ali eghbali

Academic self-efficacy and its effective factors have been considered as a determining variable in the academic success of students in recent researches. The aim of this research was to predict chemistry self-efficacy based on the perception of the learning environment and academic self-concept among senior high school students. The present study used descriptive correlational research. From among the statistical population of experimental science students in senior high schools of District 5 of Tabriz Education Office, a sample of 242 students was selected using cluster random sampling. The measurement tools were Liu and Wang's academic self-concept questionnaires, Trickett and Moos's Classroom Environment Scale, and Uzuntiryaki & Aydin's chemistry self-efficacy questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and regression analysis. The results showed that the relationship between the components of perception of the learning environment and chemistry self-efficacy was significant (P>0.001). Also, the relationship between academic self-concept subscales (academic confidence and academic effort) and chemistry self-efficacy was significant (P>0.001). The subscales of academic self-concept and the components of perception of the learning environment could predict 36% of the changes in chemistry self-efficacy. Among the predictor variables of self-concept academic confidence subscale had the highest predictive power, followed by the components of autonomy, stability of rules, and perceived peer support of the learning environment. The predictive power in the subscale of academic effort and teacher support component was not significant. The results of this research point out the importance of paying attention to academic self-concept and perceptions of the learning environment in improving chemistry students' self-efficacy.

The Schwarzschild solution was obtained in 1916 as the first solution to Einstein’s field equations based on spherical symmetry, which was considered a new idea in the use of symmetry at the time. In this study, it is tried to reformulate the solutions of Einstein’s field equations with spherical symmetry in both the presence and absence of the cosmological constant based on the invariants (or first integrals) of the symmetry groups. The method used in this article is a combination of four well-known symmetries: Lie point symmetry, λ-symmetry, Darboux polynomials, and the extended Prelle-Singer method. In this method, to resolve the Schwarzschild problem, a combination of the mentioned symmetries is used in such a way that the independent invariants are obtained in a systematic and algorithmic way. Based on this, a symmetry theory is provided for us. With the help of this theory, one can use symmetries in the best possible way, far from any confusion, and achieve the desired solutions with a specific solution, which is to find independent invariants.

The purpose of the present study was to propose a structural model of cyberbullying, which is based on stressful life events, family emotional atmosphere, and empathy, with the inclusion of loneliness as a mediator.

The research design employed in this study was descriptive-correlational. The target population consisted of all second-year high school students in Marand city (Iran) in 2023, totaling 8000 individuals. A sample size of 310 participants was determined using Klein's rule, and selected using multi-stage cluster sampling. Data were collected through Antoniadou Cyberbullying Questionnaire (2016), Russell loneliness Questionnaire (1996), Byrne et al. Adolescent Stress Questionnaire (ASQ), Hillburn Family Emotional Atmosphere (1964), and Jolliffe and Farrington Basic Empathy Scale (2006). Data analysis was conducted using the path analysis method via SPSS-28 and AMOS-24 software.

The findings revealed a favorable fit between the proposed research model and the collected data. Upon analyzing the results, it was discovered that the direct impact of family emotional atmosphere and empathy on cyberbullying was found to be negative and statistically significant. On the other hand, the direct effect of loneliness on cyberbullying was positive and statistically significant. However, no significant relationship was observed between stressful life events and cyberbullying. Furthermore, the results indicated that loneliness played a significant mediating role in the relationship between stressful life events, family emotional atmosphere, and empathy with cyberbullying.

In conclusion, the results suggest that cyberbullying may be indicative of a low level of family emotional atmosphere and empathy, as well as a high level of loneliness. Psychologists and educational counselors should give advice on improving the emotional atmosphere of the family and teaching empathy skills and giving advice to parents to prevent cyberbullying in teenagers.

The aim of this research was an analytical review of the definition of critical thinking and the importance of teaching it, the concept of epistemological beliefs and their role in critical thinking. The method of this research was descriptive-analytical. For this purpose, articles related to research variables were searched and reviewed.The findings showed that critical thinking is a complex and multifaceted term that is considered the ability to effectively analyze information and judge, as well as epistemological beliefs, which are people's beliefs about what knowledge is, how to acquire it, certainty and its limits. Another part of the results showed that student-centered learning activities help the development of students' critical thinking, and their teaching should be considered an integral part of teaching and learning. Also, epistemological beliefs and critical thinking are related, and epistemological beliefs are an important prerequisite for critical thinking and play an important role in its development.The obtained results provide insights for education practitioners in the integration of epistemological beliefs and critical thinking in students' educational programs and the use of student-centered approaches.

