ali ghaderi

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of salinity stress on germination, growth, and physiological characteristics of Stevia and to investigate whether pre-treatment with nano-compounds, specifically zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium oxide (TiO2), and silicon (Si), could enhance these traits. The study revealed a significant improvement in the germination, growth, and physiological properties of Stevia seeds under varying levels of salinity stress (0, 2.5, 5, and 10 dS/m) using eight different seed priming treatments. The results showed that the effects of salinity stress and seed priming, as well as the interaction between these two factors, were significant on seed germination parameters and physiological characteristics. The most considerable germination percentage (54%) and rate (11.89 seeds/day), germination power (0.018), and seedling vigor index (609.6) were observed in seed priming with a combination of TiO2 and Si under normal conditions. Under non-stress conditions, the combination of Si and ZnO used for seed pre-treatment resulted in the highest mean photosynthetic pigments, including chlorophyll a, b, and total (17.49, 8.72, and 26.22 µg/g FW, respectively) as well as the lowest mean proline content (0.3µmol/g FW) and enzymatic activities of antioxidants such as catalase and peroxidase (8.82 and 16.72 U/mg protein . min). The integrated application of Si + TiO2 or Si + ZnO was particularly effective in enhancing germination and growth indices, as well as improving physiological traits under salt stress conditions. These results suggest that nano-fertilization can be a promising approach to enhance seedling growth and development, particularly under stress conditions.

The media has caused relatively many changes in students' learning patterns, developed teaching and learning approaches, and improved students' learning styles. This study is an applied research in terms of purpose and descriptive correlation in terms of data collection method. The statistical population of the study consists of all male student-teachers studying in Kermanshah in the academic year 2023-2024, numbering 1250 people. Cochran's method was used to select the sample, so that by referring to Farhangian University, Payame Noor University, and Azad University, 294 people who were both students and teachers were identified and selected by random sampling method.  The research tools were the Philosophical Media Literacy Questionnaire (2014), the Yavuz Educational Technology Attitude Questionnaire (2005), the Kolb Learning Styles Questionnaire (2005), and the Pintrich & De Groot Self-Regulated Learning Strategies Questionnaire (1990). To analyze the data, Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling were used. Based on the findings, all direct and indirect effects of the variables were confirmed. In general, the causal model of learning styles is based on media literacy with the mediating role of self-regulation, and blended education fits with the empirical model.

Steviol Glycosides (SG) synthesis in Stevia plants is significantly influenced by genetic, climatic, and soil factors. This study evaluates the variations in SG in two Stevia genotypes, ‘Indian’ and ‘Chinese’, under drought stress conditions. Two irrigation levels were employed: a control group receiving 100% field capacity and a drought stress group receiving only 30% field capacity. The study, conducted in 2022 across three farms in Iran—RF1 in Tehran, RF2 in Fars, and RF3 in Golestan—utilized a randomized complete block design, each featuring unique climatic conditions. Our findings indicate that the interaction between research farm, drought stress, and genotype significantly influenced the content of Rebaudioside-A, -B, -C, Stevioside, SG content, SG yield, and leaf yield. The results showed that the highest Reb-A (20.2 mg/g), Stev (55.6 mg/g), and SG content (89.9 mg/g) was observed in RF1. Drought stress had a different effect on the content of various SG compounds in the two genotypes studied, such that drought stress increased the SG compounds in the ‘Indian’ genotype and decreased the average of these compounds in the ‘Chinese’ genotype. Under drought stress, leaf yield decreased in all three research fields and both Stevia genotypes compared to non-stress conditions. The highest yield in all three regions was observed in the ‘Indian’ genotype under non-drought conditions, with yields of 577.0, 881.0, and 1213.0 kg/ha, respectively. Latitude was positively and significantly correlated with Stevioside and Reb-A among the climatic parameters. Altitude and mean annual temperature showed a significant negative correlation with SG metabolites. Drought stress impact on SG content varied by genotype: it increased levels in the ‘Indian’ genotype but decreased them in the ‘Chinese’ genotype. Latitude was positively correlated with SG compounds, while higher altitude and mean annual temperature were linked to reduced SG content. Therefore, cultivating the ‘Indian’ genotype is advisable in regions with lower altitudes, higher rainfall, and moderate temperatures, particularly under water-scarce conditions.

