akram parandeh

 Self-care education for diabetics by nurses has always been a key and valuable strategy in the successful management of diabetes. In order to facilitate the process of professionalization of nursing graduates, the present study was conducted with the aim of the effect of the implementation of educational intervention by nursing students on the promotion of self-care of diabetic patients.

 The quasi-experimental study was performed on 70 hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus randomly divided into control and experimental groups. The data collection tool was the Tobert and Glasgow self-care questionnaire that was completed before the educational intervention and one month after it. Data were analyzed by SPSS 16 software using descriptive and inferential statistical tests (P≤ 0.05).

 The findings showed there is a significant difference between self-care behavior in physical activity, foot care, diet, blood sugar control, and regular drug use. But there was no significant difference in the mean total score of self-care in the experimental and control groups except in the field of foot care.

 Due to the positive effect of education in different areas and the lack of a significant difference between the overall self-care score between the two groups, which may be due to inadequate teaching methods and students' lack of complete justification in this regard, it is recommended to emphasize patient education and educational technologies and methods of creating effective and continuous communication, so that by realizing the importance of this issue, they can acquire and develop the skills and knowledge required in educating patients to be able to Use more comprehensive services to patients in the realm of clinical practice.

Spiritual self-care has played an important role in adapting nurses to stressful professional conditions, but has often been neglected by health systems.

The purpose of this study is to investigate spiritual self-care programs of nurses in Iran and other countries.

The present study is a narrative review and by searching the Persian and English databases, PubMed, SID, Iran doc, Magiran and a manual search in Google Scholar using the keywords nurse, health workers, spiritual self-care, self-care, spiritual health and health policy was done without time limit (until 2022). In total, out of 35309 articles obtained according to the inclusion criteria, 33 related articles were included in the study.

Despite the special place of spirituality in nursing, the implementation of spiritual self-care in nurses with individual barriers (lack of understanding of the concept of self-care and lack of evaluation, lack of motivation, ignorance of spiritual needs and misconception of spirituality) and organizational (selfish selfishness as a subset Nursing culture is associated with high workload with low salaries, lack of attention and planning of officials in this field. Health policymakers in countries such as the United States, Japan, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia and Lebanon by implementing strategies such as developing national programs, forming associations and training programs and creating a requirement in self-care through ethical codes to raise the level of Nurses' spiritual self-care has helped. However, no program in this field is currently being implemented in Iran and no study has been found in this field.

It is suggested that health policymakers in Iran, by modeling the programs of leading countries in the field of spiritual self-care of nurses, help improve the spiritual self-care capacity of nurses.

Cultural and language differences are necessary factors for diabetes management and self‑care education programs in patients suffering from diabetes. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of culture‑based self‑care intervention on health literacy, quality of life, and glycemic parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes.

This randomized clinical trial has been carried out in selected centers in Darreh Shahr, Iran; 80 participants were randomly assigned into intervention and control groups. The intervention group received an educational program for 6 sessions twice a week, but the control group only received routine services. Data were collected using health literacy and life quality scales for diabetic patients, which were completed by both groups before, immediately after, and 3 months after the intervention; hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) was checked before and 3 months after the intervention. SPSS software was also analyzed data using χ2, Fisher’s exact, independent t</em>, and repeated measures analysis of variance tests.

There were no significant differences between the 2 groups before the study (p </em>>0.05) goes forward. But, mean scores of health literacy (F</em>2,40 = 5.61, p =</em>0.007), quality of life (F</em>2, 40 = 4.09, p =</em>0.01), and HbA1c levels (t</em>, 39 = 6. 91, p </em><0.001) have shown significant differences between the 2 groups immediately and 3 months after the intervention have been applied.

Culturally appropriate intervention should be offered as a part of the nurse’ care program for diabetic to control HbA1c, and improve their life quality and health literacy.

Diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases that need a lot of care. Theories play an important role in improving the quality of care, and Orem’s self-care theory is pioneering in this field. Therefore, this study aimed to conduct an integrated review of the application of Orem’s theory in the care of diabetic patients.

