ali naghizadeh

Global warming and climate change are among the most important and critical ‎environmental issues of the world in this century. Today, global climate change is ‎one of the biggest threats to biodiversity, which is very vital for the economy of ‎human societies and social development. Therefore, understanding how climate ‎change affects biodiversity and wildlife around the world is a necessary and vital ‎issue. The onset of drought is usually accompanied by a decrease in rainfall, which ‎is known as meteorological drought. With the lack of rainfall and its inappropriate ‎distribution, soil moisture is reduced and the growth of pasture plants and other ‎plants is affected. In recent years, the use of satellite images to monitor vegetation ‎changes and drought monitoring has increased. Although climate change has left a ‎huge and deep impact on different ecosystems and societies, but it seems that the ‎greatest impact has occurred on the largest ecosystem on the planet, i.e., pastures. ‎Therefore, the current research has used satellite images and meteorological data to ‎investigate the effects of climate change on the vegetation of grasslands in Golestan ‎National Park,‎‏ ‏using the comparative method of past and present time periods. The ‎results of the regression model show that there is a direct correlation between SPI ‎and NDVI, and it is concluded that for one unit change in the standard rainfall index, ‎the value of NDVI changes to 0.041.‎

The economy of developing countries can be recognized by examining the two parts of the formal economy and the informal (shadow) economy. The official sector of the economy can be easily identified in the light of sources, reports and data contained in statistics and censuses, as well as by studying its structure, but the complex and invisible network of the shadow economy must be identified and evaluated with research studies and the role of quantitative and qualitative found this phenomenon in the country's economy. The purpose of this research is the analysis of the relationship between the shadow economy and the elements of competitiveness in Iran. The current research is applied in terms of purpose, descriptive-analytical in terms of inference method, and post-event in terms of the overall design of the research. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between the volume of the shadow economy and the shock on the input-oriented and efficiency-oriented elements of competitiveness in regime one (recession period) and the efficiency-oriented and creativity-oriented elements of competitiveness in regime two (boom period). The significance of input-oriented elements in regime two (boom period) and efficiency-oriented elements in regime one (recession period) was not confirmed. Considering the impact of the size of the shadow economy and the shock on the input-oriented, efficiency-oriented and creativity-oriented elements of competitiveness, in different eras, it is suggested to provide economic platforms, so that we can witness the prosperity of economic indicators in our country. The shadow economy absorbs vital resources from the formal economy and partially prevents the implementation of policies that are necessary for the public interest. Also, the size of the shadow economy of the countries is different and even in some countries it exceeds a quarter of the gross domestic product (GDP). Although some shadow economies may have beneficial effects for some citizens or even the official economy of a country, in general, the shadow economy damages the country's competitiveness; Because it reduces the confidence of foreign investors in that country and, as a result, the possibility of their cooperation. On the other hand, competitiveness can provide incentives to bring underground operations to the surface and thus combat the undeclared economy. Using appropriate econometric methods, this research found evidence that the more competitive a country is, according to the global competitiveness index, its shadow economy becomes smaller (as a percentage of GDP). More precisely, as it was predicted, there is a negative relationship between the shadow economy and global competitiveness, and these results can help the relevant policy makers to curb the shadow economy with appropriate guidance towards increasing competitiveness. The country should help. A country that is interested in ensuring that its shadow economy will not expand; It should improve its competitiveness. Competition is a multidimensional and complex concept, especially when it refers to the national economy. Various indices of competitiveness describe its size and also its dimensions with regard to commercial activity, infrastructure and institutional environments and macroeconomics. At the same time, the competitiveness of a country primarily depends on its economic development, which in turn is affected by several factors. Some of these factors, such as investment, favorable business conditions, legal environment, etc., promote economic development, while others, such as low labor productivity, insufficient qualification of employees, etc., cannot meet the requirements of the labor market. They slow down the speed of economic development. Another thing that was confirmed in this research is the existence of a long-term relationship between the ease of doing business and the size of its shadow economy. In this regard, there is evidence that a country may be able to fight the shadow economy by increasing the ease of doing business. In fact, the shadow economy of a country is the result of the interaction between socio-economic development and its long-term psychological and cultural factors. Some of these factors can be considered and recognized as influential factors only with regard to the shadow economy and competition, but they cannot be significantly affected, at least in the short term. The issues can be considered in terms of the problem of people's mentality. A practical way to deal with the problem of the shadow economy, that is, to reduce the size of this phenomenon, is to promote socio-economic development and ease of doing business. When an economy is growing, ease of doing business also increases a country's competitiveness and most importantly, it helps to form a positive public attitude towards self-efficacy. By increasing business dynamism, developing skills, promoting the adoption of information and communication technology (ICT), increasing market size and infrastructure can be achieved. In addition, restrictive laws and higher living standards may lead to a reduction in the shadow economy. Higher levels of GDP also potentially provide a stronger financial system through macroeconomic stability and can provide more assistance in this area in addition to the guidelines that are formulated to curb unemployment. , because people can do transactions through the formal economy instead of the informal economy. In this regard, increasing exports as a percentage of GDP seems to be a useful tool to reduce the shadow economy. This is while reducing the consequences of the shadow economy through the ease of doing business and increasing GDP per capita and exports (as a percentage of GDP) is definitely a difficult task for the respective countries. However, achieving higher levels of (perceived) competitiveness is not inconceivable. According to the findings of the research, it can be generally stated that competitiveness is the ability of a country to maintain its relative advantages in order to support the economic growth and prosperity of its citizens, and the ease of doing business with the shadow economy are related.

