ali shanaghi

Specific challenges are associated with the interaction of neural implants with human tissue and the central nervous system, primarily arising from the complex interactions between implant materials and the biological tissues of the nervous system. This paper examines the critical role of protein-containing ceramic coatings in enhancing the biocompatibility of these implants. Proteins on the implant surface and in the surrounding environment significantly influence the body's response to the implant, affecting crucial processes such as inflammation, cell adhesion, and tissue integration. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms and functions of these proteins in ceramic coatings is essential for improving biocompatibility. The design of ceramic coatings that incorporate proteins such as collagen and whey protein, inspired by components of the natural extracellular matrix, along with advanced surface modification techniques like self-assembled monolayers, hydrogel coatings, and nanoscale surfaces, can lead to the development of more effective neural implants. These coatings enhance the immediate tissue response to implants through surface chemistry, improve interactions between the implant surface and damaged neural tissue, and increase their stability and long-term performance. These characteristics are vital for various applications, including neural prosthetics, brain implants, and neurobiological research. Ultimately, this research underscores the importance of designing protein-containing ceramic coatings to improve the quality of life for individuals with neurological disorders and pave the way for more innovative treatments.

The biocompatibility of coatings applied to implants is a critical factor in ensuring optimal implant performance and patient safety. Recent studies have highlighted the significant impact of protein interactions on the biocompatibility of these coatings. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of how proteins influence the biocompatibility of coatings applied to implants. The biocompatibility of these coatings is affected by various factors, including the type and concentration of proteins present in the surrounding environment. Proteins can interact with the coating material, altering its surface properties—such as hydrophilicity, roughness, and charge—and subsequently affecting the host response,including inflammation, fibrosis, and osseointegration.Protein adsorption onto the surface forms a layer that mediates blood cell adhesion and cellular responses, significantly influencing the surface's biocompatibility. This review emphasizes the dual nature of proteins: while some enhance biocompatibility by promoting cell adhesion and proliferation, others may induce adverse effects. The article explores the mechanisms through which proteins interact with coatings and discusses how these interactions can be optimized to improve biocompatibility. Finally, the review highlights the potential of protein-modified coatings to enhance both biocompatibility and functionality in various implant applications, including orthopedic and cardiovascular implants. Such coatings demonstrate the ability to improve cell adhesion, promote tissue integration, and reduce inflammatory responses.

A36 steel is a widely used construction material, appreciated for its low carbon content and excellent weldability. However, it is prone to atmospheric corrosion, particularly in humid and polluted areas like Tehran with its high carbon monoxide level. This study examines the corrosion behavior of shot-peened A36 steel in both a 3.5% NaCl solution and the same solution with 9 ppm CO to mimic real-world conditions. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization were performed on samples immersed for 1, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours as well as 1 and 2 weeks. The results showed that longer immersion times significantly altered the corrosion mechanisms in the Nyquist plots. Notably, shot peening improved the steel resistance to charge transfer and diffusion. After two weeks in the CO-rich solution, the corrosion current density of shot-peened samples dramatically decreased from 45.7 µA/cm² to 6.5 µA/cm², exhibiting an impressive reduction of 85.5%. Carbon monoxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid which lowered the pH, accelerating the cathodic reactions in more acidic medium. Additionally, shot peening applied compressive stresses on the steel surface that limited corrosive ion penetration. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirmed the formation of iron hydroxide compounds on the surface of shot-peened samples, enhancing their corrosion resistance by restricting the diffusion of corrosive agents.

