asadollah khadivi

Today, job performance is an important and key competitive advantage that can be affected by many factors. The current research was conducted with the aim of developing and psychometrics of "Job Performance Scale" among employees of oil industry health and medical centers in Tabriz and Urmia.

The current research is of methodological type. The items were developed based on the description of general and specific job duties used in health and medical centers of oil industry, the theoretical foundations of job performance health and medical centers organizations, as well as the annual performance evaluation form of employees in the oil industry health and medical centers in Tabriz and Urmia was designed.Content validity was measured using the Waltz & Basel content validity index and the content validity ratio by the opinions of 16 lecturers of management courses at the University of Medical Sciences in Tabriz and Urmia. Construct validity wasinvestigated by exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, convergent validity and divergent validity, on 145 people using a stratified relative random method based on the share of medical and non-medical staff in Tabriz and Urmia cities. Reliability was calculated using the internal consistency method by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient and composite reliability on 35 medical staff in the health and medical centers of the University of Medical Sciences in Tabriz and Urmia. Data analysis was done in PLS. 3.

The results of the content validity index showed that 6 terms were removed due to the value of the content validity index less than 79% or the content validity ratio less than 0.49. Also, the findings of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis showed that the scale has 20 terms and one factor. The results showed convergent validity of 0.79 and divergent validity of 0.71. Finally, reliability was calculated using the internal consistency method by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.78 and combined reliability of 0.89.

"Job Performance Scale" with 20 items and single factor was developed and psychometrically evaluated. It is suggested to use the developed instrument to measure the job performance of employees of health and medical centers in the oil industry.

the current research was conducted with the aim of investigating the applications and challenges of metaverse in education. This research was qualitative and its method was a systematic review based on the Prisma protocol. The scope of the current research was scientific and research articles published in domestic and foreign valid journals in Persian from 1398 to 1402 and English from 2020 to 2024 in the field of metaverse and education. The statistical sample was selected using a targeted method and 38 items were selected from among 900 articles and included in the study. The research findings indicate that remote learning, immersion learning, collaborative learning, personalized learning, flipped learning, student-centered learning, experiential learning, hybrid learning, mobile learning, simulated learning, skill-based learning and Borderless and question-based learning are the most common uses of metaverse in education. However, the metaverse is associated with technical, ethical and social challenges such as the nascent nature of the technology, high cost of equipment, weak support infrastructure, inaccessibility to everyone, violation of privacy, data and network security, lack of legal guidelines and regulations. By using the results of this research, education policymakers can recreate the curriculum and educational plans in accordance with the characteristics of the Z and Alpha generation learners and in line with the development of technology, and the advancements of metaverse technology, and by formulating the strategic plan of the educational system, they can face the created environment and the necessary platforms in the creation and development of technological infrastructures. provide and manage it in a responsible manner.

The purpose of the present research was to developing and validating the competency model of the faculty members of Farhangian University upon upstream documents.

This research has been conducted in terms of applied p urpose and mixed research method, qualitatively and quantitatively. The field of research in the qualitative part included the document of the fundamental transformation of education, the statement of the second step of the Islamic revolution and the regulation of the promotion of Farhangian University, which was analyzed in the form of a census as a sample. In the quantitative part, the statistical population was formed by the professors of Farhangian University of East Azarbaijan Province in 1402 in the number of 260 people, based on Morgan's table, the sample size was estimated to be 152 people and they were selected using available sampling method. The research tool is a 10-point scale questionnaire based on upstream documents. In order to analyze qualitative data using thematic analysis method, and to analyze quantitative data from single-sample T-tests, factor analysis using AMOS software was used for structural modeling and fit indices.

The findings of the research showed that the competency model of Farhangian University faculty members has 2 comprehensive themes of professional and basic competencies in the form of 6 educational and research dimensions, cultural and social, attitudinal, jihadist and revolutionary, ethics and spirituality, personality traits and 78 basic themes.

The results of this research can be used as a basis for creating desirable changes in measuring and improving competencies, self-development programs, professional development programs, and the development of continuous professional commitment of Farhangian University faculty members. Which will lead to the excellence of the country's teacher training system.

The current research aims to build and validate measurement tools for model design Enterprise Architecture A university was conducted. The research method is mixed. In the qualitative part, using targeted sampling and open coding method, out of 87 scientific articles and valid documents available in the field of organizational architecture, 35 cases were examined in direct connection with the university and compiled as a questionnaire, then for survey (Delphi method). Regarding the components obtained through snowball sampling, 15 management experts (with three years of management experience) were provided. After modification, the final form was designed with 3 core categories with 93 sub-components (sub-components related to business architecture with 70 items, information systems architecture with 15 items and technology architecture with 11 items). To determine the validity of the questionnaire, content validity, divergent validity and construct validity were used, and Cronbach's alpha (0.913) was used to determine its reliability. The factor loadings of business architecture, information systems architecture, and technology architecture are respectively equal to 0.869, 0.989, and 0.853. For statistical analysis of structural equation modeling, SPSS 26, Smart software PLS 3.2 was used, the results showed that each of the factors has a suitable factor load to predict the main dimensions of the questionnaire, and as a result, the designed tool has high reliability and validity.

