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Ischemic stroke can lead to cognitive impairment, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been shown to slow down the progression of Alzheimer›s disease (AD). This study focused on rodent models to investigate the impact of ischemic stroke and the potential benefits of aspirin in reducing cognitive impairment.

The Morris water maze (MWM) was used to evaluate memory and learning in seven groups (N=63) of Wistar rats. Brain ischemia was induced in rat models through temporary blocking of both common carotid arteries and permanent blocking of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). Aspirin 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg IP was administered 30 minutes and 2 hours after stroke induction in both ischemic and non-ischemic rats. Injections were continued for seven consecutive days in these groups, and learning and memory were evaluated after the last injection.

Data analysis of the MWM test showed a significant increase in escape latency and swim path length to find the platform in the ischemic groups compared to control rats (P<0.005). Despite improvement in all experimental groups after intervention (P<0.001), the scores for spatial learning were significantly decreased by aspirin in no-ischemia+ASA groups compared to the control group (P<0.05). In the ischemia+ASA groups, aspirin at the dose of 20 mg/kg but not at the high dose (80 mg/kg) improved spatial learning compared to the control group.

Repeated treatments with aspirin may impair spatial learning and memory in normal rats, however, aspirin at a low dose of 20 mg/kg may improve learning impairment after ischemic stroke.

Opioids can lead to mood disorders, anxiety, depression, and cognitive impairment. Valproic acid (VPA) has neuroprotective effects that can prevent neural degeneration. This study aims to examine the impact of VPA on learning, social interaction, and depression in mice dependent on morphine.

Subjects were divided into four groups and received injections of saline, VPA, morphine, or a combination of VPA and morphine for eight days. Behavioral tests were conducted on day 8, and then administration of VPA and morphine was stopped, leading to spontaneous withdrawal syndrome. Behavioral tests were repeated on day 11, and histological analysis was performed on the hippocampus.

The preference index (PI%) decreased in the novel object recognition test in the VPA and morphine sulfate (MOR) groups compared to the control (CTL) group in the chronic phase. The concomitant administration of VPA and morphine caused an increase in social interaction criteria in both the chronic and withdrawal phases. The decrease in immobility time in the VPA and MOR + VPA groups compared to the CTL group in the withdrawal phase was not statistically significant in the tail suspension test (TST). In Nissl staining, the combination of MOR + VPA led to a significant decrease in the DC/All cell ratio compared to the individual MOR and VPA groups (P < 0.05).

VPA may improve social relationships and depression indices during morphine withdrawal. VPA may potentially mitigate the cellular changes in the CA1 of the hippocampus induced by morphine.

Anthropometry is a branch of anatomy. One of the important parts of anthropometry is cephalometry, which is characterized by anatomical dimensions of the head area. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between brain volume, weight, and IQ in children.

This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 300 students. Conventional measuring instruments were used for anthropometric measurements. Body weight and skull dimensions were measured. Then, using the appropriate formulas, the volume and weight of the brain and the brain index were measured.

The Pearson correlation coefficient confirmed a weak correlation between the amounts of IQ and anthropometric dimension in female samples. The mean head circumference of males was 2 cm above the mean head circumference of females. Compared to the central index and the dispersion, anthropometric dimensions were significant between boys and girls. According to the analysis of neural network, the anthropometric dimensions of head height, brain weight, head width, and brain index in boys and anthropometric dimensions around the head volume of head width and head height in girls were the most important in relation to IQ.

The results of this study showed that there was a significant statistical difference between the central index and the distribution of anthropometric dimensions in boys and girls. Moreover, there was not a significant relationship between IQ and anthropometric dimensions of the body. In girls, there was a weak correlation between IQ and head width, head height, brain volume, and brain weight.

Fetal bovine serum (FBS) is widely used in cell culture laboratories, risk of zoonotic infections and allergic side effects create obstacles for its use in clinical trials. Therefore, an alternative supplement with proper inherent growth-promoting activities is demanded.

To find FBS substitute, we tested human umbilical cord blood serum (hUCS) for proliferation of human umbilical cord matrix derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) and human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells (hBM-MSCs).

Umbilical cord blood of healthy neonates, delivered by Caesarian section, was collected and the serum was separated. hUC-MSCs and hBM-MSCs were isolated and characterized by assessment of cell surface antigens by flow cytometry, alkaline phosphatase activity and osteogenic/adipogenic differentiation potential. The cells were then cultured in Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Medium (IMDM) by conventional methods in three preparations: 1- with hUCS, 2- with FBS, and 3- without serum supplements. Cell proliferation was measured using WST-1 assay, and cell viability was assessed by trypan blue staining.

The cells cultured in hUCS and FBS exhibited similar morphology and mesenchymal stem cells properties. WST-1 proliferation assay data showed no significant difference between the proliferation rate of either cells following hUCS and FBS supplementation. Trypan blue exclusion dye test also revealed no significant difference for viability between hUCS and FBS groups. A significant difference was detected between the proliferation rate of stem cells cultured in serum-supplemented medium compared with serum-free medium.

Our results indicate that human umbilical cord serum can effectively support proliferation of hBM-MSCS and hUC-MSCs in vitro and can be used as an appropriate substitute for FBS, especially in clinical studies.

Anatomic variations in forensic extrahepatic bile ducts is common. Knowledge of extrahepatic bile duct variations is important for surgeons in order to prevent iatrogenic damage during surgery. This study aims to determine the variations in extrahepatic bile ducts among 150 cadavers located at the Kerman Medicine Organization.We performed autopsies on 150 cadavers. Bile ducts were exposed and studied to determine their anatomic variants and diameters.We observed anatomic variants of the biliary tree in 7 cadavers (4.6%). In 3 (2%)cadavers,theright hepaticduct was missing, in 2 (1.33%) the left hepatic duct was missing and 6 (4%) didnothaveacommon hepaticduct. In one case the common bile duct was absent.We may conclude that the Variation of bile duct is different in multiple population.

As one of the widely used drugs, aspirin (acetyl-salicylic acid, ASA) plays an important role in stroke treatment and prevention. In a previous study, we demonstrated ASA injection at 30 min after ischemia onset is neuroprotective. To determine whether the neurons protected by ASA had a normal ultrastructure, hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons were examined by Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). Adult male wistar rats were divided into three different groups (6 animals/ group): Sham-operated, control (48 MCAO+vehicle) and aspirin (48 MCAO + ASA). ASA (30 mg/kg) was injected 30 min after ischemia onset. The animals were killed 2 days after ischemia induction and their brain removed, processed, and examined under a TEM. Apoptotic changes were observed in rats not treated with ASA. In contrast, pyramidal neuron ultrastructure appeared normal in rats that exhibited neuroprotection (defined at the light microscope level) by ASA when studied two days after ischemia. We conclude that administration of ASA after permanent focal cerebral ischemia remains a considerable therapeutic strategy.