhe jam's tomb with similar contextual were analyzed. After light measurement and field survey, a questionnaire based on Cochran's formula according to the Likert scale, the data were analyzed in SPSS-22 software, then by Spearman correlation tests, multiple regression analysis, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and factor analysis. According to the research results, it can be said that daylight, by combining darkness, offers various interpretations and methods for incorporating different powerful atmospheres. Light with its two physical and semantic characteristics affect the fixed and variable qualities of the atmosphere of space. The physical characteristic of light, which is mostly related to visual and sensory perception, with a higher correlation coefficient of 0.843, which is a good relationship and the semantic and conceptual characteristic of light affects the quality of the atmosphere with a correlation coefficient of 0.786. How to use the invaluable daylight can lead to conflicting results such as solitude or community, vitality or numbness, excitement or depression, lightness or concentration of space, elevation or confusion, purity and mysticism or luxury and disorder, and finally Beauty and presence lead. Due to the low light, Kermaniha Mosque has an atmosphere of calm, solitude, concentration, purity and mysticism. But the NOE mosque with more light, induces the atmosphere of movement, community, lightness and spatial transparency, and this is mostly due to the effect of light and how to use it. The atmosphere of architecture also affects the perception of physical and semantic light. Of course, the quality and atmospheric power of architecture, in addition to the effect of architecture and the power of the architect in recreating and creating such a feature, also depends on the characteristics and perceptual conditions of the audience. The impact of audience factor-due to the ineffectual of the Architectural process- is ignored in this research. It can be examined in future research.