The present study is an integrated review study of articles published from 2010 to 2022 that were collected from databases including SID, Magiran, Iranmedex, Irandoc, ProQuest, Google Scholar, and PubMed using the keywords, such as Orem, self-care, diabetes, Orem model and their Latin equivalents. The study procedure included five stages of text search, text selection, data evaluation, data extraction, and data classification in studies on the application of Orem’s self-care model on diabetes.

The initial search results included 243 articles. A total number of 14 articles were selected and included in the study after the careful examination of the titles, abstracts, and texts of the collected articles. The majority of studies have been conducted in Iran. All studies were interventional and five articles had a clinical trial design. Moreover, the studied variables included the main components of Orem’s theory, quality of life, laboratory factors such as blood sugar or glycosylated hemoglobin, adherence to treatment, self-efficacy, and peripheral neuropathy. All the studies were performed on the adult population and interventions were often conducted in the form of training sessions. In all the studies, interventions had a positive and significant effect on the variables under study.

Considering the positive results of interventions based on Orem’s self-care theory on the consequences of diabetic patients, it is recommended to remove the barriers to the application of the theory in the clinic. Furthermore, efforts should be made to translate knowledge and support upstream organizations in this regard. It is also suggested to pay attention to the acute complications of diabetes, study this disease in the pediatric population, and perform interventions with strong plans for researchers interested in this field.

Prevention of the incidences of mental disorders, psychological problems, or their rapid diagnosis is an important issue that has led to the creation of a mental health literacy concept and the development of standard tools for evaluating them. This study is the first step in the designing and psychometrics of the Mental Health Literacy Questionnaire (MHLQ) in Iran. The purpose of this study was to design the psychometric properties of the MHLQ in soldiers.

This study is a methodological study that was designed in three phases: 1) Designing the instrument, 2) Assessing the items, and 3) Psychometric assessment. This study was conducted during 2017‑2018, and the soldiers were selected by using a convenience sampling method from different garrisons of Tehran, Iran. To evaluate the content validity of the questionnaire 10 experts, to evaluate the face validity 9 soldiers, and for the pilot study 103 soldiers formed the sample size. Finally, construct validity was assessed among 251 soldiers.

In the first phase, 78 items were collected and designed. Then, based on the experts’ opinions and preliminary studies, the items were reduced to 52 in the “Assessing the items phase” and then to 42 items in the psychometric phase. In the third phase, 31 items remained in the final version. The CVR and CVI scores of the 52 items were 0.91 and 0.94, respectively. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a 4‑factor structure with 31 items of special value that were higher than five that accounted for 55.04 of the total scale variance. The fit indices values indicated that the model is fit for the data. In the total scale, the test–retest reliability and Cronbach’s alpha were 0.81 and 0.76, respectively.

The MHLQ of soldiers has appropriate psychometric properties and can be considered as a suitable tool for evaluation and screening as well as a basis for educational and research interventions.

Metabolic syndrome is one of the most prevalent health issues in the world and a risk factor for non-communicable diseases, especially cardiovascular disease and diabetes. It is believed that optimal lifestyle improvement can be effective in reducing risk factors.

This study, therefore, aimed to determine the effect of lifestyle modification training on the control of risk factors for metabolic syndrome in nurses.

The present study is a clinical trial study whose research population included nurses working in selected military hospitals during the spring and summer of 2020. The sample was selected through purpose-based sampling and randomly divided into two groups, each consisting of 40 people. For the intervention group, training lifestyle modification was conducted in a combined way, four one-hour face-to-face sessions and text messages, as well as three text messages daily. Data were collected through a demographic information questionnaire, health-promoting lifestyle questionnaire, and laboratory indicators. The control group did not receive any intervention. Data were collected in two stages before and after the intervention and analyzed by the SPSS software (version 19).

There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of demographic characteristics before the intervention. Additionally, health-promoting lifestyle scores, body mass index, fasting blood sugar, waist circumference, triglyceride, and HDL were not significantly different between the two groups before the intervention; however, the difference was significant after the intervention in the intervention group (P<0.05).

