alireza noorpoor

Organic wastes constitute a large part of urban solid wastes, which are the main source of environmental problems in waste management, including leachate. A suitable method for organic waste management is to use anaerobic digesters to produce biogas. However, in many cases, the low efficiency of biogas production prevents the use of this method. In this study, three pretreatment methods were used to improve biogas production in an anaerobic digester. The difference of each pretreatment method in terms of biogas production was investigated in four scenarios. Also, the cost-benefit of each scenario was calculated in a financial model based on life cycle cost analysis. The results showed that the yield of methane production without pretreatment was 229 ml/gVS, which increased to 358 ml/gVS using pretreatment methods. The capital costs of the scenario with the highest biogas production were 76% higher than the scenario without pretreatment. In this situation, the income increased up to 61.6%, but the most important impact on the life cycle cost was due to the operating costs, which increased by 140% and 155% in two scenarios of using ozone as part of the pre-treatment. Considering the low effect of using ozone as pretreatment in increasing biogas production compared to other pretreatment, as well as the negative effect of this method on the cost-benefit of the project, thermal and NaOH pretreatment recommended as the best pretreatment for anaerobic digester.

The first future challenge facing human beings is to supply the world's energy needs. However, energy consumption and resource depletion in industrial processes are significantly increasing. Therefore, life cycle assessment can be an excellent tool to quantify resources and energy consumption in different parts of industrial processes. The combination of process simulation and assessment of process life cycle can be resources & energy consumption in different parts is quantified and can be significantly reduced by optimizing the process, energy wastage. The process stimulation is done by HYSIS software, then by collecting output data, energy and materials flow, life cycle assessment is conducted using SIMAPRO software. According to output of the release list, 1709 items are released into the environment, of which 396, 407, 340 items are released into the air, water, soil, respectively and 556 items are extracted from sources. The most appropriate procedure to assess the life cycle of crude oil processing is Cumulative Energy Demand and Cumulative Exergy Demand energy approach. Based on the first-order analysis, the highest consumption of resources and energy is in the crude oil transmission sector; (Road construction with 44.95 petajoules and transmission pipelines with 19.85 petajoules). Also, regarding the second-order analysis, the highest consumption of resources and energy is related to crude oil production processes with 1.65 petajoules per operation and desalination unit, medium voltage electricity consumption with 0.002194 petajoules and exergy of power lines with 0.00087 petajoules.

In this paper, a system consisting of the Allam cycle and Multi-Effect Distillation- Thermal Vapor Compression) MED-TVC( desalination was proposed to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. It uses wasted energy for the simultaneous production of freshwater and power. Firstly, analysis of the Allam cycle delineated that the heat capacity suitable for the desalination cycle is estimated to be 100 MW, the amount of heat from the outlet of the compressor. The MED-TVC desalination system, one of the most suitable and the most economical desalination systems, is used to combine the Allam cycle and desalination in Kish Island, located in the south of Iran. The results of this research indicate that the proposed cycle has a desirable economic performance, and the results of economic analysis using the Net Present Value (NPV) method and Internal Rate of Return (IROR) show the Payback period in this plan is 4.8 years.

Global fire cases in recent years and their vast damages are vivid reasons to study the wildfires more deeply. A 25-year period natural wildfire database and a wide array of environmental variables are used in this study to develop an artificial neural network model with the aim of predicting potential fire spots. This study focuses on non-human reasons of wildfires (natural) to compute global warming effects on wildfires. Among the environmental variables, this study shows the significance of temperature for predicting wildfire cases while other parameters are presented in a next study. The study area of this study includes all natural forest fire cases in United States from 1992 to 2015. The data of eight days including the day fire occurred and 7 previous days are used as input to the model to forecast fire occurrence probability of that day. The climatic inputs are extracted from ECMWF. The inputs of the model are temperature at 2 meter above surface, relative humidity, total pressure, evaporation, volumetric soil water layer, snow melt, Keetch–Byram drought index, total precipitation, wind speed, and NDVI. The results show there is a transient temperature span for each forest type which acts like a threshold to predict fire occurrence. In temperate forests, a 0.1-degree Celsius increase in temperature relative to 7-day average temperature before a fire occurrence results in prediction model output of greater than 0.8 for 4.75% of fire forest cases. In Boreal forests, the model output for temperature increase of less than 1 degree relative to past 7-day average temperature represents no chance of wildfire. But the non-zero fire forest starts at 2 degrees increase of temperature which ends to 2.62% of fire forest cases with model output of larger than 0.8. It is concluded that other variables except temperature are more determinant to predict wildfires in temperate forests rather than in boreal forests.

In the present work, experimental and theoretical aspects of CO2 adsorption on the amine-modified pumice, as a new adsorbent, was investigated. CO2 adsorption measurements were performed at three different temperatures (298, 328, and 348 K), and pressures up to 1 atm. To determine the best-fitting isotherm, the experimental equilibrium data were analyzed using eight adsorption isotherm models with two and three parameters. Four two-parameter equations, namely the Langmuir, Freundlich, BET, and Temkin, and four three-parameter equations, namely the Redlich-Peterson, Sips, Toth, and Dubinin- Astakhov were used. To evaluate the adequacy of the fitting of the isotherm models, the average relative error was calculated. Furthermore, Henry's law constant for evaluating the adsorption affinity of CO2 on the adsorbent was estimated by the Virial model. The results showed the modified pumice demonstrated better adsorption at the temperature of 298 K. Its adsorption capacity (0.510 mmol/g) was almost twice as much as that of raw pumice. The Freundlich model, in comparison with the other two-parameter models, and the Sips model, compared to the other three-parameter models, showed the best correspondence with CO2 adsorption’s experimental data, with average relative errors of less than 3% observed at all temperatures. The results suggest that the amount of E (kJ/mol) (the characteristic energy of adsorption D-A isotherm) at 298K and 328K was lower than 8, which indicates the domination of the physical adsorption mechanism in the process of CO2 adsorption on modified pumice.