In solving the Brans-Dicke (BD) equations in the BD theory of gravity, their linear independence is important. This is due to fact that in solving these equations in cosmology, if the number of unknown quantities is equal to the number of independent equations, then the unknowns can be uniquely determined. In the BD theory, the tensor field $g_{\mu \nu}$ and the BD scalar field $\varphi$ are not two separate fields, but they are coupled together. The reason behind this is a corollary that proposed by V. B. Johri and D. Kalyani in cosmology, which states that the cosmic scale factor of the universe, $a$, and the BD scalar field $\varphi$ are related by a power law. Therefore, when the principle of least action is used to derive the BD equations, the variations $\delta g^{\mu \nu}$ and $\delta \varphi$ should not be considered as two independent dynamical variables. So, there is a constraint on $\delta g^{\mu \nu}$ and $\delta \varphi$ that causes the number of independent BD equations to decrease by one unit, in such a way that in the equations that have been known as BD equations, one of them is redundant. In this paper, we prove this issue, that is, we show that one of these equations, which we choose as the modified Klein-Gordon equation, is not an independent equation, but a result establishing other BD equations, the law of conservation of energy-momentum of matter and Bianchi's identity. Therefore, we should not look at the modified Klein-Gordon equation as an independent field equation in the BD theory, but rather it is included in the other BD equations and should not be mentioned separately as one of the BD equations once again.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the role of academic emotions, perceptions of the university atmosphere, and learning behaviors in predicting the academic enthusiasm among the teacher students of Farhangian University of East Azerbaijan. This research was of applied type and followed a descriptive-correlational method. The population included a total number of 3103 male and female student teachers in the academic year of 2020-2021. Out of which 342 student teachers were selected through Convenience sampling. Fredericks et al.'s (2004) academic enthusiasm, Pakran et al.'s (2005) academic excitement, Raf et al.'s (1997) educational environment, and McDermott et al.'s (1999) learning behaviors questionnaires were used to collect the data. The data were analyzed by means of Multiple Regression analysis of SPSS 22. The results showed that there was a direct positive relationship between positive academic emotions, perceptions of the university atmosphere, and learning behaviors, but the relationship was negative and reversely significance for academic emotions at p<0.001. The predictive power of positive academic emotions was higher than the other research variables. Therefore, it can be concluded that academic emotions, perceptions of university atmosphere, and learning behaviors play a role in explaining academic enthusiasm and some interventions on academic emotions, perceptions of the university atmosphere, and learning behaviors are necessary to improve academic enthusiasm.

This research was conducted with the aim of identifying the environmental factors affecting the bullying of students in school, and with the mixed analysis method of exploratory type (qualitative-quantitative). The qualitative part was carried out with a grounded theory approach and a systematic method. The population includes all sixth grade teachers and school executive officers in the academic year of 1402-1403 and the sample size was determined to the point of saturation of opinions, 12 people. And it was selected with a purposeful and judgmental method (and the qualitative data was analyzed by systematic coding and by MAXQDA2020 software. Qualitative results showed 9 categories of "Lack of proper training, lack of support and communication atmosphere, informal power structure, lack of specialized dealing with bullying, character development of bully and victim, personality destruction of the bully, human factors, physical characteristics of the school, and the structure and organization of the school", are environmental factors affecting bullying. The research method in the quantitative part was descriptive-correlation and the population consisted of 1117 male students of the sixth grade of Khoy city in the academic year of 1402-1403. The sample size was determined by the Karjesi-Morgan table, 373 people, and selected using the one-stage cluster method. Data collection was done with the Illinois Bullying Questionnaire and the questionnaire of environmental factors affecting bullying among students. Analysis showed that the determined factors, directly and indirectly, are able to predict bullying in school and explain 70.9% of its variance. Based on the results, it can be said that this study has added more richness to the existing knowledge about bullying in schools, and by controlling the factors identified in this study, such as creating a supportive atmosphere and paying attention to The physical characteristics of the school reduced the amount of bullying among students.