In co-word analysis, it is assumed that the most frequent words have a greater impact on a subject area compared to the less frequent words. The purpose of the current research is co-word analysis of review articles on the subject of "cloud computing" indexed in the PubMed database in 2009-2022 time period.

The current research is applied in terms of nature which utilized co-word analysis to analyze the data. The statistical population included 169 review articles on the topic of "cloud computing" indexed in the PubMed database in 2009 to 2022 period. The total of 57 articles lacked keywords which were excluded from the study. The required data was retrieved from the mentioned database by entering the word "cloud computing" in the subject field which were subsequently added to the Excel software. Voyant Tools software was used for co-word analysis.

Based on the maps obtained from co-word analysis, keywords fog computing, data computing, cloud database, Internet of Things, cloud data, cloud challenge, cloud technology, cloud systems, health systems and cloud overlapped the most with the term cloud computing. Drawing maps of co-word at different time periods under investigation illustrates changes and stability in the concepts and words related to the field of informatics. New concepts emerged as a recombination of existing words interacting with developments and new technologies.

The most frequent word in cloud computing review articles in all the texts indexed in PubMed among the words cloud computing, data computing, cloud database, Internet of Things, cloud data, cloud challenge, cloud technology, cloud systems , has been health and cloud systems in which  the terms "data computing" and "fog computing" overlaped the most with cloud computing.

 a study was carried out to investigate the effect of different treatment methods (chemical and biological) on chemical composition, gas production parameters and digestibility of quinoa straw in a completely randomized design.

Quinoa straw was collected from Ashkhaneh city (north Khorasan province, Iran), chopped into 2-5cm pieces and prepared for processing. The following treatments were: 1) untreated quinoa straw (control) (CON), 2) CON processed with sodium hydroxide, 3) CON processed with hydrogen peroxide, 4) CON inoculated and fermented with Bacillus Subtilis and 5) CON inoculated and fermented with Aspergillus Niger. Prior to hydrogen peroxide treatment (132 mL of 35% H2O2), samples were pretreated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 80 g/kg DM) to attain and maintain a pH of 11.5. For biological processing, activation of lyophilized vials and preparation of starter cultures of bacteria and fungi were done in MRS-broth at 37°C and PDA at 25°C, respectively. After that, one liter of the combination of distilled water and starter culture (containing at least 105 colony forming units per milliliter of bacteria or fungi) was added to each kilogram of quinoa straw.Treated samples were then placed into plastic bags, tied up and stored under anaerobic conditions. Prior to analysis, bags were opened and air dried. Chemical composition of the samples was determined using the standard methods of AOAC. Ruminal degradability trial was carried out using the nylon bag technique. Gas production test was used to estimate gas production parameters. In vitro digestibility of the samples was determined through the batch culture method.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between treatments in terms of chemical composition (dry matter, ash, organic matter and crude protein) (P<0.05). In this respect, the highest amount of dry matter was in the control treatment and the lowest in the hydrogen peroxide treatment. Among the chemical treatments, the treatments with sodium hydroxide had the highest and the treatments with hydrogen peroxide had the lowest values of Crude Ash. Different treatment methods had significant effect on gas production potential and rate (P <0.05). Treatments with control and fungi had the highest and sodium hydroxide treatment had the lowest gas production potential. Treatment with sodium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide significantly increased dry matter and organic matter digestibility (P<0.05). In general, the bacteria had the lowest digestibility, partitioning factor, and microbial protein production.