Falcaria vulgaris has not been domesticated or cultivated so far. The natural habitats of the medicinal plant F. vulgaris are endangered due to the use of herbicides and excessive harvesting by local people. Also, due to its therapeutic and food applications, there is a need for protocols for the propagation of F. vulgaris. To address this need, the experiment was performed as a two-factor factorial based on a completely randomized design with expe rimental factors being the type of rhizome (whole rhizome, proximal end of rhizome, and distal end of rhizome) and the period of cold stratification (one week, two weeks, and three weeks). The survival rate, number of days to emergence, fresh and dry weight, and the number of leaves, leaf length, leaf area, and crown diameter were measured as growth parameters. The best overall yield, in terms of survival rate, number of days to emergence, fresh and dry weight, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf area, and crown diameter, was observed in the proximal end of the rhizome (8 cm) and the whole rhizome propagules subjected to three weeks of cold stratification.

Limited research exists on the relationship between different root structures and the content of steviol glycosides in various genotypes of the Stevia plant (Stevia rebaudiana</em> Bertoni) under varying levels of drought stress. This study aimed to assess the relationship between root characteristics and the content of Rebaudioside-A (Reb-A) and Stevioside (Stev) in two Stevia genotypes under drought stress.

This study evaluated the relationship between root attributes, yield characteristics, and the content of Reb-A and Stev in two Stevia genotypes (Chinese and Indian) under hydroponic conditions. Seven drought levels (-2, -4, -6, -8, -10, and -12 bars using polyethylene glycol 6000) were applied in 2023. The experiment consisted of two completely randomized design trials with three replications each. To begin the experiment, pots filled with a 1:1 ratio of vermiculite and perlite were prepared, and three uniform seedlings were planted in early April. Throughout the growth period and the application of drought stress using Hoagland solution, all pots were initially irrigated with distilled water until the establishment of plants. Once plant establishment was ensured, drought treatments were administered by irrigating once every three days with 400 mL of Hoagland solution with varying osmotic potentials based on the designated treatments. After 65 days from planting, all plants were carefully removed from the pots, and their aboveground and underground parts were separated to measure the desired traits. Steviol glycosides were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with two C18 columns and a UV-Vis detector at a wavelength of 202 nm. Finally, the results pertaining to each genotype were analyzed and presented separately.

The results indicated that both genotypes experienced significant reductions in yield and growth characteristics, including plant height, leaf number, leaf fresh weight, leaf yield, and total biomass yield, under drought stress conditions. Compared to the control, all mentioned traits decreased notably under stress. At the -12 bar level, the reduction in leaf yield traits was 59.84% and 87.9% in the Chinese and Indian genotypes, respectively, while total biomass yield decreased by 52.51% and 64.19%, respectively. The Indian genotype exhibited a higher average leaf yield at non-drought stress levels, whereas the Chinese genotype showed a higher yield at higher drought stress levels (beyond -8 bars). This suggests that the Chinese genotype displays greater tolerance in terms of leaf yield under higher stress levels compared to the Indian genotype. Root-related traits, including fresh and dry weight, volume, length, and density, showed the highest averages in the Chinese genotype at the -4 bar level and in the Indian genotype at the -2 bar level. In both genotypes, partial drought stress (-2 bars) resulted in increased average content of Stev when compared to the non-stress treatment, with the highest content of Reb-A and Stev observed at this stress level in both the Chinese and Indian genotypes (2.58% and 2.58%, respectively, and 7.8% and 5.96%, respectively). According to the stepwise regression results, root area, leaf fresh weight, and total biomass yield were identified as influential traits in increasing the combined content of Reb-A and Stev.