Findings showed that lifestyle modification training was effective in controlling the risk factors for metabolic syndrome among nurses working in selected military hospitals; therefore, it is recommended to periodically assess the lifestyle prevalence of metabolic syndrome among the nursing staff to use lifestyle improvement training programs in continuing hospital education.

Improving the performance appraisal system in the armed forces health care system is one of the challenges for managers in this field. Therefore, this study aimed to develop performance evaluation indicators of nurses working in military medical centers in Iran.

The present study is an applied and multi-stage research that was conducted in three general phases during the years 2020-2021 in military medical centers of Iran. Participants included 36 experts in the field of nursing. Library study, purposive sampling, in-depth and semi-structured interviews, semi-open questionnaire, expert panel meetings, and the Delphi method were used to collect data. Data were also analyzed by qualitative content analysis and Graneheim and Lundman's proposed steps. The importance of the identified criteria was determined through a pairwise comparison questionnaire based on a 5-point Likert scale and by fuzzy hierarchical analysis method in Matlab software.

Based on the results of this study, 33 performance criteria for military nurses in four categories of special conditions competencies (10 indicators), military competencies (7 indicators), command and leadership competencies (4 indicators), and nursing's basic competencies (12 indicators) were identified by experts, and the importance of each was determined.

The study results showed that special conditions competencies and basic nursing competencies are more important than other groups in the military nurses' performance evaluation. Therefore, it is suggested that the identified indicators in this study can be used in macro-management decisions in the fields of education, training, and performance management of military nurses.

It is necessary to study the emerging trends and areas of knowledge and to predict the direction of future research on the concept of health literacy in order to promote community health. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of mapping research knowledge in the field of health literacy and showing the structure of knowledge and their evolution over time.

This scientometrics research was conducted using Co-word analysis technique includes the steps include: Data retrieval, Data analysis and Mapping and Visualization Papers from the MEDLINE database during (1970-2018) retrieved and analyzed. The bibliographic data analyzed using the visualization of similarities technique by text‑mining and visualization techniques of VOSviewer.

A total of 7,429 documents, growth of scientific publications related to the field of health literacy has been increased rapidly over the past 10 years and continues to grow in recent years. The stronger studies were mainly conducted at research institutions of higher education in the Canada and United States. Four Core authors groups with a higher influence were identified. The keyword of “communication”, “depression”, “health education”, and “internet” had respectively the highest frequency. The results of cluster analysis identified and categorized them into three major clusters. Health literacy field had a close relationship with the lifestyle dimensions, health information technology, mental health literacy and chronic diseases.

Given the interdisciplinary nature of health literacy the areas of education, health, Information Communication Technology (ICT) science, and mental health will help the cooperation of experts in these areas to enrich scientific research and make them more applicable.

The COVID-19 epidemic is one of the major health problems worldwide due to its inconceivable spreading power and potential damage. Given the increasing prevalence of the disease, the identification of care needs and preferences of patients could play an important role in providing effective training and caring programs. This study was conducted to explain the preferences and needs of care based on the experiences of patients with COVID-19.

This qualitative study with a content analysis approach was performed in 2 months at a referral general hospital and quarantine centers of COVID-19 in Tehran, the capital of Iran, in 2020. The participants consisted of 15 COVID-19 patients selected through purposive sampling. The data analysis was performed using the conventional content analysis method according to the procedure proposed by Graneheim and Lundman.

The results were classified into 5 main categories: (1) access to desirable care and comfort services; (2) access to education and information from credible sources; (3) access to specialized care; (4) support social needs; and (5)  need for deep emotional interactions.

According to our results, identifying priorities and care needs from the perspective of patients with COVID-19 can help improve knowledge, reduce unrealistic patient concerns, and improve emotional interactions between patients and health care providers.

Nurses are exposed to high physical and psychological problems due to high workload. The COVID-19 epidemic has negatively affected their health and especially their sleep quality. This study aimed to compare the quality of sleep and the factors affecting it among Iranian nurses before and at the same time with the COVID-19 epidemic.