The overuse of fossil fuels to supply the fast-growing population of the earth with their needed energy, as well as advanced technologies and industrial development have led to the emission of great amount of greenhouse gases. From among the greenhouse gases, CO2 is of particular importance and accounts for around 60% of the effects of global warming. The best long-term solution to reduce the amount of released CO2 is through its adsorption and sedimentation. As the adsorption stage in carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology is the most expensive phase (70-90 percent of the total costs), conducting research into solid adsorbents and increasing their CO2 adsorption capacity seems reasonable. As a result, adsorbents made of natural and eco-friendly materials, which are economical and do not necessitate the use of complicated synthesis processes are of considerable importance. In order to fulfill such a goal, this study, for the first time, examined the CO2 adsorption capacity of raw (natural) pumice as a green adsorbent. A considerable body of previous research has focused different applications of pumice since 1995. The majority of the studies were related to the removal of pollutants in water and wastewater treatment. After an exhaustive review of the literature, it seems that the available body of research is void of any findings regarding the use of pumice modified with Tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) as a CO2 adsorbent. Having large contact surface, high porosity (90% on average), and –OH group, this igneous rock seems a suitable choice for the adsorption process. The performance of the adsorbent could be improved if functional groups with high affinity to adsorb CO2 is added to it. Highly porous solids and amine groups can make a very suitable compound to achieve high adsorption rates. According to the recent studies on the selective adsorption of CO2 by amine compounds, TEPA enjoyed the highest adsorption, and therefore was selected in this study as the added substance to pumice.

In this study, a new method was used to modify the pumice taken from Maragheh mine. In this method, 0.01 moles of 2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyltrimethoxysilane (2.88 grams) to increase adhesion, and 0.01 moles of tetraethylenepentamine (1.89 grams) were mixed in a 50cc beaker containing 10 milliliters of isopropylamine with oxirene ring. The product was used as the modifying agent and was added to powdered pumice (pumicite) at the mass percentage of 6%.
This involved adding 10 milliliters of the solution of water: ethanol (1:10 volume fraction) to 10 grams of the powder and the modifying agent (6%) was added to the beaker while being stirred. The content of the beaker was mixed with 0.01% ammonia solution for 1 hour at 60 degrees Celsius. The sediment was poured on filter paper, rinsed three times with 60% ethanol, and left in the oven for four hours at 60 degrees Celsius to completely dry.
First, the CO2 adsorption capacity of raw pumice and then that of pumice modified with 6% TEPA were measured using the BELSORP-max instrument. Then, the Ideal Adsorption Solution Theory equations were calculated. The analytical equation of spreading pressure is presented based on Toth isotherm:
The selectivity of CO2 to N2 is calculated using the following formula:The adsorbent performance indicator (API) is calculated using the material balance equation for the three parameters of adsorption capacity, selectivity, and adsorption enthalpy.
According to the following equations, the shares of physical and chemical adsorption on the total amount of adsorption (of the adsorbate on the selected adsorbent) can be calculated.

The results of the XRF test revealed SiO2 and Al2O3 to be the main constituents of pumice. In the XRD results of pumice (from Maragheh) crystal phase was seen when . According to the FT-IR results, in this sample features of SiO4 group was observed at 1033 cm-1, 1037 cm-1, 1048 cm-1, 461 cm-1, and 780 cm-1 wavelengths. The morphology of the sample pumice examined using scanning electron microscope (SEM) demonstrated that in the sample, the amorphous structure of lamella is split into uneven phases and bonds which shows evenly spread pores are extruded in nature. According to the results, the CO2 adsorption capacity of pumice from Maragheh was around 0.230 mmol/g. This figure for the modified pumice was around 0.510 mmol/g, which is twice as much as that of raw (natural) pumice. Increasing the temperature affected the CO2 adsorption capacity negatively and at 298K, 328K, and 348K, the adsorption capacity was calculated to be around 0.510 mmol/g, 0.402 mmol/g, and 0.357 mmol/g, respectively. The values of reduced spreading pressure were measured as molar fractions of the adsorbed CO2 on 6% TEPA modified pumice at 298K and different CO2 concentrations of 5, 15, 25, and 35 percent by volume, and were 0.2, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6, respectively. Consequently, the adsorbent’s selectivity of CO2 molecules compared to N2 is possible to estimate. The results reflecting the CO2 working capacity after the alteration of the concentration of CO2 revealed that the higher the concentration of CO2 is, the better the modified pumice adsorbent performs. The selectivity of CO2 on modified pumice showed that if the CO2 concentration (partial pressure) rises, the rate of adsorption decreases .This point is justified because molecules of CO2 have high affinity for the sites with more adsorption energy in comparison with N2 molecules. Moreover, when the pressure increases and high-energy sites get full, CO2 and N2 molecules compete to sit on the sites with lower energy (which are of less value in terms of selectivity).When the volume percentages of CO2 were 35 and 25 (which is the common case in cement industry), the rates of selectivity were 2.79 and 3, respectively. When the concentration of CO2 was 15 percent by volume (the common case at coal power plants), the amount of selectivity was equal to 3.76. This amount with CO2 at 5 percent by volume (common in combined cycle and gas turbine power plants) was 4.75.