Based on the findings, severe drought stress resulted in a decline in growth and yield traits, root characteristics, and the content and yield of the combined Reb-A and Stev. The synthesis of these two glycosides as metabolites in Stevia plants peaked at the partial drought stress level (-2 bars), highlighting their pivotal role as influential metabolites in imparting stress tolerance. The Chinese genotype exhibited the highest resistance to drought stress, displaying superior yield and content of combined Reb-A and Stev compared to the Indian genotype in certain instances. Overall, this study illustrates that severe drought stress directly diminishes the yield and content of Reb-A and Stev in Stevia plants. In contrast, certain root-related and yield traits can serve as reliable indicators of drought tolerance in this plant.

The growth of urbanization and population increase in Mashhad city during several years and the existence of environmental pollution in this city require green spaces, especially parks, and its expansion as one of the most important factors in improving the life and health of citizens. For this reason, urban parks are one of the facilities whose distribution and dispersion in the city level is of great importance. In this article, we examine the distribution of parks in 13 districts of Mashhad, suggesting the lack of such a space in some districts and its excess in others. As such, the distribution coefficient of parks among the districts of Mashhad is 0.89, which indicates that the distribution of parks in Mashhad is unfair. The purpose of this article is to provide a suitable model for the optimal distribution of parks in each of the city's districts according to components such as population, population growth rate, park development rate, parks per capita and the ratio of park area to the district area. The research method is descriptive-analytical and data collection is based on library studies. In this research, the correlation of variables was investigated and by using the TOPSIS technique, each of the city's districts was analyzed and prioritized for the development of parks based on the mentioned components. The results show that the area of the district has the highest correlation with the park development rate and the population growth rate. The results of the TOPSIS test showed that district two has the first rank in the development of parks.

Islamic civilization has experienced many ups and downs throughout the history of Islam, but with the dawn of the Islamic revolution in Iran and the Islamic awakening in Muslim countries, it was again taken into consideration, and since the guidance in this direction is the responsibility of the leader of the religious community; Among these, how to play the role of Islamic lifestyle in Islamic civilization is the most important issue among the cultural components for the evolution of the civilization process. The method of conducting this research in terms of purpose is applied, and in terms of the method of doing it, it is of the type of document analysis in the theoretical framework of the position of the Supreme Leader (Madazla-ul-Ali), whose dimensions, components and indicators are the themes of statements and orders that were extracted with the help of MAXQDA software. The findings of the research by analyzing 283 topics from His Holiness' statements into 3 dimensions (insight, behavior, method) and 9 components (requirements of governance in lifestyle, education and training, preventing the influence of enemies, science and knowledge, elements of strength and Islamic unity and cohesion, power and national security, popular participation, resistance and standing, instrumental symbols of lifestyle) and 83 indicators have been extracted for these components. The result is that the role of lifestyle in the civilization of the present era, which follows the Islamic civilization of the past, with the correct cultural policy in the field of Islamic lifestyle, in addition to leading the country to a better and civilized life, but also It can play the role of driving engine and software movement in revitalizing, reforming and realizing the previous Islamic civilization

Active Academic Engagement Students' learning and academic achievement are important, and students with higher academic engagement have higher academic performance. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the mediating role of achievement goals in the relationship between basic psychological needs and students' academic engagement using structural equation modeling. For this purpose, 382 undergraduate students of Farhangian University of Tehran (Shahid Mofteh Campus and Atrat Vavan Higher Education Center of Islamshahr) participated in the research. They replied to the Basic Psychological Needs Questionnaire (Ilardi et al. 1993), Achievement Goals Scale (Midgley et al. 2000) and Academic Engagement Scale (Assure, Kaplan & Roth, 2002). Structural equation modeling revealed that basic psychological needs exerted a direct, significant influence upon mastery and approach-performance goals, and an indirect one upon students’ academic engagement through the mediation of achievement goals. Additionally, mastery goals had a positive direct influence upon academic engagement, while the direct influence of performance-avoidance on academic engagement was negative. In general, findings of this study suggested psychological needs satisfaction led to choose mastery and approach-performance goals which could in turn influence their academic engagement.