Overall, the results of this study showed that treatment with sodium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide had a greater effect on improving the nutritional value of quinoa straw.

The purpose of this research is the analysis of the relationship between the shadow economy and the elements of competitiveness in developing oil countries. The current research is applied in terms of purpose, descriptive-analytical in terms of inference method, and post-event in terms of the overall design of the research. The final sample used for this study is the data of 72 developing oil countries during the years 2005-2020. The data was analyzed by applying Eviews software through vector panel autoregressive distributed lag model (PARDL) and the Markov switching method. The results showed that in the short term there is a significant relationship between the shadow economy and the input-oriented elements of the developing oil countries, but the significant relationship between the shadow economy and the efficiency-oriented and creativity-oriented elements of the competitiveness of the developing oil countries was not confirmed. Also, in the long term, there is a significant relationship between the shadow economy and the efficiency-oriented and input-oriented elements of the developing oil countries, but the significant relationship between the shadow economy and the creativity-oriented elements of the competitiveness of the developing oil countries was not confirmed. In addition, in the long term, there is a significant relationship between the shadow economy and the index of ease of doing business in developing oil countries, but in the short term, there is a significant relationship between the index of ease of doing business and the shadow economy of oil countries

Background & Aims:

Prevention is the best solution to break the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection chain. The aim of the present study was to investigate the degree of adherence to environmental health parameters for COVID-19 prevention in South Khorasan Province.

This cross-sectional study was performed on 410 residents of South Khorasan in 2021. The data collection instrument containing a researcher-made questionnaire included demographic, knowledge, and performance questions. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed, an online questionnaire was prepared, and the questionnaire link was sent via online networks. Data were entered into SPSS version 16 and analyzed using an independent t-test, analysis of variance, and correlation coefficient. P value ≤ 0.05 was considered as the significance level.

The results showed that 35.9% and 64.1% of participants were women and men, respectively. A total of 82.9% of people wore masks outdoors, and 83.7% of people washed their hands with sanitizer or soap on a daily basis. Further, statistical analysis revealed no significant relationship between performance and demographic characteristics. However, knowledge was significantly associated with gender, job, and education (P ≤ 0.05).

The participants had poor knowledge and performance, and there was a need to provide education in this regard in order to update COVID-19 knowledge and change the behavior of the general public towards this emerging disease.

Air pollution is the leading environmental risk factor for health. This study aimed to assess heavy metals in Particulate Matter (PM10, PM2.5) and their health impact assessment for a desert city in Iran, Birjand.

In this study, the concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 were measured from September 2019 to March 2020. Measurements were performed once every six days for 24 h using high-volume samplers.
Moreover, health-related effects attributed to the suspended particles were estimated using the AirQ2.2.3.

Mean and standard deviation of PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were 97.5±38.7 μg/m3
and 36.3±19.1 μg/m3, respectively. The mean metal concentrations in PM2.5 were in the Co> Cd> Ce> V order, while the metal concentrations in PM10 were in the Cd> As> Ce>V order. The lowest and highest number of deaths attributed to PM2.5 per 100,000 persons were related to ischemic heart disease (1.73) and chronic respiratory disease (18.35). The highest number of deaths attributed to PM10 per 100,000 persons was related
to chronic bronchitis in adults (35.74).

This study revealed that particle-based air pollution negatively affects health as caused by heavy metals, whereas further research is required to determine the effects of bacterial and fungal bioaerosols on human health. Monitoring the elemental composition of atmospheric particles can contribute to better air quality management.

COVID-19 has become a global problem. In this case study, the experiences gained from disease control in rural areas are reported.