In this study, the experimental results of CO2 adsorption capacity of raw pumice and amine-modified pumice were compared. The natural (raw) pumice demonstrated the rate of CO2 adsorption of 0.230 mmol/g. There was a considerable increase in the amount of CO2 adsorption capacity when pumice was modified using 6% TEPA content (0.510 mmol/g), which showed the adsorbents better performance next to the amine compound. This point has already been proved in several other studies on adsorbents. Upon alterations of the temperature, the adsorption capacity at 298K, 328K, and 348K was higher than that of raw pumice at 298K. Additionally, the highest rate of CO2 adsorption in the modified sample was observed at 298K, which signals that a lower temperature is more favorable for 6% TEPA-modified pumice. The investigation of the effect of concentration of CO2 on the adsorption capacity and API of modified pumice in process units revealed that the lower the concentration of CO2, the better the performance of the adsorbent. In addition, the thermodynamical parameters proved that the process of CO2 adsorption on modified pumice was of the physical adsorption kind and was both exothermic and spontaneous. Despite the lower capacity of CO2 adsorption for pumice in comparison with other synthesized adsorbents, the low cost of production of pumice when compared to other adsorbents, along with its accessibility due to the large number of mines in the country, makes its commercial use justified.

In this research, an analytical method for quantification of the thermal energy performance improvement for a building integrated photovoltaic double-skin façade has provided. The system has been suggested as a retrofit measure for an existing building in Tehran. The effect of thermal performance has been analyzed through computer-assisted developed code using engineering equation solver software. Three scenarios have been defined and for each scenario temperature and velocity profiles have provided through continuity, momentum and energy equations. As the monocrystalline photovoltaic modules and the double-glazed windows are more conventional in the current condition in Tehran, the authors have considered them for the analysis. A comparison of results for this study is valuable for the cases intending to select between the glass and the photovoltaic as the outer façade. The quantitative results illustrate that the proposed system would be able to reduce the cooling demand in the summer case by 18.5 kilowatts, which is around 8.7 percent of the current cooling load. According to the results of the sensitivity analysis, both glass and photovoltaic façades have a greater impact in terms of energy saving in the summer case. According to the results of the analysis, by increasing the ratio between the photovoltaic outer façade to the surface area of the glass section, the amount of the energy saving due to the total cooling load reduction will increase. The results of the analysis showed that the application of the suggested system will reduce the thermal load by 2.1 percent in the winter season.

This paper uses the energy hub concept to meet the water, heat and electricity demand of a power plant in the Qeshm island in south of Iran. Given the power plant’s high potential for waste heat recovery and some scenarios were considered using the hub energy concept based on energy, exergy, environmental and economic analyzes in terms of meeting the demands of the hub and purchasing/selling energy carriers including electricity, heating, freshwater as well as its production using gas turbine, steam turbine, boiler, Reverse Osmosis (RO) and Multi-Effect Desalination (MED) system. Energy hubs are optimized based on the Genetic Algorithm (GA) with the goal of supplying demand, as well as reducing costs and pollutants and increasing the exergy efficiency which ultimately will be selected using the concept of an energy hub at its optimal capacity. By comparing the two energy supplying systems of the current case study and optimal energy hub, results showed that the Total Annual Cost (TAC) level decreased by about 257904 $/year and exergy efficiency increased by 34.31%. CO2 emission will also decrease by about 471 tons/year.

Isogam (Waterproofing) Bituminous production units as one of the major sources of air pollutants, make concerns for environmental organizations, research centers and industries in order to mitigate their destructive impacts on the atmosphere. Due to importance of application of these materials in building sectors, many producing units have been developed in Iran. It confronts many Iranian cities with an environmental crisis. Therefore, accurate analysis of pollutant emissions is an essential step while presenting strategies to minimize its harmful effect. Isogam Bituminous production process includes non-hydrocarbon emissions and hydrocarbon gases.The purpose of this research is to measure exhaust gas emissions of the production units of Isogam Bituminous Delijan such as CO, HC, CO2 , SO2 and NOX (NO+NO2), contrasting with the conventional standards.

In this research, various values of volumetric gas concentrations (ppm) are measured by analyzer machine named Testo350. Then to analyze the quality of the exhaust gas the health, safety and environmental standards would be applied to the specimen.

According to the presented results, CO is the highest part of pollutants which is 678 ppm in winter and the highest average concentration of hydrocarbons in the summer is 250.

This study shows that as the values ​​of some parameters is greater than the standard values of exhaust chimney, it is necessary to review the control systems to optimize the emission of pollutants.

In this paper, quasi-dynamic analysis of a building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system has been investigated by using data mining for a simulated case study. To cover the aim of this research, practical generated energy, power conversion efficiency, energy efficiency and exergy efficiency have been analysed as key performance indicators for evaluation of system dynamics. Results of data analytics can be usefully applied to investigate the performance of system in real conditions of operation in compare to the results of models.