This analytical cross-sectional study was performed on 175 frontline nurses in the fight against COVID-19 in 2020. Samples were collected using convenience sampling from two selected military and referral hospitals of COVID-19 in Tehran, Iran. Data were collected using a demographic information form and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16 software and one-sample t-test, independent t-test, and one-way analysis of variance.

The majority of the samples were male (64%), under 30 years old (41.4%), and with less than 10 years of clinical experience (58.9%). 96% of nurses had poor sleep quality. Comparison of the results of nurseschr('39') sleep quality with the same population before the time of the Covid-19 epidemic showed a statistically significant difference (P <0.05). There was a significant difference between gender, marriage, and interest in the organization with poor sleep status (P <0.05).

According to the results, nurses did not have good sleep quality. Paying attention to the mental health of staff, especially female nurses, reducing job stress through emotional, psychological, and organizational support to improve the quality of nurseschr('39') sleep is recommended.

Providing palliative care (PC) is increasing by the increase in the number of people with life-threatening diseases and determined the benefits of these services in the community. Access to palliative care is a patient’s rights and ethical responsibility. Thus it is necessary to integrate into all level of the health system, including the primary health care. This study was conducted to assess the requirements for the integration of PC into the primary health care.

It was a document analysis, carried out through conventional content analysis and 10 national documents on PC, released by governmental organizations from 2010. The 4-step Scott method was used for the data validity and the coding process was done utilizing MAXQDA 10 software.

Base on the data analysis, we identified the “requirements of the integration of PC into the primary health care”, was of 4 main categories and 12 sub-categories. The categories include “principles and basics”, “legislation and policy-making”, “the establishment of PC system” and “the need for civil support”, which were extracted by reviewing the documents.

PC is believed to be in its early stages in the Iranian health system. Therefore, universal access to these services requires their provision at the community level. Thus, it is recommended that the principles and basics of PC in the country be explained and then, the necessary infrastructures of this integration be provided with the cooperation of governmental organizations, NGOs, and charities, through proper policy making.

Now, with the spread of knowledge, the prevalence of some emerging diseases, and the removal of knowledge boundaries and changes in the level of knowledge and culture of people in society, changes to health education programs are required based on community needs. One of the important missions of healthcare institutes is to respond to community expectations and provide educational services based on the needs of learners. In this regard, changes in community-based education programs are essential. The community education approach emphasizes the increasing of education in society as a learning environment in the curriculum of health sciences students, especially nursing students. So that students experience real learning experiences related to educational goals and community-based services based on educational programs and practical application of their learning in real-world environments. So, the aim of this study is report of an experience of revising a maternity and child internship nursing students program according on a service-based education approach.

Information systems are always at risk of information theft, information change, and interruptions in service delivery. Therefore, the present study was conducted to develop a model for identifying information security risk in military hospitals in Iran.

This study was a qualitative content analysis conducted in military hospitals in Iran in 2019. The sample consisted of 8 experts in the field of health information. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed using framework analysis and MAXQDA 12 software.

Data analysis resulted in the extraction of 78 codes and 16 categories in 7 themes (management in information security, patient information security, information security in organizational resources, organize in information security, communication in information security, monitoring, and control, equipment security). Information security in organizational resources has the highest number of codes and the management in information security and communication in information security have the least number of codes.

Health care organizationchr('39')s security programs, especially in military hospitals faced with many challenges, the first step of which is to identify potential risks and threats. Then develop policies, guidelines, and programs to eliminate or reduce these threats.

Nurses’ knowledge and Experience with Health Literacy can affect the treatment process, improving the quality of health care and effectively communicating with all clients. Evaluation of nurses’ knowledge and experience requires a reliable instrument. This study aimed to translate cross‑cultural adaptation and testing of Health Literacy Knowledge and Experience Survey (HL‑KES).