An observational study was done in 2020 in Sistan and Balochestan, the largest province with most rural areas in the southeast of Iran.

After identification of the first patient of Covid-19 in a rural area, three measures were taken including: 1. Diagnosis, screening and treatment of the disease (Incident command post was established and the village was completely quarantined, etc.; 2. Intersectoral coordination for epidemiological management (limiting traffic for people and any gathering); and 3. Identification of any Covid-19 positive cases. The results of these measures showed that after quarantining the village and performing the mentioned actions, the number of patients decreased, and the disease was controlled.

Quarantine of the contaminated rural area and people’s traffic routes is one of the most important measures in controlling Covid-19.

The turbidity of treated water is measured as an important parameter in determining the quality of drinking or industrial water in all treatment plants. Due to the importance of the prevalence of pathogens such as Giardia and Cryptosporidium, which cause dangerous diseases such as dysentery, the relationship between reducing turbidity and increasing the elimination of these microorganisms has been proven in studies.

In this study, an artificial neural network (ANN) model and multiple linear regression(MLR) were developed and their performance was compared to predict the turbidity of treated water of Tabas water treatment plant. Total dissolved solids, pH, temperature and input turbidity of raw water were used as input parameters of the models in the predictions. The best backpropagation algorithm and number of neurons were determined to optimize the model architecture.

The results showed that the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm was selected as the best algorithm and the number of optimal neurons was determined to be 16.Also, the results of the sensitivity analysis of the neural network model showed that the input turbidity with a value of 29% is the most important parameter in the development of the ANN model.

The results of correlation coefficient of MLR and ANN models were obtained for training data 0.63 and 0.8921 and for testing data 0.60 and 0.8571, respectively, which show the superiority of ANN model in Predicting the turbidity of the output of Tabas water treatment plant.

In despite of the advancements and achievements regarding the control of the diseases, Leishmaniosis is still known as one of the basic health concerns. The objective of this study was to determine the effective factors in the follow-up delay among registered cases infected with Cutaneous Leishmaniosis from 2009 to 2014 in Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran.

Participants of this analytic descriptive study included 2410 people infected with Cutaneous Leishmaniosis from cities covered by Zahedan and Iran-Shahr Medical Universities from 2009 to 2014. Census sampling method was conducted and data were collected through the two-part questionnaire which included demographic variables and disease information. SPSS software version 20 was used for statistical analysis in order to determine the most important effective factors in patients’ follow-up delay by implementing logistic regression.

The mean (SD) patients’ age was 19.3 (16.4) years, the size of the wounds were identified as 2.7 (1.5) centimeter, and patients follow-up delay was 59.7 (52.5) days. As many as 1502 of patients (62.6%) were male, and 2014 (83.6%) were female. 730 patients (30.3%) were kids. Pakis compared with Iranians 70% (P<0.01), nomads compared with urban citizens 83% (P=0.02), and patients with the history of simultaneous infection of other family members compared with the opposite group 39% (P=0.02) had the less possibility of follow-up delay. Patients who were referred from the private centers had 126% higher possibility of follow-up delay than those referred by the state health centers (P=0.02). Patients with the dry wound compared with those with wet wound had higher rate of follow-up (P< 0.01).

The study showed that the delay in follow-up among patients infected by the Cutaneous Leishmaniosis in cities of Sistan and Baluchestan province was relatively high. The effective factors in decreasing the follow-up delays of the patients and treatment seeker included beشing Paki, nomads’ life place, referral from the state health centers, wet wound, and history of the simultaneous infection of the family members.

