amir hossein maghsoud

Toxoplasma gondii is one of the most common parasites worldwide. It is of great importance to identify new potential drugs that are effective and less harmful in pregnant women and newborns. We investigated nanoemulsion miltefosine (NEM) in treating experimental acute and chronic toxoplasmosis.

A combination of triacetin, Tween 80, and ethanol (1:2) was used for the development of NEM formulations. The size of NEM was calculated to be 17.463 nm by DLS and TEM. To investigate the performance of miltefosine (MLF), NEM, sulfadiazine (SDZ), and pyrimethamine (PYR) (positive control) in vivo, acute toxoplasmosis was induced in mice by an intraperitoneal injection of RH strain tachyzoites. After five days, the mice were examined for the number and condition of tachyzoites and histopathological changes in the liver and spleen. Chronic toxoplasmosis was investigated in rats and the number and size of brain cysts along with histopathological changes were assessed in different groups.

The results of the in vivo assessment of drugs in acute toxoplasmosis showed the following order regarding a decrease in the number of tachyzoites and an increase in survival rate: SDZ&PYR > NEM > MLF. The effects of drugs on chronic toxoplasmosis showed a significant effect of NEM (50%) on reducing the number of cysts compared to SDZ&PYR (10%) and MLF (12%) and reducing the size of NEM brain cysts (21%) compared to SDZ&PYR (5 %) and MLF (8%).

Increasing the penetration of NEM through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and subsequently reducing the number and size of T. gondii tissue cysts is a promising new drug in treating chronic toxoplasmosis.

Intestinal helminthesof dogs are a serious threat to human health and may cause dangerous diseases such as: hydatidosis and visceral larva migrans,thatwhich cause severe complications in human. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalenceof intestinal helminthes of stray dogs in Hamadan city, Iran..
A total of 103 stray dogswere shot in the inner and around of the city in year 2015. Following necropsy, the intestine's contents of dogs were examined for helminthes macroscopically. Then, the collected worms, after washing with saline,were counted and identified according to being Nematode, Cestodeor Acantcephala. Then, collected Nematodes were put in glass containers containing 70% ethanol-glycerine and Cestodes after processing on slides were put in the 10% formalin. To identify the species of helminthes, the Cestodes were stained using carmine acid and Nematodes were cleared in lacto-phenol.
Result indicated that, 74(71.8%)stray dogs were infected at least by one species of intestinal helminthes. The species of parasites were as follows: Echinococcus granulosus 37.9%, Dipylidium caninum 51.5%, Toxocara canis 19.4%, Taenia hydatigena 24.3%, T. multiceps 2.9%, T. ovis 1.9%, Mesocest oideslineatus 4.9%, and Acantho cephala 5.8%.There was no association between insex, season and region with prevalence of intestinal helminthes (P > 0.05). On the other side, there was a significant deference (P This study indicatesd that,infection rate of helminthes in stray dogs is washigh in Hamadan city. These parasites are important in terms of human health and economic aspects. Therefore, it is more essential that public health authoritiesto develop control strategies for stray dog's population.

Giardia and Cryptosporidium are two of the most common parasitic protozoa that cause acute intestinal infections in children، all of the world. These parsites find in water environments، such as Untreated water، wastewaters and even treated water. According to، a precise study on surface water was not done، in our country، necessity of precise study by IFA method that is prescise and newer than simple microscopic method on drinking water supplies aim to finding of parasit، is appreciated. Material and methos: Using IFA and Eosin stainig methods، untreated water، water of main refinery system and water of six Hamadan drinking water reserviour was studied and data analysis was done by: SPSS version 10 © 2005 Chicago. Means of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts، stainined with IFA method، in 100L treated water for each one was 0. 25 and in 100L untreated water were respectively 2. 5 and 1. 5 Measure of viable Giardia cysts and viable Cryptosporidium oocysts were seen with Eosin method، in 100L treated water for each one was 0. 0 and in 100L untreated water were respectively 0. 5 and 0. 1. Finding show that Hamadan main source of untreated water have Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts higher than standard measure (for Giardia and cryptosporidium is respectively 0. 1 and 0. 01 in 100L) and pollution is sensible. Viable cysts or oocysts in one of refinery system''s port were not seen and in another system، 1 nonviable cyst were seen، but، in urban water reserviours، five zone have both parasits and one of them have 1 Giardia cyst only، that indicate secondary pollution of urban water reserviours.