This cross‑sectional methodological study was done during 2018–2019. The study was carried out in two stages: the first phase was designed to obtain a translation and cross‑cultural equivalent of the (HL‑KES), based on the World Health Organization (2018) and the Sousa and Rojjanasrirat (2011) Guidelines in six steps: preparation, forward translation, reconciliation, back translation, back translation review and pretesting and cognitive debriefing of the translated questionnaires. The second phase was conducted to evaluate the psychometric properties of the questionnaire.

The content validity index and content validity ratio values of all items were >0.62 and 0.79, respectively. Based on the Kuder–Richardson formula, the reliability of the knowledge dimension was reported as 0.7. Furthermore, split‑half coefficient for inter‑rather reliability and test–retest were 0.76 and 0.96, respectively. The reliability of their experiences with the HL‑KES was measured using Cronbach’s alpha, in which it was 0.82.

The Persian version of the instrument for assessing nurses’ knowledge and experience with health literacy had good validity and reliability. It is recommended that it should be used in educational, clinical environments, and also in future research studies.

COVID-19 is a new disease, so we don’t know what comes next. Since information on delayed symptoms is limited, this study was conducted to assess the frequency of delayed symptoms in patients with COVID-19.

This follow-up cross-sectional study was conducted in a referral general hospital in Tehran, Iran from Feb to Apr 2020. Two hundred patients hospitalized for COVID-19 and were discharged were assessed for delayed symptoms 6 wk after discharge.

The mean age of the participants was 55.58±13.52, and 160 (80%) Of them were male. On admission to hospital, patients reported a mean of 5.63±2.88 symptoms per patient, range from 1 to 14 symptoms. Dyspnea was seen in 119 (59.5%) 0f them as the most frequent symptom. Then weakness, myalgia, and shivering were reported with a frequency of 111 (55.5%), 107 (53.5%), and 103 (51.5%), respectively. Six weeks after discharge reassessment was done. None of the patients was readmitted to the hospital. Ninety-four (42%) of them were symptom-free. Fatigue was the most frequent delayed symptom with a frequency of 39 (19.5%), and then dyspnea, weakness, and activity intolerance with a frequency of 37 (18.5%), 36 (18%), and 29 (14.5%) were reported, respectively.

Fatigue, dyspnea, weakness, anxiety, and activity intolerance were most frequent delayed symptoms, respectively. Majority of patient was symptoms free and those with symptom, had mild to moderate symptoms. The importance of symptoms is not fully recognized. Follow up clinics and in some cases rehabilitation programs may be helpful.

Professional values are standards for action and provide a framework for evaluating professional behavior. Understanding the perception of professional values by nurses is an important step towards effective decision-making and improving patient care quality. Given the different perspectives of understanding the importance and application of professional values in nursing students, this study aimed to investigate the professional values from the perspective of nursing students at the selected military medical university.

This analytical cross-sectional study was performed on 134 students of a military nursing college in Tehran, Iran were selected through simple convenience sampling in 2019. Data were collected using a two-part questionnaire that included demographic variables and Nursing Professional Values Scale-Revised (NPVS-R) 26-item in the five dimensions (caring, activism, trust, professionalism, and justice). Data were analyzed using SPSS 16.

Mean scores of caring, activism, trust, professionalism, justice and overall dimensions were 4.10±0.62, 3.81±0.70, 4.01±0.70, 3.86±0.81, 4.13±0.69 and 3.99±0.58 respectively. From the students' perspective, justice and activism were the most important and least important aspects of professional values, respectively. There was a significant correlation between age, gender, marital status and level of education with professional values (P<0.05).

Although professional values from nursing students’ perspective were very important, understanding the importance of certain aspects of the professional values which are related to the nurses’ nonclinical tasks, participate in activities of scientific associations and professional nursing policy decisions requires further support. Therefore, it is recommended that appropriate educational planning is required to enhance the overall area of nursing professional values.

Today, in many organizations, registration, review, and improvement processes are pursued to enhance performance and move toward organizational excellence. FOCUS-PDCA model is one of the most effective tools in the field of health that has been used in recent years to improve organizational processes in Iran. The purpose of this study was to improve the quality of nursing school educational processes based on FOCUS-PDCA model.