One of the problems of the development of urban life and the modern lifestyle in human societies is the high waste generation and management of these wastes. Waste is a substance that is not usable at the place of production for the producer. But they can be applied elsewhere. One of the methods for waste management alongside recycling of recoverable materials is the production of energy and fertilizer from the waste. In this article after the quantitative and qualitative introduction of waste of Amol city, the method of biogas production is discussed as an effective method in waste management in Amol city, then the potential of biogas production from corrosive organic parts of Amol waste (about 65% of it) has been analyzed. Biogas contains combinations of methane and carbon dioxide. Based on the findings of this research, by installing landfill bioreactors, anaerobic digestion and waste incinerators in Amol city respectively, have the potential for energy production is 13.5, 14 and 2.4 megawatts that that,13/5 and 14 MW are CHP generators with about 40% electrical efficiency (respectively 6 and 7.2 megawatts).

In this study, a new proposed multi-generation system as a promising integrated energy conversion system is studied, and its performance is investigated thermodynamically. The system equipped with parabolic trough collectors and biomass combustor to generate electricity, heating and cooling loads, hydrogen and potable water. A double effect absorption chiller to provide cooling demand, a proton exchange membrane electrolyzer to split water into hydrogen and oxygen and a multi-effect desalination system to provide potable water by recovering the waste heat of biomass combustion is combined with a steam Rankine cycle. The results of the thermodynamic analysis indicate that thermal efficiency of 82.5% and exergy efficiency of 14.6% is achievable for the proposed system. Hydrogen and potable water production rates are 88.1 kg/h and 3.9 m3/h, respectively. The proposed system generates 26.3 MW electricity, 26.3 MW heating load, and 137.2 MW cooling load. Parabolic trough solar collector, double effect absorption chiller and biomass combustor are the primary sources of thermodynamic irreversibilities in comparison to other components. The mass flow rate of biomass fed to the system and aperture area of parabolic trough solar collector is calculated to be 6.2 ton/h and 188,000 m2. Besides conventional analyses, to conclude the concept of multiplicity six different cases for the studied multi-generation system are modeled and evaluated regarding thermal and exergy efficiencies. Finally, the parametric study is performed to identify the consequential parameters on the thermodynamic performance of the system.

Volatile organic compounds are a major source of air pollution affecting human health and the environment. Different methods are used to remove these pollutants from air streams including conventional and biological methods. In this study, the absorption and biodegradation of toluene were examined in a semi-industrial bioscrubber in order to enhance the absorption rate of toluene in the aqueous phase. The effect of cutting oil was examined as the organic phase. Mass transfer was measured for water only, as well as for three concentrations of cutting oil in water. The growth of microorganisms in the presence of different concentrations of cutting oil was investigated. The microbial consortium was obtained from a wastewater treatment plant in order to inoculate the bioscrubber. First, the ability of the microbial consortium was tested for the degradation of toluene in a bottle. The results showed 98% of toluene in the bottle was degraded by the microbial consortium. In addition, the use of cutting oil significantly decreased kla (from 3.8 to 0.37). Concerning bioscrubber performance, the use of cutting oil as the organic phase increased the efficiency and elimination capacity from 22.5 to 55 and from 34 to 69, respectively, in the case of oil in water. The elimination rate of toluene increased as 32.5% by adding the cutting oil.

TThe present paper evaluates the plan of combustion air pre-heater installation on the fired heater from thermodynamics and thermos-economics point of view. As a real case study, one of the fired heaters (H_101) of Distillation unit in Tehran Oil Refinery, Iran, is intended. With applying an air pre-heater in this study, flue gases temperature falls down from 430 ºC to 200ºCand combustion air temperature grows up from 25ºCto 350 ºC. By examining the energy and exergy analyses before and after the installation of air pre-heater, the increase in thermal efficiency by 20% and exergy efficiency by 37% and accordingly decreasing fuel consumption by 20% is observed. It is also indicated that the most exergy destruction is accrued in the fired heater (57.24%). In this study for the first time, based on advanced exergy analyses and concepts of endogenous/exogenous and avoidable/unavoidable parts, exergy destruction, exergy destruction cost rates and capital investment of combustion air preheater system are found which results show the endogenous and unavoidable parts in overall system are dominant. Also, the effect of flue gases temperature (T5) on the system performance is investigated through sensitivity analyses. It is seen that with rising T5, thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency in real, theory and unavoidable conditions decrease. The results demonstrate the majority parts of exergy destruction in fired heater and air preheater is endogenous, unavoidable and unavoidable endogenous. Considering the cost of air preheater and related equipment and operating and maintenance costs annually, the payback period is estimated to be less than 2 years. In this research, the EES and Excel were applied to calculate the amount.

Adsorption and separation of CO2 gaseous compounds with N2 and CH4 are investigated in FAU and MFI zeolites, and metal organic framework Cu-BTC by Monte-Carlo method. PCFF force field is used for the adsorption isotherms simulation of CH4 and CO2 in pure zeolites and DREIDING force field is applied for Cu-BTC. Simulation results have an acceptable and good consistency with experimental data. Pure adsorption isotherms and the mixture of CH4 and CO2 are studied in three structures. Moreover, the effects of pressure, temperature, and concentration of CO2 on adsorption, selectivity, and permeability of CO2 relative to CH4 and N2 are analyzed. The outcomes of simulation show that whenever temperature increases and pressure decreases, adsorption is reduced. This behavior is a function of molecular structure of adsorbent. In terms of porosity and voids accessible to gas molecules, we have Cu-BTC>FAU>MFI. In addition to pressure and feed concentration, evaluation of selectivity results illustrates that the selectivity of CO2 is dependent to molecular structure of zeolite in comparison to other gases. Comparing the findings of CO2 permeability coefficient in all three structures demonstrates that maximum permeability coefficient happens with MFI and the minimum one occurs in Cu-BTC.

