alireza garshasbi

In this study, export finance methods and the role of export credit institutions for easing of the export process is presented. Moreover, diagnosis of Iran non-oil export finance at macro, manufacture industries and business levels is studied by SBC approach through analytical-descriptive and survey methods. The results of the survey 45 selected exporters show that export companies are generally faced with three types of financial constraints which include environmental, Behavioral and structural constrains. Environmental constrains are related to fluctuations of macroeconomic variables such as exchange rates, low international relations of financial and banking, and Guarantee restrictions. Some of behavioral difficulties consist of low volume of export credits and high financial costs. Structural barriers are mainly due to weak coordination between export credit institutions for example between Export Development Bank of Iran and Export Guarantee Fund of Iran. Some of the most important policy implications consist of foreign exchange market management, improvement of banking and financial relations with foreign credit institutions in accordance with international standards, drafting a country risk reduction program in order to absorb foreign resources, increasing export credits via national development fund resources, reducing export financial cost, transfer cost Compensation of national development fund's resources from foreign banks by the government, codification of an export development strategy for export priorities determination, export finance programing for SMEs and knowledge based industries, utilizing the buyer's credit capacity for export markets diversification, Allocation of some public institutions resources for re-exports.

One of the major requirements for increasing the competitiveness among the range of export goods in global markets is to equip financial markets in terms of development and supply of financial resources required to strengthen and foster export activities, given the fact that firms involved in the international trade arena have access to a wide variety of export financing methods which puts them at an advantage over domestic exporters. So failure to acknowledge this issue may give rise to serious constrains in the development and growth of non-petroleum exports. Financing of export activities in the form of financial arrangements, insurance and guarantee, with regards to the level of business and non-business risks is carried out through government institutions in two forms of export financing before and after the shipment of goods. The surveys indicated that, however, there are multiple challenges in structural (based institutional framework), behavioral (export financing function) and environment (out of the firm control) in non-petroleum export finance. Due to the difference in scope of effecting, and the costs of each solution related to these challenges, the main purpose of this article is to offer and prioritize a set of solutions addressing the most important challenges faced by non-petroleum export finance in the mentioned axis. Hence in this study, a questionnaire containing offering policy solutions is arranged and handed out to some 45 policy makers in the Export and Financing domain. After Confirming the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, prioritizing the solutions is conducted through the statistical analysis and the TOPSIS method. As a result, the most important and the most prioritized policy options for non-oil export financing are related to the behavioral factor and include increasing the working capital of export units; increasing the Export Development Bank and Export Guarantee Fund of Iran capital from resources provided by the government; creating and expanding of low-cost export credit lines from the Central Bank to the Export Development Bank of Iran; and cutting commissions on export credits, guarantees and insurance policies.

In the production of metal matrix composites when the size of the additive particles is reduced from micrometer to nanometer, all of the conventional producing methods are inefficient. Composites produced by these methods only improve the mechanical properties and in many cases result in weakness of other properties of the produced composite. In this study, AA6061 / SiC layered nanocomposite and also homogeneous nano-composite were produced with FSP process. Since the focus was on improving the impact resistance and reducing the fracture failure at high strength. Three-point bending, Charpy shock and hardness tests were performed on the specimens. Also, the cross-sectional fracture of the specimens were performed by electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The results showed that the flexural properties, traction absorption and FG composite layer breakage were improved compared to homogeneous HNC composites, which made the composite produced at the same high strength not too brittle, and this would widen the range of application of the composite. The results also showed that improvement of hardness, bending and impact properties are 15, 68, 16 respectively.

In the World Economic Forum of Global Competitiveness Report (2016-17) in terms of financial development market, implies the inefficiency of Iran’s financial market. Since Iran’s financial system is bank-based, the main reason for this inefficiency is related to the performance of banking system. In terms of the number of financial intermediaries in the banking system, Iran has a better situation than other countries. However, in terms of the quality of financial services, financial depth and cost of resource mobilization, Iran’s banking system condition is not desirable. Fiscal domination and government interventions in monetary and credit policies has limited financial depth. In addition, on one hand the lack of a coordinated industrial policy and industrial investments priorities have led to non-optimal resource allocation. On the other hand, the cost of resource provision in Iran is high compared to other countries, which has challenged the banks’ financial strength and their capital adequacy. The most important approaches to paradigm shift in Iran’s banking system include the development of program to absorb foreign resource, reform of the relationship between government and banking system by reducing imposed loans, credit shares elimination, interest rates liberalization, improvement of financial intermediation role through practical training, financial intermediaries diversification as well as integrated supervision on the financial market

Trade volume and share in global trade, especially high-tech exports, is one of the indicators of economic power in the modern economy. Global economic powers try to use formal and informal tools to keep their trade power through production and export of knowledge-intensive products. The aim of this paper is to firstly introduce these tools using comparative studies and secondly investigate the Iran's status in each tool. Studies show that emerging economies have been able to present themselves as new global players by expanding their high-tech exports. In addition, trade restrictions on goods, knowledge-based trade, foreign direct investment and international transfer of capital have been the most important tools for maintaining long-term economic power of great economies. Despite the importance of such tools, investigating the high-tech exports in Iran shows a low share of such products in country's trade because of factors such as lack of a master plan for production of high-tech goods, low rate of technology penetration among firms, low technology transfer through FDI and high investment risks because of sanctions, weak collaboration between industry and university, low spending in research and development (R&D) and limited financing resources. It should be noted that Iranian policy makers have not properly used these tools in order to improve country's position in global high-tech trade.