In an age where the increasing need for critical thinking has been identified, this research was conducted to investigate the level of development of this skill in elementary school textbooks in Iran's educational system. Using a mixed approach, combining quantitative content analysis with qualitative focus groups involving educators, this study evaluated the presence and depth of critical thinking motivations in textbooks. Findings showed that while textbooks provide basic knowledge, they lack in-depth critical thinking exercises, open-ended questions, and real-world case studies. In addition, a significant lack of diverse perspectives was noted. This study emphasizes the necessity of an appropriate model that integrates critical thinking seamlessly into the curriculum and emphasizes its fundamental importance in shaping young minds.

Company growth is an important factor in economic growth. Specifically, high-growth companies have attracted considerable attention in governments and political societies, mostly in advanced countries [52]. The role of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in developing countries is critical due to their capability to respond to systematic economic shock and their potential to create a job [35]. While the literature in this area indicates the high importance of SMEs in the economy of the countries, the growth of these companies is important too. So many discussions are generated in the area of small and SMEs' growth due to the importance of these enterprises. In this regard, company growth theories were always considered an important factor in the evolution of commercial literature. The variety of influential factors on the company growth is the characteristic of literature relevant to the area that tries to explain influential factors on the company growth [44]. Given the diversity of the economic and cultural environment, there is no agreement on the influential factors on the growth of the companies.

Psychological capital can be improved through educational interventions, but its improvement through learning empowerment has received less attention. The purpose of this research was to explain the lived experiences of school principals in improving the psychological capital of female high school students through learning empowerment. This study was based on a qualitative approach and a descriptive phenomenology method, with the study of 23 participants from among the principals of secondary schools for girls in the second year of secondary school in Tabriz city in the academic year of 2022-2023. Purposive sampling method was used for sampling and 23 semi-structured individual interviews were conducted until theoretical saturation was reached. the data analysis was done based on the seven-step strategy of Colaizzi. the findings show that the managers' lived experience of improving the psychological capital of female high school students through empowering learning in 3 themes and 23 sub-themes including: improving skills (self-confidence, self-esteem, self-development, self-leadership, self-regulation, self-evaluation, absorbing feedback, study skills, life skills), raising awareness and supportive learning atmosphere (counseling, psychological training, opportunities for interpersonal interactions in the classroom, positive classroom climate, independent learning, improving the quality of learning, need-based learning process, synergy in learning, meaningful learning), participation in class and school (participation in classroom management, participation in school management, team learning, team innovation, collective activities) can be categorized. It can be concluded that empowering learning through creating positive cognitive models in students provides improvement of their psychological capital.

Teaching is one of the most stressful jobs. This research aims to evaluate the validity of the scale for measuring occupational stress among Iranian teachers.

  This cross-sectional survey was conducted from December 2020 to January 2021 using a quantitative approach and the psychometric validation research method. The research sample consisted of specialists (n = 16) and teachers assisting in the initial (n = 35) and main (n = 365) implementation phases of the questionnaire for validation of Rosenberg's teacher stress scale (2010). The sample of specialists was selected by the purposive sampling method, and the sample of teachers was selected by the simple random method. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) with SPSS was utilized to classify dimensions of occupational stress. In addition, a first- and second-order confirmatory factor analysis with PLS was performed to evaluate construct validity (P < 0.05).

Content validity assessment confirmed 36 items. The reliability of the questionnaire, 35 out of 36 items, was confirmed. The EFA calculation of the items showed that the measures could be classified into 11 factors, and the factor load of all items was above 0.3, being valid. In addition, the calculation of the second-order Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) showed that the 11 factors would explain the construct of occupational stress (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the goodness-of-fit index results showed high fitness of the model.

The questionnaire provided an effective instrument for measuring occupational stress and filling the gap in the absence of a comprehensive scale.

In this article, we try to have a general philosophical view on the philosophy of education and training. The great teachers of education and training have spoken a lot about education and training and its stages. According to them, the only way to reach human perfection is through education. Although education is a necessary condition for the perfection of man, it is difficult to achieve. Education has great value in life and requires a long time and flexibility. The formation of human personality depends on the way of education. With proper education, a person can walk the path of perfection, and if the education and training of a person is neglected, he will be reduced to the level of an animal. Individual and group work is needed to solve education issues. In addition, using the experiences of the predecessors and the opinions and views and philosophical perspectives of new teachers in this field can be a way forward. The complexity of life in today's era is such that the need to be familiar with the latest theoretical perspectives, both in educational sciences and in philosophy, is an unavoidable necessity. Therefore, in this article, we try to emphasize this issue more.

The purpose of this study is to design a model for academic evaluation without fraud and at the same time nurturing, based on the ideas of Hans Georg Gadamer and Benjamin Bloom. This research, which is a inferential analysis and a type of qualitative research, intends to provide a method that estimates the mission of education both in the days when education is online, based on Bloom's learning levels, and the occurrence of understanding in Gadamer's thought. Reduce the possibility of fraud by immigrants and academic evaluation as an important part of education, remains important and fundamental. At Bloom's cognitive levels, higher levels (such as the evaluation level) require both the question and the answer to the highest level of reflection. In Gadamer's thought, understanding as an event is not limited to recreation and occurs in a novel event as a result of one's reflective reflections with others. Based on these two theories and compatible combinations, a type of evaluation is defined that occurs at the highest level of thinking, reflection and creation, which is the main purpose of evaluation. In this view, the purpose of evaluation is not merely a pass, but a reason, a tool, and a technique for growth. The pattern is that the design and answer to the questions is done by the student and part of the score is allocated to the question design and the higher the level and reflection, the higher the score is received from this section. Higher level question design requires the designer to master the content and message of the text. With these all-encompassing descriptions, it is inevitable to ask such questions and ultimately find answers to them. According to the researcher, in this case, fraud is minimized and re-creation gives way to deep reflection, creation and study, which is the ultimate goal of education.