Antibiotics are discharged into the aqueous environment in various ways. The disposal of wastewater containing antibiotics creates serious environmental problems. Today, given the necessity of using natural materials, natural-based adsorbents have been taken into consideration. Chitosan is a natural polysaccharide derived from the crust of crustaceans of the sea with many useful aspects such as hydrophilicity, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. In this study, after the preparation of chitosan, the effect of various parameters such as pH (3-11), adsorbent dosage (0.25-1g/L), penicillin G concentration (10-70 mg/L), and contact time (5-90 min) in the removal of antibiotic was investigated. Structural characteristics of synthesized chitosan were determined by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). Also, the isotherm, thermodynamics, and kinetics of the adsorption process were studied. The results of this study showed that the maximum adsorption capacity of chitosan in optimum condition (pH=7, adsorbent dose: 0.25 g/L, the concentration of antibiotics: 70 mg/L, and contact time: 10 min) was 101.44 mg/g. SEM image showed that the size of chitosan was ranging from 700 nm to 5 microns. The results of XRD analysis showed the successful synthesis of chitosan. Experimental data indicate that the results are consistent with the Langmuir isotherm model and that the adsorption process was followed by a pseudo-second-order model. According to the results of thermodynamic studies, the standard entropy variations (∆S) were 20.68 (J/mol k) and standard enthalpy changes (∆H) were 5.69 kJ/mol and standard Gibbs free energy (∆G) values were negative and respectively indicates that adsorption process of penicillin G by chitosan is spontaneous and endothermic.

Fluoride, a non-essential element, can enter water resources through several natural processes and human activities. The benefits and risks of fluoride depend on the concentration of this anion on drinking waters. In the present study, the performances of graphene and graphene oxide nanoparticles were investigated for the removal of fluoride from aqueous solution. In the present research, effects of pH, contact time, fluoride initial concentration, adsorbents dosage, as well as temperature in performance of graphene and graphene oxide nanoparticles in removal of fluoride from aqueous solution were examined. Also, isotherms and thermodynamics of the adsorption process were evaluated. For both adsorbents, the maximum adsorption capacities observed during the first 15 minutes at pH=3 and an initial fluoride concentration of 10 mg/L. The results also showed that adsorption of fluoride by graphene and graphene oxide fitted well with Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms, respectively. Furthermore, temperature increase resulted in the adsorption capacity decrease, indicating an exothermic adsorption reaction. According to the results of this research, graphene nanoparticles have higher adsorption capacity of fluoride than graphene oxide nanoparticles.

Adding salt to foods including bread along with improving its taste can cause problems such as high blood pressure; therefore, considering the importance of the presence of salt in bread, the purpose of this study was to investigate the amount of bread salt in bakeries in South Khorasan province in 2014-2018.
 

This descriptive-analytical and retrospective study was performed by random sampling method on bakeries in South Khorasan province in the period of 2014-2018. The measurement of the salt level was done according to the standards of the Iranian Institute of Standards and Industrial Research. The data were analyzed by using variance analysis tests and Tukey's post-hoc test.

2577 loaves of bread were sent to the food laboratory of South Khorasan province during the years 2014-2018, which is the total average amount of salt In Lavash bread, it was equal to 1.63 ± 0.57 g, Taftoon was 1.51 ± 0.53 g, and in Sangag bread, it was 1.42 ± 0.56 g. The mean results of salt levels in different years had significantly different (p <0.001).

The amount of salt consumed was the highest in terms of changes in the average consumption of bread in 2016, which seems to be due to the lack of awareness of bakers about changing the standard of salt in that year. In this regard, the adoption of preventive and regulatory programs by the Food and Drug Administration can be a guide.

Untreated wastewater disposal containing synthetic dyes produces serious problems in the environment. Industrial wastewater containing dye requires treatment by a suitable process before discharging into the environment. The present study has been performed as a batch experimental study. Nanochitosan was synthesized from the Persian Gulf shrimp shell. The effect of the various parameters including pH, initial concentration of the RB29 dye, the equation contact time, and the adsorbent dosage as well as isotherm, thermodynamic and kinetic of the adsorption process were evaluated. The results of this study demonstrated that the maximum adsorption capacity of the nano chitosan, which occurred in pH=4, adsorbent dosage of 0.2 g/L, the concentration of 50 mg/L of RB29 dye and during 90 minutes, was 113.22 mg/g. Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkeish isotherms and pseudo-second-order kinetic equations have shown better results for describing the adsorption process. The entropic changes (ΔS°) and enthalpy changes (ΔH°) were 36.65J/mole K and 6.43 kJ/mole respectively. Also, the Gibbs free energy (ΔG) was negative. Therefore nano chitosan can be used as a suitable low-cost adsorbent for the removal of RB29 dye from aqueous solutions

Background & Aims of the Study:

 Many people use natural springs for many years to provide therapeutic, recreational, and in some cases, drinking water. The investigation of physicochemical properties and promotion of its indices in hot springs are very important for maintaining the health and well-being of individuals. The present study aimed to investigate some physicochemical properties of hot springs in South Khorasan, Iran, and compare them with the standards in 2018.