The aim of the present research is to accept the fact that there are explicit phenomenal verses in the Holy Qur'an and try to determine which categories and groups of these verses are effective for the discourse of verse research, more precisely, which category of verses is suitable and necessary for which type of audience. . Methodology In this research, the qualitative content analysis method has been used to count the phenomenal verses specified in the Holy Quran, then an initial model of the specified verses has been created, and finally, the division methods for the verses have been presented. were pointed out. The findings of this research showed that there are 47 clarified verses in the Holy Quran which are based on verbal criteria such as audience groups, characteristics of the audience group, individual and collective and environmental (contextual) and exemplary and based on semantic criteria such as universal and personal, permanent and They can be divided into temporal, past, present and future, the world and beyond the world, environment (container) and examples and logical criteria such as the plurality of examples and concepts. Also, there are many verses specific to different groups of the faith community that have their own special characteristics. which were mentioned according to verbal divisions. The conclusion of this research is the phenomenal verses specified in the Holy Qur'an, the criteria for dividing the verses and the criteria for the discussion of the verses have been presented.

Emotion is a complex psychological state and includes components of mental experience, physiological response, and behavioral or expressive response. Emotion regulation is defined as processes or activities that people can track, evaluate, and they can influence the nature, course, and expression of emotions. This ability has an adaptive function. The purpose of the present study was to identify the types of emotions and emotion regulation strategies from the perspective of the Holy Qur'an. For this purpose, the method of content analysis and computer stylistics was used. The findings showed that Qur'an has addressed emotions such as joy, fear, anger, sadness, and despair in various verses, and strategies such as forgiveness, remembrance of God, trust, patience, acceptance, Adjustment of expectations and demands, and surrender are recommended to regulate emotions in the Holy Qur'an. Based on this, it can be concluded that mental health professionals can use Quranic teachings and emotion regulation strategies to provide coping mechanisms and appropriate care to manage emotions among their clients

Specific learning disabilities (SLDs) represent a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by difficulties in acquiring academic skills in one or more areas. These difficulties persist despite typical intelligence and sufficient access to educational resources. In 2021, a research study was conducted in Tabriz, Iran, with the objective of comparing visual-spatial performance, attention problems, and cognitive processing speed among male students with and without specific learning disabilities in writing. This research adopted a casual-comparative method, selecting two groups of 60 third-grade male students through purposive sampling. One group comprised students with diagnosed learning disabilities in writing, who were under the care of the Learning Disabilities Center. The other group consisted of typically developing students attending regular schools. Data collection involved the utilization of the Conners Neuropsychological Scale (2004), and data analysis employed a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). The study's results revealed significant differences in attention-related problems, cognitive processing speed, and visual-spatial performance between students with learning disabilities in writing and their typically developing peers. These findings offer valuable insights for educators working with students facing learning disabilities and for psychologists involved in their care.

Emotion regulation is defined as a process through which individuals can identify, assess, and affect the nature, direction, and expression of emotions. Mentally impaired individuals experience some difficulties in emotion regulation. With this issue in mind, the present research aimed at conducting a content analysis of the book Thought and Lifestyle in secondary schools based on the components of emotion regulation. The statistical population of this descriptive study was the three volumes of the above mentioned book for the students of seventh, eighth, and ninth degrees in secondary schools in the school year 2021-2022. The research instrument was a checklist provided on the basis of Gross’s process model of emotion regulation. To analyze the data, Shannon’s entropy method was used. The results showed that the component related to the situation modification was most frequent (with 34 occurrences) and attentional deployment was the least frequent (with 7 occurrences). The highest impact factor among components of emotion regulation belonged to situation modification (0.36), and the lowest to attentional deployment (0.06). Accordingly, it could be concluded that by and large emotion regulation has been relatively neglected in the book Thought and Lifestyle in vocational secondary schools.

Marital satisfaction is one of the most important factors in the development and achievement of life goals and is influenced by various factors. The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship of religious beliefs and communication skills with marital satisfaction among married school teachers in Tabriz.

This study was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of this study included married teachers of schools in District 1 of Tabriz, out of whom a total of 336 teachers (192 females, 144 males) were selected as the sample by stratified random sampling. Glock and Stark’s questionnaire, and Barton’s Communication Skills, and Enrich’s Marital Satisfaction questionnaires were used to collect data. Data analysis was performed using Pearson correlation test and multiple regression analysis. In the present study, all ethical considerations were observed and the authors reported no conflict of interests.