Integrated energy systems utilizing renewable sources are sustainable and environmentally substitutes for conventional fossil-fired energy systems. A new multigeneration plant with two inputs, such as biomass and solar energy, and four useful outputs, such as cooling, heating, power, and distilled water, is presented and investigated in this paper. The proposed system includes evacuated tube solar collectors, biomass burners, the organic rankine cycle (ORC), absorption chillers, heaters, and a multi-effect desalination system (MED). The results showed that the proposed system can produce 802.5 kW for power, 10391 kW for heating, 5658 kW for cooling, and 9.328 kg/s for distilled water. The energy efficiency of the system is 61%, while the exergy efficiency is 7% and the main sources of exergy destructions are biomass burner, evacuated tube solar collectors, and the vapour generator. Exergy optimization is carried out to find the optimum point of the system.

1. Adsorption and separation of gaseous compounds is a special issue in industry. Zeolites are the common material used for gaseous compound separation. Separation and adsorption features of zeolites in gaseous compounds has been investigated in terms of temperature, pressure, pore size, and structure. Many of studies used PCFF force field and Monte-Carlo method for investigating carbon dioxide adsorption behavior of zeolites. Rahmati and Modarress, and Lim et al. studied zeolites with MSE, IHW, UFI, SIV, IWV, and JSR structures. They showed that PCFF force field is a good choice for simulation. Lennard-Jones (L-J) potential function was also applied in most of the papers. Shu-Mei Wang, and Rahmati and Modarress used this potential function to model unlinked interactions. The results illustrated good coherence with experimental data. Furthermore, zeolite with NaY structure was modeled with GCMC and experimental method by A. Ghoufi et al. Yue et al applied L-J and Colon function and also used molecular dynamics and Monte-carlo method for modeling unlinked interaction in zeolite with MFI structure. Adsorption and separation of benzene and carbon dioxide compound were investigated. The effects of temperature, pressure, mixture of feed elements and adsorption heat were studied and results of simulation correspond well with experimental data. There are many structures for zeolite and grow annually. Therefore, their performance features of them in terms of separation and adsorption of gaseous compounds must be investigated. Hence, in this study we use molecular simulation by Monte-Carlo and molecular dynamic methods to investigate and compare separation and adsorption capacity of MFI and FAU zeolites.
2. We have to simulate 2 kinds of interaction: gas-gas and gas-zeolites. We learned from previous study that L-J potential function is appropriate for interactions of gas molecules and atoms in nanotube. We set PCFF force field for inter-molecular interactions and consider that zeolites have rigid and nonflexible structure. We used periodic boundary layer for creating a limitless system. In simulation by MonteCarlo method we used metropolis algorithm. We also applied GCMC condition. Chemical potential is a function of gas fugacity. We assumed Ideal gas assumption instead of fugacity in all gases simulated. By using metropolis algorithm and according to generation, elimination, movement, rotation, and angular bending of molecules, alterations are applied to system and rejected and accepted by accepting terms of that transformation.
3. First of all we need to investigate the accuracy of simulations results which include: 1. the results of gas adsorption in zeolite, 2. Adsorption of pure gas, 3. Adsorption of the mixture of two gasses, 4. Selectivity, and 5. Permeability. Figure 1 shows constant temperature adsorption of carbon dioxide in zeolite with MFI structure. We compare our result with other studies to illustrate that our method in acceptable and better simulate the behavior of adsorption in zeolite. We set temperature and pressure on 298K and 0-1000KPA respectively. We also applied PCFF force field.
Figure 2 illustrates the results of pure gas adsorption of nitrogen. Figure 2 demonstrates that with the increase of pressure, adsorption of nitrogen is increased but, this trend is converse about temperature.
In the temperature of 298K, pressure of 100, 1000, and 5000 KPa, and different feed concentration of 10 to 90 percent, competitive adsorption of CO2 with N2 and also CO2 with CH4 are investigated by Monte-Carlo method. The results are shown in figure 3. Dash lines stand for CO2 and solid lines account for N2 and CH4 Figure 3 proves that in zeolite with FAU structure, CH4 is more adsorbed in comparison with N2 with different feed concentration.
Figure 4 illustrates that with increasing the total pressure of feeding, selectivity is reduced. As we expected, FAU adsorbs N2 less than CH4. Therefore, selectivity of carbon dioxide versus N2 is more than versus CH4
Figure 5 shows that with the increasing of feed concentration, permeability coefficient is reduced and this reduction is bigger when CO2 is adjacent to CH4. Moreover, results illustrate that permeability coefficient is bigger when CO2 is mixed with CH4 in comparison to N2.
4. The results of this study demonstrate that with increasing temperature and reducing pressure, adsorption is decreased. In terms of selectivity, the selectivity of CO2 is dependent on pressure, feed concentration, and molecular structure. Finally, the results of permeability coefficient of CO2 in 2 structures shows that MFI is dominant.