The main purpose of this qualitative study is to visualize the philosophy program for children (p4c) in Iranian primary education (policy, strategies and practice). The secondary purpose is to examine the informational and practical experiences, perceptions and feelings of specialists and elementary teachers of the representation and possibility of implementing a philosophy program for children in primary education in Iran. The method of qualitative research is phenomenography . Data were collected over two weeks through one-on-one interviews with 8 experts and 13 teachers involved in the FBQ program. Findings in three three-level descriptive categories; Policy-making, strategies, and implementation constitute the outcome space. Most of the interviewees considered these three levels necessary in the implementation of the FBQ program. As a result, this study suggests that phenomenography can be used as an evaluation tool to identify policies, strategies, and practices and to describe their structural aspects, which may serve as the executive framework of the FBQ program from marginal to thematic core and its sensitivity. Move that has never been thought of before. As a result, identifying the above challenges at three descriptive levels in finding solutions and solving obstacles and problems, will facilitate the implementation process and help achieve the goals of the FBQ program in primary education.

The purpose of this study was to job burnout's structural analyse in teachers based on professional development and participatory Management of school in Tabriz education districts.This research is a descriptive-correlational based on structural equations model study considering the relationship between professional development variable with job burnout variable as well as mediated by participatory management. Also, this research is a cross-sectional study with a wide range of researches. The statistical population of the study consisted of all girls' secondary school teachers in Tabriz's educational districts, who spent between 1 and 10 years of their service. The number of teachers in the lower 10 years background is 126. The sampling method in this study was relative stratified random according to area. The sample size is 100 people per community of 130 according to Morgan's table. The sample size was divided into 5 unequal classes divided into five districts and teachers. The following questionnaires were used for data collection:Professional Development QuestionnaireIn this study, a questionnaire was developed to measure the professional development of teachers using the Kentucky Professional Development Standards Questionnaire. The Kentucky State Standards for Professional Standards for Teacher Preparation and Certification has designed nine standards and has reviewed and revised them from 1 to 5 years. Different standards are used to measure each standard in separate batches, ranging from very low to very high five options. The Teachers' Professional Standards Development Questionnaire has 70 questions. The reliability of the questionnaire was evaluated by applying it on 30 teachers of the statistical society and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.82. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed and confirmed by content validity using twelve professors or educational groups.Burnout Questionnaire:This test is made by Maxwell, which is based on a new estimate of the phenomenon of stress, namely burnout. The questionnaire consists of three items that measure emotional exhaustion, deterioration, and lack of personal success in the context of professional activity, and are especially used to measure and prevent burnout in professional groups such as nurses, teachers, and others (Azizi et al., 2008). The items were scored on a 5-point Likert scale. When studying this scale by the subject, one expresses his / her feeling with regard to the options available. The questions (1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 13, 14, 16, 20) are related to the emotional exhaustion subscale. The questions (5, 10, 11, 15, 22) are also related to the de-personalization subscale (as well as the questions (4, 7, 9, 12, 17, 18, 19, 21). Individual success (individual performance). Questions (6, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 20, 22, 1, 2, 3, 5) This questionnaire is inversely rated for ratings and questions (4, 7, 9, 12, 17 , 18, 19, 21) are calculated directly. In a study conducted by Khaledi in Iran in 1996, the validity of the questionnaire was reported to be 0.91, and Badri, in 2000, the validity of the Maslach burnout questionnaire with emotional exhaustion (0.90); depersonalization of personality (0.79); Confirmed individual performance (0.71) (Saatchi & Asgarian, 2014). The reliability of the questionnaire in this study was estimated by 30 teachers for emotional exhaustion (0.79); depersonalization of personality (0.8); personal performance (0.78) and for the whole questionnaire (0.82). Is.Participatory Management QuestionnaireThe questionnaire consists of 40 items on a 5-point scale that assess the extent to which principals use a school-based participatory management style from the teachers' perspective. This questionnaire was designed and used by Fakali in 2016 and has a reliability of 0.89. The reliability of the questionnaire in the present study was estimated to be 0.84 with 30 teachers. Structural equation modeling with PLS software was used to analyze the data and test the research hypotheses.Also analysis of statistical data and design of structural equation model with PLS software showed:Job burnout of teachers based on professional development in girls' secondary schools in Tabriz education districts can be predicted using structural equation modeling.Job burnout of teachers based on participatory management in girls' secondary schools in Tabriz education districts cannot be predicted using structural equation modeling.Participatory management is predictable based on the professional development of teachers recruited in girls' secondary schools in Tabriz by using structural equation modeling.The correlation matrix between variables indicates that there is a significant (0.73) positive relationship between professional development and participatory management. There is a significant inverse relationship between participatory management and professional development with job burnout and its components.The coefficient of explanation for burnout based on participatory management is not significant because the T value is less than 1.96 and the significance level is above 0.05. And other predictors of job burnout and its components based on professional development with T value higher than 1.96 and significance level less than 0.05 are significant. The coefficient of path of predicting burnout based on professional development in the studied teachers is 0.73 and this value is 0.737 in explaining teachers' participation in school management based on professional development.Findings showed that participatory management and job burnout of teachers based on professional development in girls' secondary schools in Tabriz education districts can be predicted using structural equation modeling.