In order to assess the physicochemical quality of hot springs in South Khorasan, temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), alkalinity, and total hardness parameters were measured and analyzed using standard methods. Data analysis was performed using Excel software (version 2010).

Based on the obtained results, the highest temperature and EC were observed in Dig-e Rostam hot spring with 54.3°C and Ferdowshotspringwith10.43 μs/cm, respectively. Furthermore, the highest pH, alkalinity, and total hardness were obtained in Qaen hot spring with 7.87, Sarbisheh hot spring with 2018 mg/L CaCo3, and Ferdows hot spring with 1204 mg/L CaCo3, respectively.

Based on the results obtained from the review of the physicochemical quality of the hot springs in the southern Khorasan, most of the measured parameters of the springs were not within the standard range.

The activity of different transitional metals over modified H-ZSM-5 catalysts for methane conversion to aromatics was compared. The first group of catalysts was Mo-impregnated H-ZSM-5 zeolites with 1, 3 and 6 wt% of Mo. The second group was M(3 wt%)- impregnated H-ZSM-5 (M: Ag, Cd, Cr, Mo, Zn and Mn). The catalytic activity of the first group was investigated at 600, 700 and 800 °C and gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 1500, 2250, 3600 [ml.g-1.h-1]. Likewise, the second group of catalysts was examined at 700°C and GHSV of 2250 [ml.g-1.h-1]. The catalyst samples were appropriately characterized by XRD, BET and SEM techniques. The effect of loaded transitional metals on the methane conversion was sorted on the basis of benzene yield as following: 3%wt Mo> 3%wt Zn> 3%wt Mn> 3%wt Ag> 3%wt Cd > 3%wt Cr. The highest methane conversion was 11.13% obtained over the Mo(3 wt%)-impregnated HZSM-5 catalyst.

sanctions and reduced foreign exchange earnings from oil exports, government regulation of the currency market and exchange rates exchange got impossible and alternative exchange rate was replaced with reference exchange rate, Followed by, Rials Equivalent of corporate foreign exchange facilities Multi-fold increased and This difference should be accounted in the foreign currency loss for that period. In this regard, the Audit Organization in August 1392 by amending the Accounting Standard no.16 with the terms of position gave the license of transferring foreign losses in the foreign currency financing facilities granted to the cost of the assets created. This study investigated that investors, by applying the amended standard, consider reporting increased profits are regarded as good news in the market or consider it as income smoothing that predicting firms Lack of future cash and is not a positive signal. Therefore, the mean percentage change in stock value and volume of firms in the sample before and after the amendment of the accounting standard No. 16 and performing Non-parametric Wilcoxon rank test, was found: At intervals of 21 and 30 days, the value of stock transactions after the modified standard "The effects of changes in exchange rates" has decreased than before and at intervals of 21, 30 and 50 days, the volume of stock transactions after the modified standard "The effects of changes in exchange rates" has decreased than before

Humic acid is a trihalomethane component in water supplies, causing various health disorders in humans.
This study was performed to examine humic acid adsorption on saturated activated carbon and to evaluate adsorbent regeneration through ultrasonic processes.
In the present study, effects of various parameters, including initial concentration of humic acid, pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, and temperature, on the adsorption stage were investigated. Also, effects of different parameters, such as regeneration time, pH, and number of saturation-regeneration cycles, were studied in the regeneration stage.
The highest percentage of humic acid removal was reported at pH of three and initial humic acid concentration of 10 mg/L. The highest adsorption capacity of activated carbon was 29.7 mg/g at adsorbent dosage of 0.1 g/L and contact time of 10 minutes. The results of thermodynamic experiments showed that removal of humic acid by saturated activated carbon was endothermic. Also, maximum regeneration occurred at pH of 11 and contact time of 60 minutes. Finally, the adsorption capacity of saturated activated carbon changed from 42.94 to 42.14 mg/g after five cycles of saturation and regeneration.
The results of this study showed that activated carbon is an effective adsorbent in the removal of humic acid from water. Also, the ultrasonic process is effective in regeneration of activated carbon, saturated with humic acid.