The results of analysis showed a significant positive relationship between religious beliefs and communication skills with marital satisfaction; religious beliefs (0.399) and communication skills (0.207) were good predictors of marital satisfaction.

Considering the important role of religious beliefs and communication skills in predicting marital satisfaction, the rate of marital satisfaction of couples can be increased by promoting them.

The occurrence of war is one of the factors that can lead to post-traumatic stress disorder. The aim of this study was to determine the role of attitude towards spirituality and resilience in predicting marital satisfaction of spouses of veterans with post-traumatic stress in East Azerbaijan province. Research method is correlational type and from the statistical population of the study, including the wives of veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder, 120 people were selected as the sample based on the available sampling method. Subjects answered the tools of this study including Shahidi and Faraji Spiritual Attitude, Connor-Davidson Resilience and Enrich Marital Satisfaction Questionnaires. Data analyzed using Pearson correlation and regression analysis methods. The results of the research showed that attitude towards spirituality has a significant correlation with marital satisfaction. The results showed that the components of attitude towards spirituality and resilience components had significant relation with marital satisfaction. Attitudes towards spirituality and resilience predict 42% of changes in marital satisfaction. Among the components of attitude towards spirituality, spiritual ability and among the components of resilience, spiritual influences, Positive acceptance of change and secure relationships and perceived control can predict marital satisfaction. The predictive power of other variables (spiritual attitude, Trust in one´s instincts and Personal competence) is not significant. The results of this research highlight the need to carry out interventions in order to improve resilience and attitude towards spirituality to improve marital satisfaction in spouses of post-traumatic stress disorder veterans.

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine the role of goal orientation, Intrinsic value, organization and planning in predicting the academic performance of students of Ardabil Farhangian University. The present study was a descriptive-correlational study. The statistical population of this study includes all male and female students of Ardabil Farhangian University who were studying in the academic year 1399-1400, of which 406 were considered as the sample size using the available sampling method. The research instruments included Pintrich and DeGroot (1990) self-regulated learning strategies questionnaire and average scores of students. Correlation and multiple regression analysis were used to analyze the data. The results of the present study showed that goal orientation and Intrinsic value, and organizing and planning are related to students' academic performance and planning, organizing, internal evaluation and goal orientation, respectively, have an important role in predicting the academic performance of Students of Ardabil Farhangian University.

Today, education needs effective teachers to use new technologies. In a successful educational system, the performance of teachers plays a very important role. It has been proven that the success and good performance of students also depends to a great extent on the efficiency and performance of teachers; Therefore, the education organization is one of the most important educational organizations whose most important source and capital are people, and it must deal with talent management in order to survive in a competitive environment and achieve predetermined goals. The purpose of this research was to compare the efficiency of the human forces recruited through Article 28 with the graduates of Farhangian University of Ardabil. The descriptive research method is survey type. In order to examine the research variables, a researcher-made questionnaire was designed and used in the form of a Likert scale. The statistical population included all managers of Ardabil city, and 212 samples were selected based on stratified random sampling using the method of optimal assignment. The findings of his research indicated that there is a significant difference between the effectiveness of teachers recruited through the centers of Farhangian University compared to the teachers of Article 28 in the opinion of school administrators. Also, regarding the four indicators of effectiveness, teachers recruited through the centers of Farhangian University in the four indicators of classroom management, interaction and cooperation, desirable teaching and accountability have been observed.

Information and communication technologies and their role in the economic growth of the country are one of the important concepts in sustainable development. In fact, information and communication technology are the motivation of globalization in the fields of culture, politics, economy, and society. This has a considerable effect on the advent of network society and inter-country awareness and it is the driving factor of global markets. According to the growth and development of academic research in the field of high technologies, SMEs play an important role in encouragement of entrepreneurship and economic prosperity in countries. Therefore, it is necessary to answer the question of what factors will lead to the growth and success of these companies in the field of information and communication technology.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK:

 Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is the consequence of the interaction of three distinct parts of a computer: information, communications, and telecommunications. The computer sector is considered the hardware and supplier of equipment and tools for ICT. Data and information flow as other pronouns and raw materials within the network. Telecommunication is the third part, which is responsible for establishment of communication between the other two parts. What is ultimately the combination of the three parts is called "information," which is used in different areas. Critical Success Factors (CSFs) are essential tools for identification of the set of activities that need to be done in order to achieve your business goals and missions. (CSFs) are a limited number of key factors in which achieving results guarantees the competitive performance of the organization, and if the results obtained in them are not satisfactory, the efforts of the organization in the desired period of time will not be satisfactory. The organization's strategic goals and missions focus on the goals and what needs to be achieved; CSFs, on the other hand, focus on the most important factors influencing what and how to achieve.