PCBs belong to a broad family of man-made organic chemicals known as chlorinated hydrocarbons. They have a range of toxicity and vary in consistency from thin, light-colored liquids to yellow or black waxy solids. Due to their non-flammability, chemical stability, high boiling point, and electrical insulating properties, PCBs were used in hundreds of industrial and commercial applications including electrical, heat transfer, and hydraulic equipment; as plasticizers in paints, plastics, and rubber products; in pigments, dyes, and carbonless copy paper; and many other industrial applications.PCB (or PCBs) is a category, or family, of chemical compounds formed by the addition of Chlorine (Cl2) to Biphenyl (C12H10), which is a dual-ring structure comprising two 6-carbon Benzene rings linked by a single carbon-carbon bond. Polychlorinated biphenyl, commonly referred to as PCB, was in widespread use as a dielectric fluid due to its special physical and chemical properties. Since then, PCBs have developed a notorious reputation due to their potential for environmental contamination and for their potential to react to form other, highly toxic substances. Under incomplete combustion, PCBs can form products such as furans and dioxins. Due also to the stability of PCB and its potential for environmental accumulation and harm. Many different process can and have been used to destroy PCBs, but each has its limitations and potential risks. High temperature incineration has been widely used, but has the inherent risk that if inadequate temperatures are attained at the point of destruction of the PCB, dioxins and furans can be formed. Another dechlorination process is the gas-phase reduction, in which the main difference is the chemical used as reducing reagents. The molten salt process has been used on a small scale since 1950 [9]. In the process, a bed of alkaline molten salt, usually sodium carbonate oxidizes organic materials. Any chlorine, sulfur, phosphorous, or ash products in the feed are converted to inorganic salts and retained in the salt bed. This process cannot treat soils and other materials with a high content of inert material. With bench and pilot scale systems, PCBs was destroyed in molten sodium carbonate/sodium chloride with efficiencies of 99.99 Percent. Destruction efficiency with chlordane was apparently not determined. Indeed, the use of performance measures, "destruction efficiency" and DRE, in describing the performance of this technology suggests that one may have been used inaccurately. i.e., destruction efficiency can be determined only if all process residues are analyzed for the presence of undestroyed chemicals of concern. Chemical dehalogenation (or dechlorination) is a chemical process used to remove halogens (usually chlorine) from a chemical contaminant by hydrogen or a reducing radical containing hydrogen donor. In the case of based catalyzed dechlorination, the process key is the hydrogen donor with an oxidation potential low enough to produce nucleophilic hydrogen in the presence of base Na+. On the other hand, for the Eco-Logic process gaseous hydrogen at high temperature is the reducing reagent to destroy chlorinated organic compounds. Chemical dehalogenation technologies are applicable to halogenated aromatic compounds, including PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs, …. Treated transformer oil was segregated from the contents (Fig.1.). Figure 1- PCB Destruction Flow Chart In this study a practical and efficient disposal dechlorination process has been reported for Tehran Besat Power Plant PCBs less than 10000 ppm. The transformer oil containing commercial PCB mixtures (Aroclor 1242, 1254 and 1260) was treated by chemical process. 74000 lit (666000Kg) of PCBs oil (less than 7000 ppm) from Tehran Besat power plant sent to site plan. Content of 4 transformer oil samples is reported in Fig.2. Results of PCB content of transformer oil sample. The diluted is cleaned with solvent and then analyzed by a capillary Gas Chromatograph with an electron capture detector for the detection of PCBs. Results are reported as mg of PCB per liter of oil (ppm). Samples containing less than 2 mg/l PCB will be reported as Figure.2- Tehran Besat Power Plant PCBs waste less than 7000 ppm The destruction and removal efficiency of PCBs was 99.99% and/ or less than 2 ppm. After destruction, the reactor content was drained. The treated transformer oil was segregated from the contents by filtering, washing, dehydrating under vacuum. Such segregation steps described standard treatment of treated transformer oil before reuse. Treated transformer oil passed IEC60296 (oil quality standard). We have developed a safe, inexpensive and efficient chemical dechlorinating process for the disposal of Besat Plant PCBs directly in transformer oil. Disposal/decontamination of slightly PCB contaminated transformer oils could be established in Iran quite rapidly if decisions and resources can be secured. A destruction and removal of PCBs in Transformer Oil by a Chemical Process is one of the commercial technologies. Considerable PCB issue in Iran and firm steps needs to be taken in order to avoid releases in the environment from inappropriate waste management or spillage.

Today, the cement industry is one of the major air polluting industries in the world. Hence, in this study, owing to the importance and role of contaminants from the plant, an appraisal of the emission contributions in addition to other factors have been discussed. There are several reasons behind the importance of modeling air pollutants. First, the assessment of standards for air pollution, and the fact that the measurement points are limited. Furthermore, in all industrial areas, measurement and installation of assessment and monitoring stations are not feasible. The AERMOD model is a dispersion steady state model which is utilized to determine the concentration of various pollutants in different areas from urban and rural, flat and rough, shallow diffusion in height, from standpoint and different shallow sources. In this model, it is assumed that the dispersion of concentration in Stable Boundary Layer (SBL) in two horizontal and vertical directions are similar to that of horizontal within Gaussian convectional boundary layer (CBL). With regard to assessment of the parameters and pollutants of stack outlet, the amount of particulate matter was measured as the most important pollutant in the region. Then, via dispersion and diffusion modeling of pollution (AERMOD) along with environmental measurements, the nature of dispersion of this pollutant in the analysis of the surrounding areas was verified. According to the presented results, the highest level of concentration for particulate matters in all areas affected by cement factory amounts to 43.68 (μg/m3) which occurred at a distance of 1500 m in the east direction and 2100 m in the north direction.