Today, the use of appropriate training strategies that are compatible with the principles of the brain are considered in science education. Because of the greater compatibility of the contextual learning strategy with the principles of the brain based learning, this study examined the impact of this strategy on natural Science education.

The research method is semi experimental. The statistical population includes all third grade elementary students in Tabriz studying in 1397-1398. Using multi-stage cluster sampling method, 112 students (57 in the experimental group and 55 in the control group) were selected as the sample. The The measuring tool includes a test of learning at two levels of knowledge and the level of understanding and higher levels, which was performed in the pre-test and post-test. The educational plan in the experimental group was implemented by trained teachers in 8 sessions. While, the control group was trained with the conventional approach. Covariance test was used to analyze the data.

The results show that the level of learning at the level of knowledge between the studied samples in the experimental group before (mean 4.45) and after the intervention (mean 5.89) was not statistically significant (p = 0.326). However, at the level of understanding and higher, the amount of learning before (5.35) and after the intervention (10.80) is a significant difference (p = 0.001).

Applying a contextual strategy that is more consistent with brain-based principles can be used as an appropriate approach to improve learning level in natural science education.

The performance of school principals plays a decisive role in ensuring school effectiveness. School principals are leading schools to deliver better quality services and educational justice, and are committed to promoting school performance. It is important to improve school performance in many Western and European countries. Accordingly, school evaluation is increasingly being considered as a potential lever and is one of the ways to determine the extent to which school goals are being met. Because it is managers who guide and direct the activities of the organization and the individuals through the achievement of the desired goals through coordination and proper use of human and material resources. At present, the management of corporate culture, teamwork and managerial collaboration with others is of great importance. Performance is the result of activities in terms of performing assigned tasks. The most important activities of school principals are including those related to education, student affairs, staffing, finance, resources and equipment, school and community relations. Evaluating school principals' performance can provide a good basis for improving performance as well as controlling complex changing situations, and school principals as school service providers have a special place in promoting school performance, and no educational system can have without competent principals. The present study is an applied research and a descriptive-correlational research. The main reason for choosing the descriptive-correlational approach is to find out the variations of managers' performance variables based on the predictor variables. The statistical population of the study consisted of all the principals of public and non-governmental secondary schools for girls in Tabriz's educational districts with 180 school principals in the academic year 2018-2019. The sampling method used was stratified random sampling in terms of district and type of public and non-public schools. The sample size is 123 persons based on Krejci and Morgan table. Alkazimi (2007) questionnaire was used to measure organizational loyalty on a 5-degree Likert scale. The minimum possible score is 7 and the maximum is 35. Al-Kazimi (2007) assessed the content validity of the questionnaire with a reliability of 0.81. Nadi and Golparvar (1390) estimated its reliability in one study and its reliability by 0.87 and 0.63 in another, respectively. To measure managers' organizational self-esteem, the standard questionnaire of Pierce Gardner and et al (1989) was used in 10 questions that expresses the individual's overall feelings and values or personal acceptance on a scale of 1 to 5. The reliability of this questionnaire was 0.91 by Pierce et al. And 0.75 was reported in retest. The reliability of this questionnaire by Sadeghian, Abedi and Baghban (2009), 0.89 and by Assar et al. (2015), respectively. 0 and reported by Hosseini Kookamari, Mashalahi and Baqaei (2014) 0.8. Milman et al. (2003) questionnaire of organizational spirituality was designed to measure organizational spirituality with 18 questions and 3 components including: meaningful work (items 1 to 5), feeling of solidarity (items 6 to 11), values alignment. (Items 12 to 18). Abdollahi et al. Have estimated the reliability of this questionnaire in 2014 as 0.95, cultural, Fatahi and Waqiq (2006) 0.87, and Goodarzi and Karimi (2012) as 0.91. Complete Delaware et al (2017) questionnaire and Taheri et al (2018) health questionnaire were used to evaluate school principals' performance. In both studies, content validity and construct validity were evaluated and validated. The scale of the 5-degree performance questionnaire was from 1 to 5. In order to determine the validity of the questionnaires, face validity and Cronbach's alpha coefficient were used to assess the reliability of the questionnaires. Work environment is 0.92. In this study, structural equation modeling with PLS software was used for data analysis. Based on the results of descriptive statistics, the average performance of the study managers is above average. Managers' organizational self-esteem is above average. Organizational loyalty status of managers is above average. The average spirituality in the workplace is higher than the average of the managers studied. The results show that the performance of school principals based on organizational loyalty, spirituality in the workplace mediated by their organizational self-esteem in girls' secondary schools in Tabriz with predictive coefficient of 0.76. The relationship between spirituality in the workplace and organizational loyalty with managers 'organizational self-esteem as well as spirituality in the workplace with performance were significant at 95% confidence level, and the relationships of organizational loyalty and organizational self-esteem with managers' performance were insignificant. Also, the indirect relationship between spirituality in the workplace and organizational loyalty with managers' performance mediated by organizational self-esteem is not significant. The standardized coefficient of the path among the variables indicates that the variables of organizational loyalty and organizational self-esteem do not explain the variations of managers' performance variables. This coefficient is in relation to spirituality with performance of 0.8, in relation to organizational loyalty with performance of 0.13 and in relation to self-esteem with performance of 0.06. Also, adjusted coefficient of performance based on spirituality in the workplace, organizational loyalty mediated by organizational self-esteem was 0.76 and above average. The significance level of the coefficients for the relationship between spirituality in the workplace and organizational loyalty with managers' organizational self-esteem as well as spirituality in the workplace with performance were less than 0.05 which was significant at 95% confidence level and structural model fit. It also shows that the significance level of coefficients of relationship between organizational loyalty and organizational self-esteem of managers with their performance higher than 0.05 indicates that these paths are not significant. In explaining this finding, it can be stated that performance is a function of individual and social characteristics of school principals. Accordingly, variables such as principals being held accountable, conforming to values, and paying attention to the fundamental norms and values of their organization and profession. Be it. On the other hand, how subordinates are led and paid attention to the ethical aspects of subordinate affairs in their managed organization are key determinants of performance. Successful managers therefore bring a sense of solidarity, caring, value alignment, and overall spirituality to the workplace, sharing power, leadership in a collaborative and collaborative way, with an interactive attitude between managers and employees to enhance collaboration and use. The capabilities and talents in the organization are emphasized.