METHODOLIGY:

This paper discusses "success" in information and communication technology (ICT) standards setting. The Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP) method was used to analyze data and prioritize the factors effective in the success of ICT’s companies. In this respect, 21 criteria in 5 different categories were extracted by using the expert’s opinion and previous research, and then were evaluated in the vicinity of the capital of Iran (Qom).

   Focusing on internal organization management and establishing cordiality atmosphere among the employees to enhance teamwork and increase trust between them are the most basic and the most important factors in critical success of a company. Broadly speaking, development from the technical, high financial income and marketing aspect is the consequence of correct organization and management of corporation and its employees that if focused, can be helpful for the business. One of the major differences between this research and the previous ones is using native effective factors and comparing them with general key factors in other countries. Results showed that in-company management factors, technological and marketing factors, financial costs, governmental policies, and native features were the most important main criteria. The employee involvement and team work, focus on the customer’s needs, the state of the economy, conflict of interest between governmental and private sectors, and industrialization of the province were chosen as the most important sub-criteria effective on the success of the ICTI’s companies. 

CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS:

Intra-organizational factors are more important than external ones, such as the government’s policies, rules, and native features. It is worthwhile for the managers and founders of ICT firms to consider and prioritize these factors to be able to achieve success. For future research, the effect of the components on each other can be studied using ANP, and different methods such as SAW, TOPSIS, and ELECTRE can be used to prioritize the criteria. The results could be compared with each other. Studying the effects of local factors in other provinces of the country can also lead to different results.

The current research was carried out with the aim of checking social-cultural activities of Farhangian University. The research method was mixed (qualitative-quantitative). In the qualitative section, 11 vice-chancellors and cultural experts of Farhangian University were interviewed in a targeted manner until data saturation was reached. The statistical population of the quantitative section included assistant professors and socio-cultural experts and female and male students of Farhangian University of Iran. 353 people were selected using Cochran's formula with multi-stage cluster sampling method and answered the researcher-made questionnaire. Qualitative data analysis was done using the Colaiy method, and quantitative data was analyzed with Spss22 and PLS3 software. In the findings of the qualitative section, program-oriented support, promotion of participation motivation, local and need-oriented programs, and cultural interactions as influencing factors on these activities; Targeted management and leadership, interactions and coordinations and decentralization were obtained as executive solutions to achieve desired results. The findings of the quantitative part of the research also confirmed the factors influencing the cultural-social activities of the students and appropriate implementation solutions. As a result, it can be said that the managers and cultural trustees of Farhangian University can take inspiration from it and by using the factors affecting cultural-social activities and appropriate implementation strategies, they can design the favorable situation of cultural-social activities in Farhangian University and the results Use the results of this research as a framework in the process of planning social-cultural activities.

A review of the research literature showed that very few studies focusing on teacher development in the philosophy education approach for children have been reported. Therefore, according to the existing research gap in the country, the purpose of the present study is to investigate the role of Philosophy for Children in the professional development of teachers. The approach of this research is inductive and a qualitative method has been used to conduct it. The type of field research and case study method was used. The statistical population of the research was academic staff members and teachers who had research and teaching experience in this field. In the present study, 12 members were interviewed using the purposeful sampling method. Then the data obtained from them were analyzed through open, central and selective coding. The results of the research findings showed that teaching philosophy for children in self-knowledge, respect for others' opinions, reflection on one's own teaching, recognition of students' capacity, student-centeredness, transfer of teaching strategies learned in teaching philosophy for children to Other courses, development of thinking, development of facilitation, development of collaborative research, improvement of communication skills, development of culture, development of dialogue training, development of team work and generally have an impactful role in promoting the professional development of teachers. Considering the individual and social contributions of the method of Philosophy for Children, it is clear that the implementation of this approach will be useful in all educational levels from preschool to university.

This study aimed to analyze the role of public libraries in the development of the local economy from the perspective of librarians working in public libraries of Kermanshah province in the current and desirable situation of public libraries. This study extracts the activities that the public library can do in the development of the local economy in the form of information and information services, educational and research, consulting and reference, and analyzes the level of service provision in both available and desirable modes.