This research was conducted with the aim of comparative investigation of social problem solving, social trust and marital intimacy in working women and housewives of Baneh city. The statistical population of the present study was all working women and housewives who referred to health centers and medical services in Baneh city, using the available sampling method of 200 people (100 working people and 100 housewives) in a comparative (post-event) method. ) Selected. The tools used in this research were the Revised Social Problem Solving Questionnaire (SPSI-R; Dzorilla et al., 2002), the Social Trust Questionnaire by Safarinia and Sharif (2009), the Marital Intimacy Questionnaire by Bagarozi (2001), which, for analysis The data and the test of the hypotheses of the research were used by the multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) test. The results of MANOVA analysis showed that the components of "positive orientation towards the problem", "negative orientation towards the problem", "logical problem solving", "impulsive style", "avoidant style" are more in working women than housewives. has The components of "confidence", "honesty", "openness", "cooperative tendencies", "trust-based behavior" are more common in housewives than in working women. Also, the average of "emotional", "psychological", "rational", "sexual", "physical", "spiritual", "aesthetic", "recreational" components is higher in housewives than working women.

It seems that nowadays, the world is sinking into a political and cultural state of nonchalance, and the citizens of the world have accepted Thatcher’s famous axiom: “there is no alternative” to the neoliberal order. Under such circumstances, it is imperative for the researchers in the field of interdisciplinary studies to revisit the sociopolitical role of cinema and literature as two key media shaping cultural paradigms. In other words, late capitalism has tremendous power to assimilate the cultural forces that oppose it through employing media. Moreover, mainstream cinema and literature often carry the axioms of the world order’s status quo, consolidate the dominant ideology, and shape artistic imagination. Focusing on superhero narratives, Superman franchises in particular, the present article attempts to analyze the role of cinema and literature in producing and reproducing the status quo and then narrows down the discussion to the most recent adaptation of a comic book: Superman: Red Son (2020). Afterward, we will argue that mainstream adaptations usually fortify the dominant hegemony. However, they sometimes have been the principal arenas of waging war against the status quo and have challenged its hegemony too. Investigating the contradictory role of these two media becomes more significant in a world that seems to be facing a cultural and political deadlock. This article concludes that literature and cinema in today’s world can offer ways to criticize and overcome reproducing mainstream, stale ideas.

Increasing soil carbon sequestration, in addition to increasing plant biomass, production and improving soil fertility, also has a beneficial role in green space development and landscape management. In this study, in order to evaluate the carbon sequestration project in Khorasan Razavi province of Mashhad city, based on sampling from soil depths of 0-15 cm, soil physical and chemical traits and plant traits were calculated based on field and laboratory measurements. In the step, by sampling of aerial and aerial plants as well as litter, the weight of aerial biomass carbon, the weight of biomass carbon after E and the weight of litter carbon in the soil and water laboratory are determined. Finally, with the total carbon content of soil, plants and litter, the amount of carbon sequestration per user per square meter is determined. After these steps, the database was prepared in EXCEL and SPSS software. In the comparisons, it is found that the components and chemical components have a significant difference at the 95% confidence level. The results showed that the percentage of soil organic carbon in the use of Atriplex (1.76) is higher than other applications, followed by the use of rosemary (1.71). The results of three-use carbon sequestration also showed that most of the cases were related to Mohammadi flower for 6 years and Mohammadi planting project was successful in increasing carbon sequestration in Mashhad areas. Also, the results showed that 3200 lands from the study area in terms of physiography and water resources have the potential to develop green space with the first priority. The use of rosemary in addition to the high ability of carbon sequestration, in the development of green space is also an acceptable efficiency.

Identification and development of salinity cultivation cultivars, one of the ways to improve performance. The development of salt-tolerant cultivars is a potentially effective approach for minimizing yield losses.In order to investigate the effects of salinity on the qualitative and quantitative traits of rainfed and irrigated barley cultivars, this experiment was conducted in Crop Physiology Laboratory of Shahed University in 2019. Experimental factors included barley cultivars (Reyhan, Jolgeh, Khorram and Izeh) in response to four salinity levels (no salinity as control and salinity of 5, 10, 15 and 20 ds/m with Qom lake salt).The experiment was conducted as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications. The measured traits included germination indices, photosynthetic pigments, soluble compounds and two antioxidant enzymes. Results showed that the highest germination components such as germination percentage (79.71%), germination rate (5.18 seeds per day), root length (6.55 cm), stem length (8.46 cm), longitudinal index (70.1) and the weight of the seedlings (165.17) in the absence of salinity stress.. With increasing salinity levels, RWC, membrane stability index and protein content of cultivars decreased and the content of carotenoid, proline, MDA and antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase were highest in salinity. Among the studied barley cultivars, Khorram had the highest percentage and rate of germination as well as soluble compounds at the highest salinity level. This cultivar appears to have significant germination and growth under salinity stress conditions. In the later stages it is possible to recommend flat and Izeh cultivars.

