amirafshin farhadian

Since many of Hafez's poems reflect the conditions of his time and the events of his life, understanding the history of Hafez's era and awareness of his relationships with powerful figures is crucial for comprehending his poetry. Essentially, grasping a significant portion of Hafez's verses depends on knowledge of the circumstances of his time and the events of his life. Neglecting the historical context of Hafez's poetry can lead to misunderstandings of the meanings of his verses and the concepts and interpretations within them, as well as disrupt the logical connections between the verses. A famous ghazal by Hafez that begins with "Taleh agar madad dahad…" is a prominent example where ignoring this context results in a complete breakdown of the connection between its verses, inevitably leading to a suspension of the hidden meanings and interpretations within it and, consequently, misinterpretation. In this study, using content analysis and a descriptive-analytical approach, we will identify the subtle references in the poem and represent the logical connections between its verses by matching the ghazal with its historical context. In light of the attention to the implications of the elements within the mentioned ghazal, one can speculate about the approximate date of its composition.

The connection of several of Hafez's poems with each other is significant. Analyzing the elements of these links can sometimes lead to a more accurate understanding of Hafez's poetry. Reflecting on the intertextual relations of Diwan Hafez provides us with valuable information about the events of his life and some influential figures in those events. One of those praised by Hafez is Khwaja Jalaluddin Turan Shah, the famous vizier of Shah Shuja' Mozaffari. The analysis of the poems related to him in Hafez's Diwan shows that there was a close relationship between him and Hafez. During the times when Hafez's relationship with Shah Shoja and his court was in crisis, Turan Shah tried to improve things in the role of a supporter. Supporting Hafez against his opponents and helping him in poverty are also important issues that should not be neglected in drawing the face of Turan Shah. In addition, Hafez has recorded some valuable advice from that wise minister in his poems. Understanding and analyzing these important words can lead to valuable results for a better understanding of Hafez's life and an even more accurate understanding of his poetry. In this essay, with the method of content analysis and in a descriptive-analytical way, we have tried to analyze the presence of Turan Shah in Hafez's poems by relying on the detection of intratextual relationships in Hafez's Diwan.

A number of Hafez's poems are related to each other. Analyzing the elements of these links leads to a more accurate understanding of the poems, a better understanding of the thoughts and approaches of the poet, and a better drawing of the faces of the characters in the poems. The knowledge gained from reflecting on the intratextual relationships of Hafez' Divan can be effective in correcting the poems. In this essay, an example of the beneficial results of paying attention to intertextual relationships in the correction of Hafez's poems is explained with the method of content analysis and in a descriptive-analytical way. In the verse: My heart does not desire asceticism and repentance, but we should strive in the name of Xâje and his government نمی کند دل من میل زهد و توبه ولی به نام خواجه بکوشیم و فر دولت او Paying attention to the intertextual relationship of the Divan shows that the "Xâje" in this verse is Xâje Jalâloddin Turân Shah, the famous minister of Shah Shojaʾ Mozaffari. Hafez has eulogized this vizier in a significant number of his poems. The analysis of the poems related to him in Hafez's Divan provides us with significant information about his thought and life and his relationship with Hafez. The meaning of this verse is in complete conflict with the knowledge obtained from the analysis of those poems. The inconsistency suggests that the current recording of the verse may be flawed. By referring to the old versions and checking the recorded recordings, it was possible to recover the correct form of the verse.