The use of a researcher-made questionnaire has been investigated. The construct and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts, and its reliability was calculated through Cronbach's alpha at 0.955 and 0.935 at optimum conditions. This is a survey study. The statistical population of the study was 194 librarians of Kermanshah Public Libraries. The Cochran formula was used to determine the sample size, which yielded a sample size of 126 individuals. The SPSS software was used to measure the reliability of the questionnaire, implementing descriptive statistics.

Findings showed that in the current situation, ancillary services with a mean of 3.05%, information and information services with a mean of 2.59%, educational and research services with a mean of 2.32, at a relatively desirable level, and consulting and reference services in the situation with a mean of 0.04 are at an undesirable level. On the other hand, ancillary services with an average of 2.86%, educational and research services with a mean of 2.54%, information and information services with a mean of 2.34, and consulting and reference services with a mean of 2.26 are at a desirable level, respectively. It can be concluded that the level of public library services (information, information, education, research, and auxiliary services) is at a relatively desirable level and that consulting and reference services are at a poor level. On the other hand, in terms of the desirable level of service provision (information services, educational and research, information consulting and reference, and ancillary services) are at a desirable and relatively desirable level. The ranking of services showed that in the current conditions, the ancillary services, information services, educational and research, consulting, and reference services are ranked first to fourth, respectively. The ancillary services, education and research, information and information, and consulting and reference are ranked in the favorable conditions first to fourth, respectively. Therefore, in comparison to each of the services in the current and favorable conditions, in all cases, the services were different.

The present study is one of the few national investigations that analyzes the role of public libraries in the development of the local economy and examines the views of librarians and decision-makers of these services who deal with the problems and issues in providing them in libraries. With the results of this study, the managers of Iranian public libraries can make the necessary plans to play one of the important roles of public libraries in Iran, which is the development of local and indigenous economy

The concept of life satisfaction has attracted increasing attention over the past two decades. Life satisfaction means having a favourable attitude toward one’s life as a whole. The aim of this study was to predict life satisfaction based on attitude and practical commitment to prayer in students of Farhangian University of Tabriz.

The research method used in the present study was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population included all married female students of Tabriz Farhangian University، who were studying in the academic year 2020-2021. Using available sampling method, 101 of them were selected. Data were collected using the Questionnaire of Attitude and Practical Commitment to Prayer (Anisi et al.,) and the Life Satisfaction Scale of Diner et al. In this study, all ethical considerations were observed and no conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

The results showed that attitude and practical commitment to prayer had a significant correlation with life satisfaction (r=0.632). The results of regression analysis also showed that the attitude and practical commitment to prayer predict life satisfaction (β=0.758). Also, among the variables, the effectiveness of prayer in individual and social life (β=0.414) and heart’s presence in prayer (β=0.338) significantly predicted life satisfaction.

Based on the findings, it can be stated that attitude and practical commitment to prayer have a significant role in predicting life satisfaction.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of emotion regulation training on the social skills of elementary school students with Oppositional Defiant Disorder. This study was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design and a control group. The study population in this study included all female elementary school students (945 subjects) aged 10-12 years in Malekan who were educating in the 2019-2020 academic year. The sample investigated in this study includes 30 female elementary school students with Oppositional Defiant Disorder in the fourth, fifth, and sixth grades of elementary school, aged 10-12 years, who were selected through a purposive sampling method and randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group (15 experimental subjects, 15 control subjects) who were assigned. The Child Symptom Inventory-4 (CSI-4) by Spirafkin and Gado (1994) and the Social Skills Rating System (SSRS) by Gersham and Elliott (1990) were used to collect data. The experimental group received emotion regulation training (8 one-hour sessions), and the control group received no intervention during this period. Data were analyzed using Covariance analysis. The results showed that emotion regulation training had an effect on all components of social skills including cooperation (P<0.005), assertiveness (P<0.001), and self-control (P<0.003) of elementary school girls with defiant disorder. Based on the obtained results, it is suggested that emotion regulation training should be considered as one of the effective methods to improve social skills of students with oppositional defiant disorder.