Satureja hortensis L. is one of the valuable plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family that its leaves and flowering branches contain essential oil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Thiobacillus biological and chemical fertilizers on morphological and phytochemical characteristics of this plant. The present study was carried out as a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with 3 replications in the research farm of Golmakan town in 2019. Experimental treatments included Thiobacillus biological fertilizer (0, 5 and 12 kg/ha) and chemical fertilizer (0, 35 and 70 kg/ha). Plant essential oil was extracted from savory leaves at flowering stage by Clevenger apparatus, then the constituents of the essential oil were analyzed by GC-MS. The results showed that all morphological traits of the plant as well as the quality and quantity of the active ingredients of the essential oil were affected by fertilizer treatments. The combined application of biological and chemical fertilizers led to an increase in the studied traits compared to the non-application of fertilizer. The highest plant height (48.8 cm), leaf dry weight (9.7 g) and essential oil density (3.67%) were obtained in the combined use of fertilizers. The two main constituents of savory essential oil including carvacrol (62.10%) and gamaterpinen (19.04%) showed the highest increase in the treatment composition of 12 kg/ha of Thiobacillus fertilizer and 70 kg/ha of chemical fertilizer (NPK). Based on the results, we found that combinations of biofertilizer and chemical fertilizer could increase the morphological characteristics, quantity and quality of savory essential oil.

 Determination of antibiotic resistance pattern and awareness of current resistance in each region, It can help to take appropriate therapeutic measures. The purpose of this study to identification of bacterial agents causing infection, and was the determination of their antibiotic resistance in patients admitted to teaching hospital of Shohada Qaen, through the years 2018-2019.

In this descriptive-analytic study, in the period of one year, 1980 samples were collected from patients admitted to teaching hospitals of Shohadah Qaen. The specimens were cultured in blood agar and EMB, and were incubated at 37 ° C for 24 hours, then the infection-causing bacteria were identified by differential biochemical tests, depending on gram positive or gram negative bacteria. The Disk diffusion method was applied to determine antibiotic resistance pattern, and the combined disk phenotypic method was applied to determine the strains producing e xtended -spectrum beta-lactamase enzymes (ESBLs).

1980 samples collected from patients admitted, 183 bacterial isolates were collected from which 151 gram negative and 32 gram-positive bacteria were identified. The most common isolated bacteria were Escherichia coli with a prevalence of 60.1%, followed by Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella,with a frequency of 11.5% and 10.9% respectively. Generally, gram-positive bacteria had the least resistance to Ciprofloxacin and Imipenem and gram-negative bacteria had the least resistance to Amikacin. 44.7% of the gram-negative bacteria produced ESBL.

Antibiotic administration based on the antibiotic resistance pattern can be more effective and useful. The high prevalence of ESBL producing strains indicates the necessity of rapid monitoring and identification of these strains.

Political legitimacy is the sine qua non of governing in the contemporary world. In the absence of legitimacy, brute force alone will be the sole means of sustaining a government. Given the large size of the youth in the population structure of Iran, measuring legitimacy in the attitudes of the members of the third generation of the Revolution gains particular importance. In this study, based on a secondary analysis of the data collected in four national surveys, we attempted to measure the changes in youth attitudes towards legitimacy of the political system. Items in the instruments of the surveys that measured legitimacy were drawn out and made commensurable before being used to illustrate the trend that existed from 2001 to 2011. To better tap all aspects of the concept "legitimacy," we divided it into its two essential components, namely "legality" and "justifiability," and then drew upon items that represented these categories in the surveys on four different times during the study period. In this vein, the changes in youth attitudes toward legitimacy of the political system were identified. Study results indicate that in the first half of the period under study, a rising trend is observed. However, in he second half of the period, perceptions of legitimacy seem to show a decreasing trend. At the end, the more salient factors responsible for the drop in legitimacy are identified.