For an in-depth analysis of the petrochemical industry, out of 30 petrochemical complexes we drew a sample of 18 companies having a similar fiscal year with their audited financial statements for the first half of 1393 and 1394 being accessible on the Stock Exchange official website. An overview of integrated audited financial statements was indicative of increased production, dampened sale as well as an unwanted inventory growth. Major long term investment activities involved financial investment and purchase of other petrochemical companie's stocks with an aim to increase diversity of ownership. Moreover, payment of dividends to shareholders represents a major cash outflow and thereby triggered corporate default. Based on the results of a study aimed at investigating the relationship between financial performance and scale, export-orientation and feedstock used in petrochemical complexes, we suggest the following: Corrections of article 90 of Trade Law with regards to dividend payment Pursuant to paragraph 4, article 34 of the Banking and Monetary Act, Revision be made to facilities and macro commitments regulations Issuance of business license and permits esp. for gas-based complexes in border areas Development of a resilient mechanism for feedstock pricing Correction of paragraph b, article 1 of the Targeted Subsidies Law with an aim to support export Facilitating the implementation of article 30 of Law on Elimination of Barriers to Competitive Production Improving the financial system.

Export diversification in developing countries is an important tool to stabilize the foreign exchange revenue from exports of goods and services. This paper examines changes in diversification of exports for the period 2004-2012 when international sanctions increased against Iran. For this purpose، export diversification and its trend has been examined with Herfindahl، Hirschman and Thile indices. The results show that export diversification has shown a declining trend before new sanctions (in 2010) and an increasing trend after new sanctions. Diversification of 8-digit commodity code (HS) indicates that despite the improvement of export diversification، the country''s total non-oil exports remain concentrated in certain groups، and this has a negative impact on diversification. Furthermore، the results showed that the geographic diversification with new sanctions declined sharply.

The estimation of output supply and inputs demand in farming sector with the assumption of full economic efficiency may result in false policy decisions. This article investigates the effects of irrigated wheat economic inefficiency on output supply and inputs demand in the period 2001-2009. After estimating the economic inefficiency by the use of production and cost stochastic models, the output supply and inputs demand of irrigated wheat are obtained through seemingly unrelated regression method. Results show that technical, allocative and economic inefficiency in irrigated wheat production in Iran are 21, 23 and 38 percent respectively. Moreover, the slope of output supply function is strongly affected by the related economic inefficiency in profit function and inefficiency changes input’s demand coefficients. Results also show that technical inefficiency has a greater effect on inputs demand compared to the allocative inefficiency.

The main Purpose of this research is comparison of efficiency of independent headquarters of Iranian post bank by using non- parametric (Data Envelopment Analysis) and parametric methods (Stochastic Frontier Functions). In order to estimate and evaluate the efficiency, data on balance sheet have been used for 28 independent headquarters of Iranian Post Bank during 1999-2005. Results show, there is no significant differences between non – parametric and parametric approach in measuring the efficiency of independent headquarters of Iranian post bank.Regarding to results of DEA, means of cost efficiency, technical efficiency and allocative efficiency is 25%, 83% and 32% respectively.Logarithmic - Linear Translog cost function is utilized in parametric method to estimate efficiency and define the determinant factors. The Results showed the efficiency of Iranian Post Bank is 55%. The efficiency of headquarters has inverse relation with the size of Post Bank (total asset), number of Employee, number of branches, and directly relation with time trend and total income of Post Bank. Finally, in this essay, for microeconomic basic and effect of random variables SFA is preferred to DEA.

Rice is regarded as one of the consumed corns of the human being and the white rice among the corns is a product which has been planted for the man kind exclusively. Just now, Iran is considered as one of the most important importers of this product all over the world. Through this study and using the political tools and the appropriate administrative approaches, we able to streng efficiency of the rice planters and reduce the technical inefficiency to produce the rice so that the local farmers secure a part of the internal demands in this way. On the basis of the data of the agricultural year of 2003-2004 for the different varieties of the rice, the current research has taken an action to estimate the efficiency in the five selected provinces of the Gilan, Mazandaran, Golestan, Khouzestan and fars. The results indicate that the technical efficiency(VRS) to plant this product is relatively high and its average is 87%. The production of the varieties of the rice has possessed the identical technical efficiency in three provinces of Khouzestan, Gilan and Kazandaran.Technical efficiency of the rice is different in the provinces of the Fars and Golestan.

The main Purpose of this study is to investigate the comparative efficiency of commercial banks in Iran using stochastic frontier function as a parametric and data envelopment analysis as a non-parametric approaches. The data used cover the period 1996-2004. The findings of this paper show that there is a significant difference between non–parametric and parametric methods in measuring the efficiency in the commercial banks of Iran. The mean of cost efficiency, allocative efficiency, and technical efficiency are 65, 96, and 68 percent, respectively, using DEA approach. Moreover, a linear translog cost function is specified and estimated. The estimated Mean of efficiency is 34 percent.