Dual power is very difficult because it involves two opposing processes of exploration and exploitation that must be managed simultaneously (3). Exploration refers to innovation, creativity, change and repetition, while exploitation refers to cost-effectiveness, implementation, re-launching processes and achieving goals (4). Organizational ambiguity is a new concept in management that can be discussed in relation to organizational survival and its performance. An organization needs organizational ambiguity to survive, grow, improve performance, innovate and be competitive in today's dynamic environment. Successful organizations in a dynamic environment are ambiguous by using the facilities at their disposal (exploiting) and discovering new opportunities (exploring). 11 The basic concept of ambivalent is the individual's ability to use both hands simultaneously. Some research has examined the prerequisites for ambivalence, for example, personal characteristics that can increase employees' ambiguity, including intrinsic motivation (17), cognitive information (18), self-efficacy (19), attitude and orientation. (20) is stress management and self-confidence for social support (21). Also, the relationships between psychological characteristics of the individual and ambivalence may be adjusted by other variables such as age, experience, and emotional intelligence (22, 23). Therefore, based on the existing theoretical foundations, the variables of psychological capital, intrinsic motivation, ability to cope with stress, competence mediated by emotional intelligence are defined as important psychological preconditions on the duality of the organization. But also provide new ground for fundamental research and new psychological strategies to increase organizational ambiguity for managers and decision makers. Therefore, the researcher seeks to answer the question of whether the pattern of psychological factors affecting ambiguity in organizations is sufficiently appropriate.

The present descriptive and applied research population consisted of managers of small and medium companies in Tabriz, which due to the unlimited population and 379 available managers of companies were selected as a sample. Then the emotional intelligence questionnaire has 33 questions and evaluation of three components (emotional evaluation and expression, emotional regulation and exploitation of emotion), dual-ability questionnaire has 14 questions and two components (exploratory and exploitation), internal motivation has 6 questions, management Stress has 34 questions and component evaluations (strategies for creating a sense of optimism, time management, recreational activities, exercise, putting the body at rest, putting others patiently on a diet) and psychological capital and psychological empowerment. Provide them with 15 questions and evaluation components (competency, management, assistance, management, etc.) and ask them to answer the questionnaire patiently and honestly. Finally, to describe the data, the mean and standard deviation in the form of SPSS software version 26, to examine the conceptual model, confirmatory factor analysis (measurement and structural model) version 9.3 was used.

The results of confirmatory path analysis showed that the effect of psychological capital, intrinsic motivation, stress management and psychological empowerment and emotional intelligence on duality in organizations is positive and significant. Also, psychological capital and intrinsic motivation do not have a significant effect on duality in organizations, but also, the effect of stress management and psychological empowerment on duality in organizations is positive and significant (Table 1)The results of celebrating the mediator variable showed that emotional intelligence does not have a mediating and significant role on the relationship between capitalism and the ambiguity of organizations, emotional intelligence does not play a mediating and significant role on the relationship between intrinsic motivation and ambiguity of organizations. Also, emotional intelligence has a positive and significant role on the relationship between stress management and ambiguity of organizations; Finally, emotional intelligence has a positive and significant role on the relationship between psychological empowerment and ambiguity of organizations (Table 2). It was also found that the proposed model has a good fit.