The purpose of this study is to analyze and critique the situation of higher education in Iran from the perspective of the development of democratic university spaces.And it seeks to answer this fundamental question:From the perspective of professors and based on the Emancipatory classroom of higher education in Iran in the dimensions of the development of democratic university spaces, what challenges does it face? Therefore,using Fairclough critical discourse analysis method and relying on semi-structured interviews with eight university professors -at the discretion of the researcher and with the approval of eight professors of educational sciences-the theoretical adequacy of the data was announced and then implemented and described in three stages.And interpretation and explanation were analyzed. The results showed that professors' discourse includes a large number of concepts that express professors' protest and dissatisfaction with the common monologue-based discourse in academia and the classroom, so that the role of teachers' agency and activity is marginalized and leads tothe creation Banking education and the reproduction of discourse have become dominant, and at the same time, in parallel with this situation,a new discourse is emerging that seeks to change and reform things, which in a sense can be called the discourse of resistance.

Today, drug abuse as a multifaceted phenomenon has become one of the main problems in societies and has taken different forms.

The present study aims to examine the relationship between the duration and the rate of drug use and explicit/ implicit memory bias among opium and stimulant addicts.

The study design was a casual-comparative study. The statistical population included all opium and stimulant addicts in Takab city in 2018, that 30 opium addicts and 30 stimulant (methamphetamine) addicts were selected by available sampling and were homogenized in terms of some demographic variables. The research instruments included a computerized explicit memory, a computerized word base completion test, an unstructured clinical interview, and a demographic information questionnaire. Statistical data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, t -test and SPSS-17 software.

The results showed that there is a relationship between the drug use duration and explicit/ implicit memory bias in opium (r=+0.68) and stimulant addicts (r=+0.79) and also between rate of drug use and explicit/ implicit memory bias in opium (r=+0.73) and stimulant addicts (r=+0.81, P<0.05). In other words, with an increase in the duration and rate of drug use, the opium and stimulant addicts showed signs of higher explicit/ implicit memory bias even though stimulant addicts showed greater memory bias than the opium addicts (P<0.05).

Emphasis on cognitive processes including memory bias among drug addicts, is one of the solutions to consider in prevention and clinical treatment interventions.

Using appropriate teaching methods can be effective in improving life skills. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of life skills training using Jigsaw teaching model on anger control skill to Promote Social Security among inmates of Tabriz prison.

The research method is quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test with control group design. The statistical population of the study includes all prisoners in Tabriz prison in 2018. The sample of the study includes 96 prisoners of Tabriz prison (48 men and 48 women) who were selected by available sampling and randomly divided to Jig saw and traditional teaching experimental and control groups. Anger Control skill training content was implemented in traditional methods and reverse Jig Saw teaching pattern for six sessions on their experimental groups. The PACT Anger Control Skills Questionnaire was used to collect data in the pre-test and post-test stages. The obtained data were analyzed using analysis of covariance method.

The results showed that There are significant differences between Jig‌ ‌Saw teaching technique and traditional training groups in anger control skill and the Jigsaw method has had a more significant effect on anger management than the traditional method (p < 0.009). Booth Jig‌ -Saw teaching technique and traditional training had significant differences with Control group in anger control skill. (p < 0.001)

Both Jig‌ ‌Saw teaching technique and traditional training were effective in improving anger control skills, but the effectiveness of reverse Jig Saw teaching technique is more than traditional training. Therefore, this method can be used in educational and treatment programs for prisoners.

One of the most important goals of emancipatory education is to nurture responsible, critical and participatory people. The purpose of present study was to investigate the characteristics of the emancipatory classroom and its relationship with the classrooms of Iranian higher education. Therefore, by using descriptive-analytical method and referring to critical theories and research related to higher education in Iran, it seeks to answer the question of what are the characteristics of emancipatory classrooms and what is their relationship with higher education classes in Iran? The findings showed that the goal of emancipatory education is to develop democracy and create a new human being. Accordingly, the professor is a politician and a facilitator of learning and the student is also question-oriented and skeptical. In this regard, the educational content emphasizes searching and understanding the different aspects of the issue. The teaching and learning method will be based on partnership and dialogue. Accordingly, the emancipatory classroom atmosphere also provides opportunities for students to practice and develop democratic actions. But what obtained from the comparison of Iranian higher education classrooms with emancipatory characteristics indicated that there is no relation between these characteristics; Iranian higher education classrooms are non-participatory and authoritarian; professors are reluctant to interact with students; students have no experience of emancipatory education;  the syllabus is memory-oriented and quantitative;  and the atmosphere of the class is non-motivational and hierarchical with one-way teaching.