TiO2 nanoparticle coatings have beneficial antifungal and anti-bacterial properties, which make them a reliable alternatives to resist against the occurrence and growth of viral, bacterial, parasitic or fungal infections. In this article, we have successfully produced a unique TiO2 coating on mild steel substrate by using sol-gel deposition technique to improve its corrosion resistance and anti-fungal properties. The coating was deposited on a mild steel substrate by a dip coating technique followed by three different type of cooling rates: 1, 3 and 6 ˚C/min. The phase morphology, micro-structure and composition of the coatings were studied by X-ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy characterization techniques. Bio-corrosion behaviour was evaluated by conducting electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization tests in 0.9 wt % NaCl solution at 37 ˚C to simulate aggressive environment. The antifungal performances of the coating have been studied on Aspergillus nigger and Aspergillus flavus. The specimens Reduction of corrosion current intensity for coated specimens varies from 15.8 to 0.8 µA/〖cm〗^2and shifting open circuit potential (Eocp) from -1550 mV to -391 mV, for heating and cooling rate 6 and 1 ˚C/min, respectively. Shifting Eocp towards more positive values by decreasing heating and cooling rate of heat treatment, enhanced corrosion resistance by reducing porosities and cracks in the coating. It is worthy to note that the antifungal properties TiO2 nanostructured coating on Aspergillus nigger and Aspergillus flavus are 50 and 30 % after 2 months, respectively.

The anodizing process of titanium (Ti) implants and their alloys improves their corrosion resistance and life service by naturally increasing the thickness of the passive oxide layer formed on the surface. Among the parameters that affect the properties of the anodized layer, voltage is a significant one due to the kinetic and thermodynamic processes. In this paper, commercial pure titanium (cp-Ti) coupons with the dimensions of 20 ×10 × 1 mm3 were used as the anode in 1 M sulfuric acid solution at different voltages of 3, 6, and 9 V, current intensity of 3 A, electrolyte temperature of 60 °C, and duration time of 30 s. The phase composition analysis, morphology, and corrosion behavior of the anodized Ti were examined by Grazing‐Incidence X‐Ray Diffraction (GIXRD), Field‐Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and electrochemical impedance, respectively, in Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) at 37 °C. The results confirmed the formation of titanium oxide coating with a hexagonal structure. A smoother surface was obtained upon increasing the voltage up to 6 V. However, the surface became rougher with further voltage increase up to 9 V. The highest charge transfer resistance (37354 and 58127 ohm.cm-2) was achieved at 6 V after 1 and 24 hours of immersion in the SBF solution, representing 84 % and 2440 % increase, respectively, compared to the cp-Ti sample. The double layer helps prevent the formation of localized corrosion sites, such as pitting and crevice corrosion, which can be particularly damaging to Ti alloy as an implant in the human body. Although rising the voltage from 3 to 6 V resulted in a more hydrophobic surface (as shown by an increase in the contact angle from 63.8° to 74.1°), further voltage increase up to 9 V made the surface more hydrophilic than before.

Due to ultra-high flexural flexibility, shape memory effect, high damping properties, corrosion resistance and good biocompatibility, the nitinol alloys (NiTi) are widely used in the manufacture of medical and biocompatible materials, such as stent, orthopedic implants and surgical instruments. But one of the most important problems of NiTi alloy is the release of nickel ions due to the destruction of the surface, which these ions can interfere with the enzymatic processes involved in protein synthesis and cell proliferation. The applied coating and ion implantation is one of the most important methods for improving the surface and behavior of the NiTi alloy. In this study, surface of NiTi alloy was modified by carbon plasma immersion ion implantations (CPIII). Then nanomechanical properties of coating were surveyed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) with nano-indentation, nano-scratch methods, and also corrosion behavior was investigated by polarization test in 0.5 M NaCl solution. The results indicate a completely homogeneous, uniform and free surface imperfection with a carbon ion implantation depth of about 50 nm, and decreased average surface roughness from 34to 25 nm. The ion implantation process resulted in increasing the hardness and elastic modulus of 80.7% and 21.8%, respectively, and reducing the average friction coefficient from 0.21 to 0.16, and also making dominant the shear wearing mechanism, with a 85% increase in corrosion resistance efficiency.