The results showed that increasing psychological capital leads to improving organizational ambiguity. In fact, psychological capital, by relying on the psychological variables of positivism such as hope and self-efficacy leads to the promotion of the value of human capital and social capital in the organization (26). Belief or confidence in one's abilities is known as self-efficacy. This belief and confidence in a person becomes success in performing certain tasks, and this success is also through motivating oneself, providing cognitive resources for oneself and The necessary actions are taken (27). Therefore, since ambiguity is very difficult, because it involves two opposing processes of exploration and exploitation that must be managed simultaneously (3). Therefore, having self-efficacy, optimism and resilience along with hope seem to play a significant role in organizational ambiguity.Another finding showed that intrinsic motivation is one of the factors affecting organizational ambiguity. One of the most important factors influencing the performance of managers and employees is internal motivation. Employees who have strong motivation to do the job, do their job enthusiastically and have a lot of passion for their job. Thus, job aspiration - as a desirable resource - may lead to a positive cycle of resources and consequently positive effects on health (30), which results in the proper performance of the assigned job tasks or behaviors beyond it, such as individual ambiguity. it is possible.The results showed that the use of stress management strategies can improve organizational ambiguity. Research has shown that job stress can reduce people's performance by affecting micro-factors such as sleep, lifestyle, food intake, fatigue and health complaints (32,31). Given that stress reduces organizational productivity, it seems logical that stress management through methods such as experiencing a sense of happiness, diet, recreation ... can address ambiguity as a dual opposite process and challenge Have a positive effect.The results of the present study showed that psychological ability has a positive effect on organizational ambiguity. Psychological empowerment is the feeling and perception of the individual in the work environment that creates and strengthens the sense of empowerment in the mental dimensions of the individual leads to his empowerment. In fact, empowerment in organizations reflects the psychological state of employees. Psychological empowerment seems to create a sense of competence; To be meaningful; The right to choose and influence (34) can lead to the improvement of organizational ambiguity.Finally, it was found that emotional intelligence has a positive effect on organizational ambiguity. But it only has a mediating and significant role between psychological empowerment and stress management with ambiguity. Emotional intelligence is one of the capabilities associated with success in life. Employees with high emotional intelligence are more conscientious because of their ability to evaluate and deal with emotions, understand the causes of stress, be gentle with problems, and control their own and others' emotions, and have more loyalty to the organization. Those people in the organization who have higher emotional intelligence are more successful in obtaining a job and job position (34).

Numerous studies have examined emotional intelligence and academic performance. But there is a research gap in examining the relationship between emotional intelligence and academic performance of graduate students.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between emotional intelligence and academic performance of graduate students of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences.

The present study was a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population of all graduate students of Tabriz Medical School was 380 in 2018. 191 students (149 postgraduate students and 42 doctoral students) were selected by proportional stratified sampling method. The research instruments were Schering (1996) standard emotional intelligence questionnaire and grade point average as academic performance. Data analysis was performed using multiple regression analysis.

The value of multiple correlation between emotional intelligence and its components with academic performance was 0.74 and the coefficient of determination was 0.54, which shows that 54% of changes in academic performance by emotional intelligence and components. Its features can be explained.

There was a direct relationship between emotional intelligence and studentschr('39') academic performance and between the components of emotional intelligence and academic performance.

The purpose of this study is to systematically determine and explain the principles of learning based on cognitive processes in the brain. It was also attempted to infer new principles in addition to refining the pervious principles. Also, by focusing on three educational strategies of coordinated immersion, active processing, relaxed consciousness, it was tried to find adaptation of determined principles with these strategies. The present study is a combination method (qualitative-quantitative). The present study is a combination method (qualitative-quantitative). First, by examining the content of relevant and valid scientific texts as well as semi-structured interviews by thematic content analysis method, the initial framework of the project including 17 learning principles was prepared. Lawshes method was used to determine the content validity ratio (CVR) and the Waltz and Basel methods were used to adapt the principles to the strategies and to determine the content validity index (CVI). The research community in this section is 13 professors and experts. Based on CVR, 15 principles were approved. According to CVI, 9 principles related to coordinated immersion, 4 principles related to active processing and 2 principles in coordination with relaxed awareness strategy were classified. Progress in Neuroscience findings and the importance of using this finding in education requires further review and study of these findings in inferring the principles of learning based on cognitive processes in the brain. On the other hand, it is suggested to consider learning principles based on brain cognitive processes in curriculum planning and its application.

Development of problem-solving skills through policy-making and promotion of physician education can be achieved by establishing specific criteria for policy-making and evaluation of educational policies.

This study aimed to investigate the challenges of assessing medical education policies.

In this systematic review, the Sample–Phenomenon of Interest–Design–Evaluation– Research (SPIDER) model was used to extract data. Scientific databases were searched to find articles in Persian or English language, assessing policy-making and policies in the Iranian medical education during 2010-2019. Of 485 domestic and international studies, 447 studies were excluded, based on the title or abstract, and 38 full-text articles were selected for further investigation. Finally, 11 relevant articles were reviewed as the final sample.

The challenges of educational policies in medical education were determined, based on the descriptive content analysis of the reviewed articles. These challenges were classified, based on the policy analysis steps. The main challenges of assessing medical education policies in selected studies were related to setting the agenda, setting policies, policy selection, policy execution, and finally, policy analysis in medical education.

Based on the present results, policy-makers can incorporate the conceptual model of this study, which was based on an established theoretical framework and previous research, in the process of policy-making.