One of the most important aspects of the poetry of Hafez is the information it offers us about the political history of the 8th century AH. Some events of that era are reflected in the poems of Hafez. A close reading of his Divan, which is filled with the names of political figures, introduces us to some of their positive and negative characteristics. The credibility of this information stems from the fact that Hafez was closely involved with the characters of the time and was present at the heart of many events. One of the figures whose name appears in the poems of Hafez is Khajeh Burhan al-Din Abu Nasr Fathullah, the minister of the Mozzaffarid Amir, Mobarez al-Din Mohammad. There is disagreement among historical sources about his fate after Amir Mobarez al-Din Muhammad was deposed from the throne. Some reports tell of his murder during the arrest of Amir Mobarez al-Din, but some sources speak of his killing after two months in prison. However, none of these accounts are consistent with the insights that the poems of Hafez provide us. In this article, we have used content analysis and a descriptive-analytical approach to try to resolve this historical ambiguity by bringing together the reports of historical sources and the information from the Divan of Hafez. The results of our research show that the deposition of Amir Mobarez al-Din took place in Ramadan of the year 759 AH, and the reports that record the occurrence of this event in the year 760 are not credible. Moreover, Khajeh Borhan Abu Nasr was not killed or imprisoned during the revolt of the Moazzaffarid princes against their father, but was in charge of the ministry of Mozzaffarid Shah Shoja' until his death in Dhu al-Hijja of 760 AH.

Music, with a history of thousands of years among Iranians, both as one of the fine arts and as a practical art, has been present in various aspects of individual and social life. In addition to reflecting this presence, the long and close relationship between music and poetry has filled the collections of Persian poetry with musical terms, names of melodies, tunes, instruments, and composers. It is clear that over time, some new words and terms have become popular in this field, while some have remained obscure and eventually forgotten, and some others have undergone verbal or semantic transformation or fluctuation in their scope. On the other hand, a true understanding of the meanings and even receiving many artistic aspects of texts depends on mastering the different semantic features of words and the implications of terms. Undoubtedly, one of the important functions of writing commentaries on the works of the past is to explain the meaning of obscure words or the transformed meaning of a still-common word, and also to inform the audience of the idiomatic meaning of words and combinations that without mastery of them, the reader's understanding of the text is not possible or at least incomplete. Researchers have identified and introduced a large number of forgotten musical terms in the texts, but it seems that some of these terms are still overlooked. "Afsane" is one of these terms. In this study, using content analysis and descriptive-analytical method, the musical aspect of this term has been investigated and the artistic subtleties of a number of verses, which were hidden in the shadow of the forgotten idiomatic meaning of the word, have been revealed.

Beyond its literary and artistic values, Hafez's poetry is known as a mirror of Iranian culture and worldview. Therefore, familiarity with it by people of other languages and cultures will open a window to the perception of Iranian art and culture. From this point of view, the quality of the translation of Hafez's poems into other languages becomes especially important. So far, at least nine selected or complete translations of Hafez's poems have been published in Arabic, which shows the appreciation of Arabic speakers for Hafez's poetry and thought. One of the most recent translations is the translation of Ali Abbas Zulaikha. because every metonymy expression, in addition to lexical meanings, also contains cultural, historical, and ethnic attachments, translating metonymies into another language that is current in a different context is one of the difficulties of translation is considered. In this research, which was carried out with the method of content analysis and in a descriptive-analytical way, 10 sonnets of Hafez containing 29 metonymies were randomly selected and analyzed using Kendall and Smith's table of numbers. The results of the research showed that in 8 cases, the meaning of the phrase was translated acceptably, and in 21 other cases, the Arabic translation faced serious problems. It is worth noting that 5 out of 21 cases of wrong translation were caused by misreading the Persian text.

The historical-political approach to Hafez's poems has opened a new semantic horizon in the field of interpretation of his poetry. Deciphering some of the ambiguities of Hafez's poetry and establishing a vertical connection of many seemingly scattered and unrelated verses; One of the achievements of this approach. Hafez's tendency to use poetry as a means of expressing his opinion and orientation towards political events, as well as influential rulers and men, is one of the things that distinguishes him from most of the poets of the past. The events of the end of the reign of Shah Abu Ishaq Injou have a special place due to the profound impact of this event on Hafez and the change in the course of his life. These events began with the capture of Shiraz by Amir Mubarz al-Din Mozaffari on the 3rd of Shawwal 754; After a long series of wars and escapes, it finally ended with the capture and execution of Shah Abu Ishaq, on the 22nd of Jamadi al-Awal in the year 757. The purpose of this article is to investigate the reflection of these events in Hafez's poems from the perspective of historical criticism and content analysis (descriptive-analytical approach). The results show that a considerable number of Hafez's poems are related to the events of this period of history.