In order to investigate the effects of different levels of nitrogen and plant density on the uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, nitrogen use and uptake efficiency in Cuminum cyminum fruits, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three plant densities, four nitrogen levels and three replications at field experimental of Nasar conservatory in Golge Rokh Torbat Heydarei was conducted. The results of this study showed that interaction effects between nitrogen fertilizer and plant density had significant effect (P≤ 0.01) on potassium and phosphorus percentage, but there were no significant effect on nitrogen percentage, use and uptake efficiency. According to the results of mean comparison, maximum uptake of N, P and K were obtained at 100 plant/m2 with 150 kg/ha N application. Furthermore, the highest nitrogen use and uptake efficiency were obtained from 50 kg/ha and 120 plant/m2,respectively. In conclusion, the results of this study showed that with decreasing plant density, potassium, nitrogen and phosphorus uptake were increased, due to the low competition among the plants for obtaining their required nutrients. Although the same effect on use and uptake efficiency were not observed.

Political trust is said to be an important subject in political studies especially in political participation context. Evolution of this subject particularly among the youth¡ shows us an actual picture of political system’s success and continuance of ruler ship. In order to analyze the level of political trust in the third post-revolution generation view¡ we examined the available data about the attitude evolution in this population group. Using surveys took place in 2000s and extracting useful questionnaires n analyze the level of political legitimacy¡ we conducted this research. Then through resembling the units of measurements¡ we tried to define the third generation attitude evolution during the 2000s. Accordingly¡ after reviewing the previous researches¡ the concept of political legitimacy was divided into two subject of “Trust in political bodies and decision-making procedures in political system” and “Trust in political players”. Reference questionnaires of which¡ was extracted separately from each of four survey duration. As a result¡ the trend attitude evolution obeyed in 2000s in political legitimacy presented. In this research by means of a secondary data analysis method¡ we used data derived from nation-wide surveys. Results show that trust in political system from the beginning to mid-2000s obeys a declining manner. The general level of political trust is low¡ too.

Reference groups are the most important identity resources of the society by which individuals obtain their behaviors and values. Therefore, the analysis of changing process in young generation attitudes in regard with reference groups is accounted as the most significant concerns of the social program makers. Regarding the rapid changes in human societies, especially in our society, changes have also been occurred in social references. Due to the lack of studies in 1980s in this field, first, the related surveys were closely examined. Then, three studies done in the years of 1980, 1981, and 1982, which have identical indexes, were chosen. By adopting the indexes and obtaining the means of values in this relation, the attitude changes have been shown through the graphs. In this research, the analysis of secondary data from national surveys has used applied. The results of the research show that the trend of the younger generation to clerics has been decreasing in these 5 years. The findings indicate that young people adopt their behavioral and intellectual models mostly from their teachers, university professors, and athletes. Considering the inevitable effects of the clergies in our country during the past 150 years, and also the notion of religious characteristics of our political system, this issue is more significant. In the end, solutions are provided to solve this problem.

This research used the framework of Du Bois (1980، 1987، 2003 and 2006) to investigate the phenomenon of ergativity and its relation to patterns of surface grammar and information flow in discourse. The corpus for this study comprised a set of narratives about a short film، as told by speakers of Persian. First the key grammatical، morphological and information states of all the full NPs in argument positions were statistically examined. After recognizing the Preferred Argument Structure in Persian discourse، which appeared as the speakers'' tendencies in distribution of full NPs with new information، it was concluded that the tendency resulted in a preferred pattern corresponding to the grammatical pattern of ergativity in case system. In other words، Persian speakers preferentially put the lexical arguments and new mentions in «S» and «O» positions and not in «A» position. Next the two other discourse tendencies i. e. Topic Continuity and Topic Animacy were examined to show that the dominant case pattern of Persian is a consequence of competition among different discourse factors. Therefor it was noted that، although the Preferred Argument Structure lead Persian in having a discourse ergative pattern، these two tendencies display a nominative/accusative، {A،S} {O}، alignment in successive clauses. Therefore it can be concluded that in discourse there is a motivation for the grammatical phenomenon of ergativity.