Selection of managers based on competency has always been one of the main concerns of decision makers and policy makers in the public sector and the provision of public services.The selection of the right managers at the levels of centralized and provincial units and the central leadership of public service providers in the field of insurance has been of great importance and it is necessary to specify and develop the indicators of managerial competence required for management in this organization. The purpose of this study is to develop a competency model for selecting managers in one of the main organizations providing various insurance services in Iran. Statistical population, including general manager, deputy general managers, heads of departments and heads and senior experts and heads of branches of one of the general insurance departments of the north and northwest of the country (East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan, Ardabil, Zanjan, Kurdistan, Gilan, Mazandaran, Golestan , Qazvin and Hamedan) the statistical sample size is estimated at 228 people.Research method, integrated (qualitative and quantitative) and data collection tools in the qualitative part of the interview and the quantitative partThe questionnaire was based on the evaluation of competency criteria extracted from the qualitative part. The method of data analysis in the qualitative part was based on the theme analysis approach and in the quantitative part was based on the confirmatory factor analysis method to test the components of the competency model.

Corporate growth is an important factor for economic growth. Therefore, choosing the right growth strategy is one of the most important issues in managerial decisions. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to design a business growth strategy selection model based on Ansoff matrix using fuzzy inference system. To achieve the research goal, first based on the ANSF matrix, Factors affecting market product strategy selection are identified and then two-level fuzzy inference system designed to select the company's growth strategy. The statistical population of this research was chemical and chemical industries of East Azarbaijan province. The statistical sample is based on the sample of available 124 managers of these companies. A questionnaire was used to collect the data, which was distributed among the sample members after determining its validity and reliability. In order to analyze the data while using exploratory factor analysis, a fuzzy inference system based on triangular membership functions and Mamdani inference is used to formulate the model of choosing the growth strategy of the company. The research results show that the designed system is able to identify the right growth strategy for companies. Also, the results in determining the growth strategy of the companies show that for the surveyed community, the best growth strategy was market development.

This study was conducted to assess reading proficiency of first grade students at Turkish-Persian bilingual and Persian monolingual regions. The research design was survey-descriptive and the sample was selected through cluster sampling which emcompassed 20 classes including 300 first grade students. Shafiei et al.’s (1387) Inventory Reading Test (IRT), was employed to assess participants’ comprehension, accuracy and fluency; Soleimani and Dastjerdy’s (1389) phonological awareness test was employed to measure phonological awareness differences; and a research made questionnaire based on Nematzade et al.’s (1390) study was used to achieve participants’ vocabulary repertoire. The results through independent t test indicated significant differences in accuracy and fluency between bilingual and monolingual students. However, there were not significant differences among reading comprehension, phonological awareness, vocabulary repertoire of bilingual and monolingual students. To indicate the reading subcomponents relationships, Pearson correlation was done and the results showed significant relationships among reading five-subcomponents. Due to the effectiveness of bilingualism and the interconnection among reading sub-components, educational authorities should seriously support special intervening reading programs for bilingual students. It has been estimated that approximately two-third of the world’s population is either bilingual or multilingual; that is, more than half the people in the world routinely use two or more languages in their daily communication in different ways. Multilingualism and multiculturalism are social facts of this new century, which can be seen in most classrooms and playgrounds. Iran, a multicultural society, is home to a number of language communities speaking Azeri-Turkish, Kurdish, Baluch, and Arabic languages among others. In non-Persian regions children attending the first grade classes are not competent in Persian listening and speaking skills. These children should study all school curriculums in Persian along with Persian native-speaker students. It seems that bilingualism in Iran is a kind of subtractive bilingualism. Unlike additive bilingualism that both languages enrich each other, in subtractive bilingualism the second language is added at the expense of the first language. Consequently, bilingualism in Iran seems to have contributed to the high rate of retention and grade repetition. For instance, in both TIMSS and PIRLS international studies, Iranian students ranked almost last.  As a case in the international reading comprehension study of 1970, Iran ranked 14th among fifteen participating countries, and in PIRLS 2001, 32nd among the 35 participating countries. Part of this result is due to bilingualism issue in Iran. The related literature indicates that Iranian bilingual students got lower scores than monolingual in reading comprehension test. Curriculum planners always search for ways to remedy this problem. For example, they have designed a one-month preparatory course for the non-Persian speaking students or have employed some other extra courses. But none of these solutions are effective for improving the non-Persian students’ drop-out rate. In recent years, dynamic systems theory has attracted a great deal of attention which has had a great impact on recent research on language studies. The central idea in dynamic systems theory is that language development is a dynamic, interrelated and complex cognitive demand. In the case of reading skill, it is a complex construct composed of a set of interrelated components such as accuracy, fluency, phonological awareness, reading comprehension, and vocabulary repertoire. An overview on literature shows that the majority of reading comprehension studies have predominantly focused on one shot approach on reading development studying only one of reading sub-components. However, to analyze reading development, we should consider all five-subcomponents in developmental process and concentrate on the interaction components too. In sum, to our best knowledge, most of the studies in this realm of inquiry have employed a limited number of subcomponents to account for reading comprehension research. Therefore, the impetus that prompted us to undertake this study was to analyze first grade monolingual and bilingual students’ reading comprehension because identifying the amount of reading comprehension of bilingual students and comparing it with monolingual students is the first step in eliminating the problem of  the high rate of retention and grade repetition in bilingual areas. Therefore, the present inquiry set to investigate (a) to compare monolingual and bilingual students’ reading skill (b) and to find whether there are any significant relationships between the sub-components (accuracy, fluency, phonological awareness, reading comprehension, and vocabulary repertoire) of students’ reading skill. In this study, 20 classes including 300 first grade students selected from monolingual and bilingual regions chosen through cluster sampling and three reliable and valid questionnaires including Shafiei et al.’s (1387) Inventory Reading Test (IRT), Soleimani and Dastjerdy’s (1389) phonological awareness test, and a research made questionnaire based on Nematzade et al.’s (1390) study were employed to evaluate participants’ reading skill. Meanwhile, four examiners were selected to measure the students’ reading comprehension skill. Independent t test and Pearson correlation were considered to signify the findings. The results indicated significant differences in accuracy and fluency between bilingual and monolingual students. However, there were not significant differences among reading comprehension, phonological awareness, vocabulary repertoire of bilingual and monolingual students. Pearson correlation indicated that five-subcomponents of reading construct are highly interrelated. These results were generally in harmony with previous studies. However, these findings were inconsistent with a number of related researches. The possible explanation for significance and non-significance differences in reading sub-components of bilingual and monolingual could be discussed considering contrastive analysis and the method of bilingual education in Iran. Another point of our interpretation concerns interrelatedness of sub-components of reading skill. Under appropriate condition, development in one dimension of a skill may facilitate the emergence of other aspects of language output. Based on this issue, the possible justification for reading sub-components correlation may be the co-adaptation of reading sub-components to each other in a parallel form. Thus, these sub-components could have cross-fertilized one another.