Nowadays, different methods are applied for the removal of heavy metals from the aqueous resources that the adsorption process is one of them. The chromium VI is one of the most prevalent contaminants which create serious difficulties; so, it should be removed from the contaminated waters by an effective method before being leaved into the environment. The present research investigated the use of dried powder of activated sludge of Kavirtire wastewater treatment plant as bio sorbent for removal of chromium (VI).
In the present experimental study, the effects of pH, adsorbent dose, primary concentration of metal and contact time on the removal of chromium (VI) from the aqueous solutions were studied. Then, the equations of isotherm and adsorption kinetic were specified based on the optimal conditions. The absorbent features were analyzed by SEM and EDX techniques.
The maximum efficiency of the removal of chromium (VI) at pH 2, optimal dose of 5 g/L, contact time of 60 min and with primary concentration of 15 mg/L was reported 99.83 percent. The study of relation of the isotherm and kinetic in the reaction revealed that the process of adsorptions of chromium follows the Freundlich model (R2=0.90) and the pseudo- second order kinetic model (R2= 1), respectively.
The dried powder of activated sludge can be applied as a proper adsorbent for the removal of Chromium VI from the aqueous resources.

Dyeing wastewaters are one of the most common pollutants that cause many problems for public health and environment due to dermatitis and skin rashes, cancer production, mutagenesis, etc. Thus, treatment of these wastewaters is necessary. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficiency of montmorillonite nanoparticles as an adsorbent in adsorption process of Reactive Yellow 15 (RY15) and Reactive Yellow 42 (RY42) dyes from aqueous solutions. In this study, montmorillonite nanoparticles were used to remove RY15 and RY42 dyes. The effect of different variables such as pH, contact time, dye concentration and adsorbent dosage was studied. Finally, the effect of process temperature and thermodynamic was studied. Also, pseudo-first and second orders of kinetics were studied. The results showed that 3 is the best pH for the removal of both dyes. As contact time increases to 15 minutes, adsorption capacity increases and then reaches an approximately constant value. Adsorption capacity was also increased with increased dye concentration. By changing the adsorbent dosage from 0.2 to 0.6 g/L, adsorption capacity for RY15 and RY42 was reduced from 142and 166 to 63 and 59 mg/g, respectively. The results also showed that both dyes had the highest correlation with pseudo-second-order kinetics. The results of analyzing the process thermodynamics and temperature showed that values of DH, DS and DG are negative for both dyes.

This study was aimed to investigate the amount of reactive blue 29 (RB29) dye removal from aqueous solution by Chitosan extracted from Persian Gulf shrimp shell. The effect of parameters such as pH, the concentration of reactive blue 29 dye, contact time, and adsorbent dosage in dye removal was studied. Isotherm, Thermodynamics, and kinetics of adsorption process were also investigated. The results of this study showed that the optimum condition of the adsorption process occurred in 50mg/L of RB29 dye concentration, pH=4, contact time of 90 minutes and adsorbent dosage of 0.2 g/L. The maximum adsorption capacity in optimum condition was estimated to 87.74 mg/g. Lab data displayed that the results were in compliance with Langmuir isotherm. According to the results of thermodynamic studies, standard entropy changes (ΔS°) was 66.67 J/mol K and standard enthalpy changes (ΔH°) was 19158.3 kJ/mol. Also, the standard Gibbs free energy (ΔG°) was negative and kinetics of adsorption process follows the pseudo-second-order model

Background & Aims of the Study: Malaria is an infectious disease by fever, chills and anemia; and splenomegaly genus Plasmodium parasite is the agent of it. One of the easiest and least expensive methods for preventionof this disease is removing the vector that usually has been done by insecticides and chemical pesticides, but now days due to the harmful effects of toxic chemicals, it is currently trying to use organic toxic and plant compounds in order to combat the pests. So, in this study Hyoscyamus niger was used in order to destroy the larvae of this insect and positive results were compared these plants together.
Hyoscyamus niger was collected and dried to extract by methanol in a rotary evaporator. Mosquito larvae were collected from stagnant water pits and ponds around the Birjand city, South Khorasan of Iran in order to apply the relevant tests identity and isolated Anopheles spp mosquito larvae.
Hyoscyamus niger positive effect was destroying on the Anopheles spp larvae and between obtained results, the most powerful extract for destroying the mosquitoes Anopheles spp larvae was the flower extract of henbane (LC50=0.07) and the weakest extract was the extract of the root of henbane (LC50=0.78).
According to the results it is recommended the flower extract of henbane as a toxic, organic and natural compound to fight the larvae of Anopheles spp mosquito larvae which used in the other parts of these plants more stronger and more effective.