The purpose of this research is to study the relationship between social capital and ethnic identity among students of Tabriz University. The survey method using a researcher-constructed questionnaire was applied to gather the required data. 376 students were selected through proportionate stratified sampling method. According to the results, ethnic identity rate among students is at a high level. The results of the research revealed a significant positive correlation between social capital, structural dimension of social capital and student’s ethnic identity. However there was not a significant relationship between subjective dimension of social capital and students' ethnic identity. Students' field of study made a significant difference in the amount of their ethnic identity, but other demographic variables did not made such a difference. Also there is no significant relationship between age and ethnic identity. Increasing of social capital, therefore, can play an effective role in strengthening and Solidity the identity of individuals.

Cooperation and participation of individuals with the police in order to provide order requires satisfaction of citizens with Police Force. Police is one of the main factors in setting order and maintain it, and due to continuous interaction between citizens and the police, having satisfaction with the police is crucial for evaluating and improving police performance. In present survey research, the relationship between satisfaction with the performance of police and illegality was studied. The population of this research was students of Tabriz University from which 376 students were selected as the aprticipants by Cochran formula. A questionnaire was used to collect data. Cronbach's Alpha coefficient was used to assess the reliability of the questionnaire, the Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the variables of illegality and satisfaction of police performance were 89.0 and 89.0, respectively. The research findings showed that respondents' satisfaction with the performance of the police force was high. Also, there was a significant negative correlation between the satisfaction of the police performance and the illegality. Thus, it can be said that the students who were more satisfied with the performance of the police force were the less illegal.

Islamic Republic of Iran Police University (IRIPU) as the only higher education center in police forces plays a prominent role in training police officers and improving their scientific level. Due to this, and with regard to its critical role in fulfilling police forces objectives, and the undeniable role of budgeting in materializingpolice objectives, the present research aims at reviewing and analyzing the budgeting process at IRIPU at offering some recommendation to improve it. The research is of applied type and conducted using descriptive survey method. Data were gathered from people comprised of managers, faculty members and those in charge of budget and financial affairs of universities and different faculties who have rather comprehensive information about budgeting (N=40). The tools for gathering date are interview, questionnaire and library survey. Inefficiency of the university budgeting confirms based on hypothesis analysis, and some suggestions offered for improving the current budgeting system. With respect to limitations ahead of the university budgeting system, due to its top-down planning and budgeting system, IRIPU is not as dependent as other universities. Moreover, lack of long, medium and short term plans at the university is among the other important issues.

In this article, we have initially defined generation and offered a classification. We have briefly reviewed all researches conducted in Iran and abroad. In next part we will study the most prominent characteristics of the “Third Generation” and will try to offersolutions. Then, issues such as thought management based on the intellect, third generation’s political participation, religion’s duty to fill this gap and the role and effects of economic issues have been studied.

Concentrated emulsion polymerization was used for the synthesizing of crosslinked polystyrene-divinylbenzene (PS-DVB) containing 10% (X-10) and 16% (X-16) DVB with pore size less than 10 μm. For application of these resins as columns’ filler in ion-exchange chromatography; chloromethylation and then amination processes were performed via aqueous trimethylamine. The chloromethylation reactions was done by 1,4-bis(chloromethoxy) butane in dichloromethane and in the presence of stannic chloride as catalyst at 0°C. The exchange capacities of anion exchange resins X-16 (CE=3.5 meq/g) and X-10 (CE=3.8 meq/g) was determined by titration procedure. The structure of PS-DVB was investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) technique. The SEMimages showed that the porous structure of PS-DVB resin was approximately maintained intact after chloromethylation and amination reactions. TGA and FTIR techniques were used to investigate the thermogravimetric analysis and structures of obtained resins, respectively.