Providing favorable services associated with students' behavior and health care is one of the most important tasks of school principals, and the health performance (HP) of schools is influenced by the organizational factors, such as spirituality in the workplace (SW).The purpose of this research is to predict the HP of school principals based on SW.

In this descriptive study, all high school principals in Tabriz (N₌800) during 2018-2019 academic year were listed. Of these, 258 principals were selected through stratified random sampling in terms of location of schools. Data collection was performed using, the questionnaires of managers' HP and SW, as well as its components, including meaningful work (MW), sense of community (SOC), and the alignment of organizational values (AOV). Data were analyzed using path analysistest using PLS software.

The results of structural equation modeling revealed that the HP of school principals based on SW and its components was predictable. The predicted coefficient (adjusted R2)was 0.49. Furthermore, the results showed that the path coefficients of latent variables were significant (P <0.001).

It is required to have a proper spiritual environment and pay attention to spirituality in the school workplace in order to improve the HP of school principals to provide good health services to students.

Health literacy is considered as a global issue, and is considered by policymakers because of its role in decision making of individuals in health-related areas as one of the basic tools for improving the health of the community. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of health literacy among secondary school girl students in Tabriz City, Iran based on demographic characteristics. This was a descriptive-survey study. The statistical population of the study was 25112 secondary school girl students in Tabriz City. The size was 387 using Morgan table, and they were selected using two-stage cluster sampling method. The research tool was Montazeri et al. standard health literacy questionnaire which had 5 dimensions and 33 items. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance analysis (MANOVA). There was a significant difference between the scores of students' health literacy and their dimensions, accessibility, reading, understanding, evaluation, and decision making, in the three age groups. Moreover, there was a significant difference between the reading, comprehension, assessment, and decision-making scores of students in the five areas, but there was no significant difference between the access scores of students in the districts. The results of the study could be used in education programming to improve health literacy among students. The students, who find more educational achievement via this programs, are the main beneficiaries in this regard

This research was carried out with the aim of investigating the effective factors on the quality of education and teaching at Ardebil University of Medical Sciences in mixed method. Factors influencing on teaching quality were identified and classified from the perspective of professors and students of the university's leading universities. In a small section, 354 people were selected through a researcher-made questionnaire that were selected by simple random sampling method. Then, the data were analyzed using SPSS22 software. The findings of the qualitative research section showed that seven factors have the highest role in the teaching quality. Also, in a quantitative study, the findings showed that from the perspective of the faculty members of the internal structural factors, Individual and professional faculty members and outsourcing factors were ranked first to third, and from the viewpoint of academic students, the individual and professional characteristics of faculty members were ranked first, environmental factors - organizational and outsourcing in the second and third ranks. As a result, it should be said that in the quality of teaching, many factors have been involved, among which the most influences are the individual and professional characteristics of faculty members and the internal structural factors of the university, which require special attention

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of using the Monte Sur method on the level of socialization of preschool children in the education sector of Tabriz 4th district. The research method is quasiexperimental with pre-test and post-test design with control group and is applicable to the target. The statistical population of this research includes the preschool children of education in Tabriz 4th district with 6185 people. A random cluster sampling method was used to select a sample of the population. Firstly, a preschool was selected randomly from preschools in the four educational district of Tabriz city. In the next step, two classes of 20 people were selected, one of which was randomly assigned as the experimental group and the other as the control group. Montessori curriculum in 5 sections (daily living skills, sensory skills, computing skills of language and culture) organized and implemented within 3 months of learners. A questionnaire was used for collecting data. To analyze the hypotheses, covariance test was used.