This quasi-experimental study was a single-group pre-test and post-test. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire at each stage (before and after the intervention). In the process timing discussion, the duration of each process was measured and reported in terms of days.

The mean time of the processes was 42.8 days with some processes taking place during one semester which was reported to be 32 days after FOCUS - PDCA workshops and intervention. Decreased. The average percentage of upgrading processes reported was 34.4%. The mean score of initial satisfaction of the processes evaluated was 301 out of 500, which means that students 'and faculty members' satisfaction with the educational processes of the Nursing faculty was reported to be 60.2%. Found.

The present study showed that implementation of FOCUS-PDCA method has led to improvement of nursing faculty educational performance. It is recommended that this method be performed in other departments of research and amenities involved with students and professors and evaluated in terms of its impact on other indicators.

Due to the increasing prevalence of diabetes in the world, the assessment of the patient needs is essential. Understanding the needs of patients will play a very important role in providing an effective training program for patients. This study aimed to explain the health‑care needs of patients with diabetes in Iran’s health‑care system.

The present study was conducted using a modified Delphi technique in three rounds in 2017–2018. In the first round, patients’ needs were extracted based on qualitative interviews and a review of the literature. Then, the second and third rounds were determined through surveys, achieving maximum consensus and grading the importance of the patients’ basic needs. Participants selected using purposeful sampling and included 58 diabetes patients, family, and providers of the health system who were referred to urban health centers, rural, and one of the clinics of Darreh Shahr, Ilam Province. For data analysis, qualitative content analysis was used in the first Delphi round and descriptive statistics were used in the second and third rounds.

Regarding health‑care needs of patients with diabetes, four main themes included: information and knowledge needs, need for reinforcement/reform of religious‑cultural beliefs, need for health self‑management, and ultimately supportive needs have emerged.

According to the results, before designing and developing effective educational programs, the need assessment to improve knowledge, correcting unrealistic attitudes and beliefs, as well as modifying their self‑care behaviors and performance in preventing diabetes is recommended.

The concept of human dignity has always been at the center of attention of scholars and philosophers throughout the history of human life. This concept has been emphasized in all religions and in fact, has been the endeavor of all religious leaders to defend and preserve the inherent dignity of man. The preservation of human dignity is one of the basic principles of human rights. The World Health Organization (WHO), in its 1994 declaration, considered the importance of dignity to be an important factor in improving the health of patients and considered the right to give an informed consent, access to health services, the confidentiality of information, and privacy as important (1(.
The concept of human dignity has always been considered in the nursing profession. Thus, the essence and essential nature of nursing care is to protect the patient's human dignity (2).
 
This concept has been first emphasized in the Nurses Ethical Charter by the American Nurses Association (2001) and in the Nursing Ethics Code of the Islamic Republic of Iran (2011) as one of the fundamental values ​​of the nursing profession. So that "all human beings have high human dignity and must be respected. Therefore, all patients should be respected by health care workers, regardless of their social, economic, and cultural status (3, 4). Despite recent attention to the concept of dignity, the term remains a vague, complex and interpretable concept and has not yet been given a comprehensive and specific definition by consensus experts. On the other hand, the concept of dignity overlaps with other human values ​​including privacy, respect, and independence (1).

Considering the developments of the third millennium in the field of health, creating the ability of inter-professional collaboration and teamwork among students is one of the most important tasks of educational organizations. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the educational workshop based on inter-professional approach to changing the attitudes of health science students toward inter-professional learning and collaboration.

Quesi-experimental study was done in 2018 at Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences. Sixty-five students from medical and nursing participated in this study. Primary sampling was done by available method, then the samples were randomly assigned to two groups of control and experimental. The intervention was developed as an interactive workshop based on interprofessional approach with educational content of communication and inter-professional collaboration. Data were gathered using readiness and attitude to inter-professional learning scale (RIPLS) with Reliability 0.8 , and was analyzed with SPSS 22 software.