Heavy metals such as: arsenic, iron, zinc, lead, cadmium, chromium, copper, manganese and nickel exist in Tehran’s air which is inhaled by inhabitants and causes serious problems for human body. Tehran is a metropolis that faces several environmental problems. Among Streets, roads and highways of Tehran,Enqelab Street is one of the busiest and connects Enqelab square to Imam Hossein Square. In this paper, the results of measuring heavy metals including arsenic, iron, zinc, lead, cadmium,chromium,copper, manganes and nickel in Enqelab Street’s air are presented in the form of charts and GIS maps. The study was performed in Bahman1 1391 and Khordad2 1392 along the mentioned area. The outcome of these studies indicates that concentration of all hevey metals except arsenic&chrmium are in allowed levels of WHOguidelines and despite recording few different the air pollution levels in the whole area, from Enqelab square to Imam Hossein Square,are equal; however,the air pollution level of Valiasr crossroads is relatively considerable.

Studies about the health effects of long-term average exposure to outdoor air pollution have played an important role in the recent health impact assessments. Exposure assessment for epidemiological studies of long-term exposure to ambient air pollution remains a difficult challenge because of substantial small-scale spatial variation. Current approaches for assessing intra-urban air pollution contrasts include the use of exposure indicator variables, interpolation methods, dispersion models and land-use regression (LUR) models. LUR models have been increasingly used in the past few years. Land-use regression combines monitoring of air pollution at typically 20-100 locations, spread over the study area, and development of stochastic models using predictor variables usually obtained through Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Significant predictor variables include various traffic representations, population density, land use, physical geography (e.g. altitude) and climate. Land-use regression methods have generally been applied successfully to model annual mean concentrations of SO2, NO2, PM10, PM2.5, the soot content of PM and VOCs in different environments, including European and North-American cities. The performance of the method in urban areas is typically better or equivalent to geo-statistical methods, such as kriging, and dispersion models. Further developments of the land-use regression method have more focus on developing models. This can be transferred to other areas and include of additional predictor variables such as wind direction or emission data and further exploration of focal sum methods. Models that include a spatial and a temporal component are of interest for (e.g. birth cohort) the studies that require exposure variables on a finer temporal scale. There is a strong need for validation of LUR models with personal exposure monitoring. This study developed average exposure estimates of one season for Sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and Particulate Matter (PM) in Tehran in 1391. The averages exposures were constructed by first developing land use regression (LUR) models of spatial variation in annual average PM, SO2 and NO2. Data were collected from 42 locations in the Tehran City Community Air Survey and emissions source data near monitors. The annual average concentrations from the spatial models were adjusted to account for city-wide temporal trends using the time series derived from regulatory monitors. Models were developed using season 1 data and validated using season 2 data. Average exposures were then estimated for three buffers of maternal address and were averaged into the last four weeks, the trimesters, and the entire period of gestation. We characterized temporal variation of exposure estimates, correlation between PM, NO2, SO2 and the correlation of exposures across trimesters. The LUR models of average annual concentrations explained a substantial amount of the spatial variation (R2 = 0.47 for SO2), (R2 = 0.51 for NO2), (R2 = 0.71 for PM10) and (R2 = 0.47 for PM2.5). The relative contribution of temporal versus spatial variations in the estimated exposures is varied by time window. The difference in seasonal cycle of these pollutants resulted in different patterns of correlations in the estimated exposures across trimesters. Table 1 shows Spearrman correlation results with wind direction, wind velocity and temperature. The three levels of spatial buffers did not make a substantive difference in estimated exposures. The combination of spatially resolved monitoring data, LUR models and temporal adjustment using regulatory monitoring data yielded exposure estimates for PM that performed well in validation tests. Table 2 shows RMSE of spline method results. The interaction between seasonality of air pollution and exposure intervals during pregnancy needs to be considered in the future studies. Land-use regression methods have generally been applied successfully to model the annual mean concentrations of SO2, NO2, PM10, and PM2.5. Land-use regression methods can also be benefited from a more systematic selection and description of monitoring locations and monitoring periods. More attention to the precision of geographic data is also important. A model strategy incorporating greater knowledge of the factors related to spatial variation and focusing less on maximizing the percentage of the explained variability would probably result in the models that can more readily be transferred to other areas. Where purpose-designed monitoring is included, the cost of monitoring could probably be reduced if models were transferable. Promising new developments include the use of additional predictor variables such as wind direction data or emission data and the use of the raster GIS environment – for example, to apply focal sum methods. Models that include both a spatial and a temporal component are also of interest for studies that need exposure variables on a more detailed scale. However, it remains to be seen whether these LUR models can outperform dispersion models for shorter averaging periods. Finally, an area of interest for epidemiological research is the need for validation of LUR models with personal monitoring. The combination of spatially resolved monitoring data, LUR models and temporal adjustment using regulatory monitoring data yielded exposure estimates for PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and NO2. This is performed well in validation tests. The interaction between seasonality of air pollution and exposure intervals during pregnancy needs to be considered in the future studies.

Today, the cement industry is one of the most air polluting industries in the world. With over seven decades of experience in the cement industry with a total annual production capacity of approximately seventy million tons, Iran is the largest producer of cement in the Middle East. Ilam cement factory is one of the major cement manufacturers in Iran. Hence in this study, owing to the importance and role of contaminants from the plant, appraisal of the emissions contribution in addition to other factors has been discussed. For this purpose, in the first place, the flow parameters and the suspended particles from stack outlet have been measured using appropriate equipment [1]. Then by applying AERMOD software, diffusion and dispersion of suspended particles in the surrounding area has been modeled [2]. Because of entering the suspended particles from the west of the country to the study area, in order to determine and evaluate the factory’s share of total available particles, the amount of particles in the atmosphere is measured at four points around the plant using SKC pump. By subtracting the measured amount of particles resulted from modeling from measured ones using SKC pump, Ilam cement factory's share percent, compared to other sources of pollution in the region, can be estimated 3]. Measuring the output suspended particulates from the stack and surrounding environment To achieve the research objectives, primarily the output suspended particles from the cement factory’s stacks should be measured by sampling. Thus output gas speed, temperature and pressure have been measured by applying the KIMO device and suspended particles have been assessed by using WESTECH. Table 1 shows the location of stacks in Cartesian coordinate system and local coordinate system [4]. AERMOD run Table 2 shows the maximum concentration for mean time at 1 hour, 3 hours, 8 hours, 2 hours, 1 month and 1 year. By comparison of results in a functional state (enabled simultaneously for all sources) which is presented in Table 2, whit proposed limit values for particulate emissions, it is well received that even though all of the plant sources are active, the maximum concentration for mean time at 24 hours and 1 year are much lower than clean air standards. As the satellite image (Fig. 1) shows, some areas such as Sarabeleh, Ilam, and Kovar are less affected by output particle emissions from cement plants. Although in comparison with other areas, Ivan district is more affected by pollution from these sources, it does not meet the limit proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency. According to the presented results, the maximum concentration of particles originated from Ilam cement plant in all points is equal to 1 microgram per cubic meter occurred at a distance of 8900 m and 5300 m along the north-east direction.

Annually, heavy metal pollution is increasing in the environment and this eventually causes serious hazards for health of human, animal and plant populations. Heavy metals with their harmful effects are the major pollutants in big cities. Tehran is a big city and faced with this problem. Heavy metals such as arsenic, iron, zinc, lead, cadmium, chromium, copper, manganese and nickel exist in the air of Tehran. These polluteants are inhaled by inhabitants and cause serious problems for human body. Among streets, roads and highways of the city, Enqelab Street is one of the busiest and particularly from Enqelab Square to Imam Hossein Square. In this study, the results of measuring heavy metals including arsenic, iron, zinc, lead, cadmium, chromium, copper, manganese and nickel in the air of the streetare presented with the health risk assessment from permanent and temporary residents in thearea. Moreover, the risk of developing cancer and non-cancer diseases caused by inhaling the polluted air with heavy metals was also estimated. Selecting Sampling Points The Enqelab Street connects Enqelab square to Imam Hossein Square. Considering that risk assessment is a method based on resident's health, the main crossroads and squares are selected as the sampling points. Therefore, sampling was performed in 5 stations: Enqelab square, Valiasr Crossroads, Ferdowsi Square, Piche Shemiran, and Imam Hossein Square. Sampling Method and Chemical Analysis In this phase, in order to determine the concentration of heavy metals (including arsenic, iron, lead, cadmium, chromium, copper, manganese and nickel), air samples were collected and analyzed in two different seasons (on February 7th 2013 and May 22nd 2013) during 8 hours from 5 stations. The entire process was performed according to OSHA-125G standard method. Quality Control of the Analysis In order to determine the quality of analysis methods, precision and accuracy were tested. The precision is from 3 to 17 percent and average percent recovery isv aried between 83 and 97 percent.This is placed within the acceptable range of US Environmental Protection Agency guidelines. Overview of Risk Assessment In this study, the average value of the air inhaled by one inhabitant in Tehran is measured so that by calculating the air pollutant concentrations, the amounts of heavy metals which are entered into his body are obtained. For this purpose, three groups of people are defined in terms of the type and the amount of exposure to pollutants (heavy metals): permanent residents (from Enqelab Square to Imam Hossein Square), shopkeepers, vendors and employees and also students. Calculating the Risk of Developing Cancer and Non-Cancer Diseases In this phase, after providing all the required information, the risk of developing cancer and non-cancer diseases is calculated using following equations. The results of analyzing heavy metals in Enqelab Street’s air are presented and discussed. In figure 1, variations of the mean concentrations of the mentioned metals are provided in the form of a chart. Risk Assessment Results In Enqelab Street, hazard index for chronic and acute exposure is below 1 which shows no adverse effects on non-cancer disease (figure 2, 3). In addition, the total number of the residents at high risk of developing cancer (types of cancer) by inhaling the heavy metals in their lifetime was estimated to be lower than 24 out of 1 million people. This statistic shows that the conditions have not yet been dangerous. Therefore, through multiplying the rate of carcinogenesis by the number of each group, the total number of heavy metal induced cancers is obtained. In this study, the total number of cancers is three, thus the overall risk is allocated to pollutants including arsenic, cadmium, nickel and lead (figure 4). According to the presented results, the level of heavy metals in the air of Enqelab Street is not hazardous to the health of the residents. Therefore, there is no need to spend enormous expenses in this area. Nevertheless, the health of permanent and temporary residents is threatened by chromium and arsenic due to their high rate of carcinogenesis. The outcome of these investigations indicates that despite recording few different values in some places, the air pollution levels are equal in whole the area, from Enqelab Square to Imam Hossein Square. However, the air pollution level of ValiasCr rossroads is relatively considerable. This difference only has resulted from high volume of traffic in the crossroads. Unfortunately, traffic of students in this area is so heavy that solving Valiasr Crossroads traffic issues are considered as an important priority.