In recent years, using additives and different components to improve quality and nutritional properties of macaroni have been used. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of enrichment with Dunaliella salina microalgae powder and potato fiber on physicochemical and sensory properties of macaroni. For this purpose, different levels of these two additives (0.5, 1, 1.5% and combined concentration) were replaced with semolina flour in macaroni formulation and physicochemical and sensory characteristics of all treatments were studied. The obtained results of chemical tests showed that increasing potato fiber and algae powder levels in formulation lead to increase the content of moisture, ash and fiber in samples. By adding the different levels of potato fiber in macaroni, protein content significantly was decreased (p<0.05), but, significant changes in the amount of fat was not observed. However, by increasing the D. salina algae powder in formulation, the amounts of protein and fat were increased. The hardness amounts of samples containing different levels of potato fiber and algae powder were lower when compared with those of control sample. By adding potato fiber to macaroni formulation, the L* amount was increase, but the b* amount was decreased. The results of sensory evaluation of macaroni samples showed that treatments containing high levels of D. salina algae powder (1 and 1.5%) had lower scores than other samples. With the exception of the samples containing 1 and 1.5% alae powder, other examples in terms of sensory characteristics were acceptable. From the above results it can be concluded that the addition of D. salina algae and potato fiber to macaroni improved the cooking property and nutritional quality of the macaroni products. Finally, the combined sample containing 0.5% potato fiber and 0.5% D. salina algae powder can be introduced as the best treatment in this study.

In this study, corrosion behavior of nanostructured multilayer coatings of Ti/TiN applied on the 7075 aluminum substrate was evaluated by EIS method. Ti/TiN nano scale multilayer coatings were deposited on surface of samples by high-vacuum magnetron sputtering process, then structure and morphology of the coating were analyzed by using GIXRD, FESEM and AFM, afterwards, the corrosion behavior of coating was investigated by Nyquist and Bode phase curves after1, 12, 24, 48, 60 and 72 hours of immersion in 3.5% NaCl solution. Results show, the applying of nanostructured multilayer coating and interrupting columnar structure of TiN by the Ti as an intermediate layer causes to increase the impedance and corrosion resistance of Al7075 about 43 times compare with bare of Al7075, which proving that this coating is so effective for enhancing of corrosion behavior of Al7075

Nanostructured titanium oxide coating due to the optical properties, resistance to oxidation, corrosion, and erosion has become highly regarded. There are different ways for applying nanostructure coating such as CVD, PVD, sol - gel and so on. Among of these methods, the sol - gel method was used more application, due to the ease of having such benefits as efficiency, homogeneity and uniformity of the chemical composition of the coating. So, in this paper, the intermediate coating, adhesive and porous nanostructured titanium oxide, as maintenance reserves cerium inhibitor, applied by sol - gel method on aluminum 2024, after that a layer of homogeneous, uniform and compact titanium oxide applied on the middle layer, then the structural properties, morphology and coating composition were investigated by XRD, FESEM and AFM and corrosion properties of the coatings in 3, 5% NaCl solution was measured by electrochemical techniques such as polarization and impedance measured. The results showed homogeneity, uniformity and free crack coating and also improving the corrosion resistance of Al 2024 from 36 to 2449 (KΩcm2), about 68 times. These effects can be due to self-healing mechanism of nano cerium inhibitors by releasing and producing cerium hydroxide and finally prevent cracks propagation.

TiCx coatings are well known for a very high melting point, high hardness, good corrosion and wear resistance, so, these properties have made them of particular interest for a broadrange of application industries. In this research, nanostructured TiC was coated onto H11 hot-working steel at three different operating temperatures, such as 470, 490 and 510 (as a thermodynamic- kinetic parameter), by the pulsed DC plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition (PACVD) method. The phase and structure properties and corrosion behavior of thin film were studied by X-Ray direction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), raman spectroscopy, SEM, Polarization test and EIS. The results indicate that coating which was applied at 490 °C shows the formation of a homogeneous and uniform layer with particle size of about 7 nm and high corrosion resistance, and its corrosion behaviors possessed the positive open circuit potential (OCP) of about 10 mV vs. Standard calomel electrode (SCE) and lowest current density of about 0.43 (μA/Cm-2) in 3.5% NaCl solution.