There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding the attitude toward inter-professional learning and collaboration before intervention (p> 0.05); after intervention, the Students’ attitude was in the experimental group with a mean of 80.8 and standard deviation 8.59 and control group with a mean of 59.72 and standard deviation 8.29, so significant difference was observed between the two groups (P < 0.001).

results indicate the availability of an appropriate motivation and perspective for integrating inter-professional education in health sciences in the health science. Educational organizations, for empowerment labor for responding to present and future generation health needs, should design and implement inter-professional education in the field of health from now.

Depression during pregnancy is one of the major concerns in mental health, hence using interventional methods for the treatment or reducing the rate of depression is considered a priority for maternal and fetal health. The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of problem‑solving training in reducing depression in pregnant women.

This randomized clinical trial was conducted on seventy pregnant women referring to Prenatal Care Clinics, Najmiyeh hospital in Tehran, Iran. The participants were randomly allocated divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group was given routine prenatal care training at the clinic along with problem‑solving skills training based on the Identify, Define, Explore, Act, Look back model in five sessions, but the control group only received routine prenatal care training. Data were collected using the Beck’s Depression Inventory at the beginning of the study and at the immediately and 1 month after two groups. Data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistical tests.

In the experimental group, the mean depression score significantly reduced from 16.06 ± 4.73 before intervention to 12.83 ± 4.10 and 13 ± 4.24 after intervention and at follow‑up (P < 0.05). While in the control group, the mean depression from 15.34 ± 2.94 before intervention to 14.80 ± 2.76 and 14.86 ± 2.924 after intervention and at follow‑up. It was not statistically significant in the control group (P > 0.05).

Problem‑solving training can be used as an optional method of reducing depression in pregnant women, and it is recommended that should be implemented by the health‑care team.

Narrative writing- reflection is an effective method in health sciences students’ clinical education. This study aimed to explore nursing students’ experiences of narrative writing- reflection method in clinical education.

This qualitative study was conducted using conventional content analysis approach in Baqiyatallah nursing faculty. Data were collected through six personal semi-structured interviews as well as two focus groups with students. The participants were selected through purposive sampling and continued to data saturation. All interviews were transcribed word by word and were analyzed using conventional content analysis approach. Text data were managed by MAXQD 10 software.

Students` experiences of narrative writing- reflection method in clinical education identified one theme “perception of self-worthiness in clinical active learning” and four main categories: “self-awareness”, “promotion of self-efficacy and motivation”, “participatory and active learning”, “self-expression and catharsis”.

Promotion of students’ self-worthiness by use of narrative writing- reflection in clinical education can provide appropriate context for their professional development.

The complications of chemical agents not only affect health-related quality of life in chemical warfare victims but also has a negative impact on their families. Considering the role of family participation in care, empowerment programs for patients and their families is very important. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a family-centered empowerment model on the quality of life of chemical warfare veterans. This randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted in Tehran, Iran during 2013‒2014. Eighty veterans were selected based on inclusion criteria and then randomized into an interventional and a control group. The empowerment program was implemented for 3 months with 4 dimensions (perceived threat, self-efficacy, educational participation, and evaluation) for the intervention group. The data collection tool was a demographic information questionnaire and a specific questionnaire on the quality of life of chemical injuries. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 16, and descriptive and inferential statistics were calculated. Based on the results, no significant differences with regards to demographic factors were observed between two groups before the intervention (P>0.05). The mean and standard deviation of the three dimensions of physical, psychosocial, and spiritual aspects of quality of life in the interventional group and the control group were not significant before intervention (p <0.05). Three months after the intervention, the mean and standard deviation in the physical (interventional group: 37.91±10.32; control group: 30.44±9.79), psychosocial (interventional group: 38.31±9.99; control group: 31.61±10.78) and spiritual (interventional group: 85.45±11.55; control group: 80.76±13.01) dimensions were, significantly different between the two groups (p <0.05). Considering the low cost, safety and effectiveness of family- centered empowerment programs and the role of the family in health promotion, the veterans training program is recommended to nurses and caregivers in order to improve quality of life for all.