Adsorption isotherms describe the relationship between the equilibrium concentration of the adsorbed matter in the solution and the amount of adsorbed matter on the surface of the adsorbent.
The main objective of the present research was to investigate different adsorption isotherms for describing adsorption of humic acid by nanoclay.
In this study, Langmuir, Freundlich, BET, Temkin and Dubinin Radushkevich isotherms, for describing the behavior of humic acid adsorption by bentonite and montmorillonite nanoparticles, were examined.
The results showed that due to the regression coefficient (R2), humic acid adsorption on bentonite and montmorillonite nanoparticles has greater compliance with Dubinin Radushkevich isotherms. The value of E or average energy of adsorption for humic acid by bentonite and montmorillonite nanoparticles was 0.17 and 0.15 kJ mol-1, respectively, which specifies that the type of adsorption of humic acid on both nanoparticles was physisorption. The qmax value obtained from the Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms, for bentonite and montmorillonite nanoparticles were 27.78 and 28.70 mg/g, respectively.
According to the results of this study, bentonite and montmorillonite nanoparticles have a great potential for the removal of humic acid from aqueous solutions.

Humic substances include natural organic polyelectrolyte materials that formed most of the dissolved organic carbon in aquatic environments. Reaction between humic substances and chlorine leading to formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) those are toxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic. The aim of this study was investigation of isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamics of humic acid removal process by nano chitosan from aquatic environment.
This practical research was an experimental study that performed in a batch system. The effect of various parameters such as pH, humic acid concentration, contact time, adsorbent dosage, isotherms, thermodynamics and Kinetics of humic acid adsorption process were investigated. Humic acid concentration measured using spectrophotometer at wave length of 254 nm.
The results of this research showed that maximum adsorption capacity of nanochitosan that fall out in concentration of 50 mg/l and contact time of 90 minutes was 52.34 mg/g. Also, the maximum adsorption was observed in pH = 4 and adsorbent dosage 0.02 g. Laboratory data show that adsorption of humic acid by nanochitosan follow the Langmuir isotherm model. According to result of thermodynamic study, entropy changes (ΔS) was equal to 2.24 J/mol°k, enthalpy changes (ΔH) was equal to 870 kJ/mol and Gibbs free energy (ΔG) was negative that represent the adsorption process is spontaneous and endothermic. The kinetics of adsorption has a good compliant with pseudo second order model.
Regarding to results of this study, nano chitosan can be suggested as a good adsorbent for the removal of humic acids from aqueous solutions.

Copper and hexavalent chromium are heavy metals that are harmful to human health. Natural adsorbent chitosan, due to its considerable properties such as the presence of functional groups of –NH2 and -OH, non-toxicity, low cost, and biocompatibility, has gained much attention in pollutant removal. Therefore, in the present study, adsorption of chromium (VI) and copper (II) ions was conducted in a batch system using magnetic chitosan/Fe-Zr nanoparticles. In addition, the effect of different variables such as contact time, pH, adsorbent dose, initial concentration of heavy metals, and temperature were investigated. The results of the present study indicated that the highest efficiency in removal of chromium (VI) and copper (II) in pH of 4 were 99.52% and 97.72%, respectively. Moreover, adding 0.4 g of the composite at concentration of 5 mg/l can result in up to 97.43% removal of copper (II) and adding 1 g of this composite at the same concentration can result in more than 91% removal of chromium (VI). In addition, it was concluded that increasing the density of the heavy metals did not have a remarkable effect on the removal efficiency. The equilibrium related to adsorbent capacity and the amounts of nanoparticles were obtained using the plots of Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms for chromium (VI) and copper (II), respectively. The studied adsorbent had a high level of efficiency in the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions.