ameneh marzban

Health systems worldwide are confronting new and increasingly complex challenges that undermine the effectiveness of traditional crisis‑management models. The issue of “the necessity of integrating disaster risk management into health policy documents” is more than an administrative recommendation; it is, in fact, a strategic imperative for preserving the vital functions of society during times of adversity.

In recent decades, global health systems have faced a series of complex and unpredictable disasters and crises, revealing their fragility even in developed countries. Events such as the COVID-19 pandemic, the escalation of natural disasters due to climate change, and humanitarian crises arising from conflicts and widespread migration have shown that the response capacity of health systems is more limited than previously thought. Under these circumstances, the concept of ‘health system resilience’ has emerged as a key policy approach, emphasizing the ability to predict, absorb, adapt, and recover from shocks. However, an examination of existing policies and programs indicates that ‘disaster risk management’ still lacks adequate standing in the operationalization of health system resilience and is often considered marginally or purely reactively.

In recent decades, the world has faced a dramatic increase in the number of critical events, from devastating earthquakes and widespread floods to global pandemics such as COVID-19 and humanitarian crises caused by war, forced migration, and climate change. These events not only destroy physical infrastructure, but also severely affect public health. In such circumstances, disaster epidemiology, as a new and applied branch of epidemiology, plays a key role in analyzing, predicting, and managing health consequences.

As international travel continues to grow, so does the risk of travelers contracting and spreading infectious diseases (1). Vaccination remains one of the most effective tools for preventing disease outbreaks and ensuring the health and safety of travelers. However, the implementation of vaccination programs for travelers presents unique challenges that require coordinated efforts and innovative strategies (1, 2). In this letter, I aim to discuss the importance of vaccination in preventing travel-related diseases, highlight the challenges faced in implementing vaccination programs, and propose strategies to improve vaccination uptake among travelers. The Importance of Vaccination in Travel Vaccines play a crucial role in protecting travelers from a range of infectious diseases that may not be prevalent in their home countries (3). Diseases such as yellow fever, hepatitis A and B, typhoid fever, and rabies pose significant health risks to travelers, particularly in regions where these diseases are endemic. Vaccination not only protects individual travelers but also helps prevent the spread of infectious diseases across borders, contributing to global health security (4).The benefits of vaccination extend beyond individual protection. Herd immunity, achieved when a significant portion of the population is immunized, reduces the overall prevalence of diseases and protects those who cannot be vaccinated due to medical reasons (5). By vaccinating travelers, we can reduce the risk of disease outbreaks and protect vulnerable populations in both the travelers' home countries and the destinations they visit (6).

Adolescence is a crucial period marked by significant physical, psychological, and cognitive development, making adequate sleep and balanced nutrition essential for overall well-being (1). With Ramadan being a significant observance for many adolescents, understanding the impact of fasting on their sleep and nutrition patterns is essential for ensuring their health during this month (2). This letter highlights these effects while proposing strategies to mitigate potential challenges.

Dear Editor Obesity has emerged as one of the most pressing public health challenges of the 21st century. Its prevalence has escalated globally, affecting both high-income and low- to middle-income countries (Jiwani et al., 2019; Sanchez-Vaznaugh et al., 2019). The consequences of obesity extend beyond individual health, contributing to increased rates of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, respiratory complications, and certain cancers (Hamano et al., 2018). Moreover, the economic burden is staggering, with obesity-related healthcare costs accounting for a significant portion of national health expenditures estimated at 1.2% of GDP in the United States alone (Van Hulst et al., 2025). While genetic and behavioral factors are often cited in discussions of obesity, growing evidence points to the critical role of environmental determinants (Hamano et al., 2018). Among these, the spatial distribution of fast food restaurants has garnered increasing attention (Jiwani et al., 2019). Studies have consistently shown that individuals residing in close proximity to fast food outlets are more likely to exhibit unhealthy dietary patterns, including higher consumption of energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods and lower intake of fruits and vegetables (Gallego & López-Gil, 2024; Hamano et al., 2018; Van Hulst et al., 2025). This trend is particularly alarming among children and adolescents, whose exposure to fast food near schools and recreational areas correlates with increased intake of sugary beverages and processed snacks (Jia et al., 2021). The proliferation of fast food establishments reflects broader socioeconomic and cultural dynamics (Jia et al., 2021). In many urban settings—particularly in countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom—fast food restaurants are disproportionately concentrated in low-income neighborhoods, where access to fresh produce and healthy food options is limited. For example, in the UK, 29% of people living in the most deprived areas reside in neighborhoods with the highest concentration of fast food outlets, compared to only 11% in the least deprived areas (Sanchez-Vaznaugh et al., 2019). Similarly, a multi-country study across 68 nations found that food insecurity was significantly associated with increased fast-food consumption, especially in low- and middle-income countries (Smith et al., 2022). This imbalance in the food environment exacerbates health disparities and perpetuates cycles of poor nutrition and obesity (Gallego & López-Gil, 2024).Despite public health campaigns which aims at promoting healthier eating habits, the nutritional profile of fast food offerings has remained largely unchanged, and aggressive marketing strategies continue to target vulnerable populations (Gallego & López-Gil, 2024). To address this multifaceted issue, The authors recommend a comprehensive public health approach that includes both regulatory and educational interventions (Jiwani et al., 2019). Zoning policies should be implemented to restrict the establishment of fast food outlets near schools, parks, and residential zones (Van Hulst et al., 2025). Simultaneously, incentives should be provided to encourage the development of supermarkets and grocery stores offering affordable, nutritious food options. Community-based programs that promote food literacy and empower individuals to make healthier choices are also essential (Jiwani et al., 2019). Furthermore, longitudinal research is needed to examine the causal relationship between food environments and obesity outcomes. Such studies should account for confounding variables such as socioeconomic status, physical activity levels, and cultural dietary preferences. By deepening the understanding of these dynamics, policymakers can design targeted interventions that are both effective and equitable. In conclusion, the spatial accessibility of fast food is not merely a convenience; it is a determinant of public health. Tackling obesity requires a shift in how we conceptualize and regulate our food environments. Through coordinated efforts across urban planning, education, and health sectors, we can create communities that support healthier lifestyles and reduce the burden of obesity.

In today’s digital age, adolescents are increasingly exposed to a variety of advertising messages that influence their daily decisions, including those related to food consumption . The role of advertising and media in shaping dietary habits has gained significant attention; particularly as unhealthy eating patterns contribute to rising rates of obesity and related health issues among youth . This letter seeks to highlight the profound impact of advertising and media on adolescents' food choices, underscore the potential consequences of such influence, and propose recommendations for mitigating its negative effects.

Preparedness before natural disasters is critically important. University students in medical sciences represent the largest group of future healthcare providers and often serve as first responders to disaster-related injuries. This study aimed to assess the level of preparedness for natural hazards among students of Iran University of Medical Sciences.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 2023 among students of Iran University of Medical Sciences. A total sample of 680 participants was determined using a statistical formula. Data were collected using a demographic information checklist and a researcher-developed questionnaire on preparedness for natural hazards. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 24, applying descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, and analysis of variance (ANOVA).

The mean overall preparedness score was 18.81 ± 4.61, reflecting a moderate level of readiness. The mean component scores were 5.23 ± 2.21 for floods, 5.31 ± 1.79 for earthquakes, 4.40 ± 1.51 for droughts, and 3.86 ± 2.42 for extreme weather hazards. Overall, 69.3% of students demonstrated a moderate level of general preparedness. A significant association was observed between preparedness scores and prior experience in disaster relief.

The findings suggest that students had a moderate level of preparedness for natural hazards. Targeted interventions are required to enhance their readiness. From a public health perspective, incorporating disaster risk reduction training as a standard component of university curricula could improve students’ knowledge and promote behavioral change. This recommendation is particularly relevant for policymakers and academic institutions seeking to strengthen future healthcare response capacity.

In recent years, Climate change has become one of the most urgent global crises, with far-reaching consequences for food security, affordability, and accessibility . The increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, shifting agricultural zones, and changing precipitation patterns have significantly impacted food production and distribution . This, in turn, has led to higher food prices and reduced access to essential nutrients for many communities . As a result, climate anxiety has become a growing concern, influencing the behavior and mental well-being of individuals and communities . In this letter, I aim to explore the impact of climate change on food prices and access, discuss the role of climate anxiety in shaping community reactions, and propose strategies to address these challenges.

The Arbaeen pilgrimage, one of the largest religious gatherings, exposes millions of participants to extreme physical and environmental challenges (Yousefi and Hasani, 2024). Among the most pressing health concerns is heat exhaustion, caused by prolonged exposure to high temperatures, physical exertion, and inadequate fluid intake. While environmental factors contribute to this condition, proper hydration and nutrition play a crucial role in mitigating risks (Moulaei et al., 2024). This letter highlights the importance of hydration and nutrition in preventing heat exhaustion among Arbaeen pilgrims and proposes practical interventions to enhance their safety.

Effective management of medical equipment and supplies during maritime crises is a critical determinant of healthcare response capacity and the protection of public health in vulnerable communities. This study aimed to identify key challenges, propose solutions, and review contemporary innovations in the supply chain management of medical items in maritime disasters.

This narrative review was conducted in 2024 through searches in Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, SID, and Magiran. Searches were performed using relevant keywords without time restrictions. After preliminary screening, eligible articles were selected according to PRISMA principles and analyzed qualitatively.

The findings highlighted three major challenges: inadequate stockpiles of essential supplies, difficulties in distribution and storage under crisis conditions, and lack of inter-organizational coordination. Identified solutions were categorized at three levels: Technological: adoption of blockchain-based tracking systems and artificial intelligence platforms for demand forecasting and inventory management. Organizational: establishment of standardized protocols for warehousing and distribution, and development of continuous training programs for personnel. Inter-organizational: strengthening international cooperation and forming regional coalitions for rapid response.

The management of medical supplies in maritime crises requires an integrated, systematic, and technology-driven approach. Comprehensive preparedness and response planning, investment in emerging technologies, and enhanced international collaboration can substantially improve the resilience of healthcare systems against maritime disasters.

The increase in traffic accidents among adolescents—a group particularly vulnerable due to inexperience and risky behaviors—is a significant societal problem. This review study investigates the use of artificial intelligence (AI) as a potential solution to mitigate traffic accidents in this demographic. 

This study employed a mixed-methods approach, utilizing both qualitative and quantitative research methods to examine existing literature on the application of AI in reducing traffic accidents. A systematic search was conducted across several reputable academic databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, ISI, and Scopus, to identify and analyze relevant articles and studies. 

The findings of this study demonstrate that AI can effectively reduce traffic accidents among adolescents through multiple applications. By analyzing traffic and behavioral data, AI algorithms can accurately identify dangerous patterns and provide early warnings. Furthermore, AI-based educational programs can teach young drivers essential safe driving skills and enhance their awareness of road hazards. Finally, intelligent traffic monitoring and control systems improve overall traffic management and help to reduce traffic violations. 

AI, as a new and powerful tool, has great potential in reducing traffic accidents in teenagers. AI technologies can help improve road safety, educate and raise awareness among teenagers, and improve traffic monitoring and control systems. Further research is recommended to fully explore the potential of AI in this field. Also, a broader adoption of AI technologies in traffic management and control is suggested to maximize their effectiveness. 

Natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, and hurricanes have devastating effects on human societies. These events not only destroy infrastructure and physical resources, but also leave profound psychological and social impacts. A crucial yet often overlooked aspect of these disaster scenarios is the oral health of the affected individuals.

In the present era, considering the rising expenses of healthcare and the difficulties associated with chronic diseases and epidemics, it is essential to evaluate the medical education system. Meanwhile, educational approaches based on preventive care can significantly help lower the financial burden on the healthcare system and enhance public health.

Natural disasters such as hurricanes, earthquakes, floods, and wildfires pose significant challenges to food supply chains, often disrupting the production, transportation, and distribution of essential food items (Azizsafaei et al., 2021, Emami et al., 2024). Ensuring a resilient food supply chain during such crises is crucial for preventing food shortages and ensuring the well-being of affected populations. In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative tool in enhancing the efficiency and resilience of food supply chains during natural disasters