ataee r. a

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of oral disinfectant washes before intubation on the incidence of respiratory infections.
In this cross-sectional study which was carried out on patients undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation, 100 patients were enrolled on a voluntary basis. They were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. The intervention group was given 3ml of 0/2 % chlorhexidine mouth wash for 1 minute in 3 times 30 minutes before intubation. The control group received no intervention. Standard hospital care was provided for both groups equally. The demographic questionnaire was also completed in all patients and they were followed up at 10, 30, and 60 days. Measure of respiratory infections included fever, cough, chest pain, headache, if necessary bacterial culture of sputum and antibiotic consumption. The results were analyzed by SPSS Version 19.
The mean age of patients in the control group was 49.3±17.54 years and in the interventional group was 47.3±18.7 years (P≤ 0.506). The duration of anesthesia in the control group was 2.66±1.46 hours while in the experimental group was 2.31±0.89 hours (P≤0.392). The length of stay in the recovery room for the control group was 38.7±11.23 minutes and for the interventional groups was 34.8± 9.14 minutes. Although smoking was 8% in the control group and in the interventional group was 26%, however, the incidence of fever with respiratory infection in the control group was 20% and in the interventional group, was 4% after surgery (P≤0.014).
Based on these results, mouth disinfectant before anesthesia is associated with a significant reduction in fever and symptoms of respiratory infection. Therefore, it is recommended to disinfect the patient's mouth 30 minutes before general anesthesia when endotracheal intubation is performed on a routine basis.

Improvements in nanotechnology in the past decayed has created various opportunities for evaluation of biologic effects such as anti-bacterial effects of nanoparticles. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of calcium carbonate nanoparticles on two different bacteria including Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Staphylococcus aureus.

The antibacterial effect of calcium carbonate nanoparticles against mentioned bacteria was evaluated by dilution in agar containing medium and dilution in Broth medium. Each of prepared Broth Media (10 ml) was inoculated with 1 ml of bacterial suspension (106 CFU/ml) and incubated. Sampling of culture Media was performed in specific intervals and diluted as 10-1, to 10-6. Then 100 μl of each sample was transferred to agar plates and was spread carefully and then incubated. Grown colonies were counted and MIC and MBC was determined.

Calcium carbonate nanoparticles showed very good antibacterial effect and after 16 hours the bacteria were totally diminished. The lowest and highest MIC concentration of these nanoparticles in solid medium was 31.2 and 125 μg/ml respectively. The MIC of calcium carbonate nanoparticles in Broth Medium was two times more than the MIC concentration in solid medium, while different concentrations of ordinary calcium carbonate not only revealed antibacterial effects but also supported the bacterial growth.

Use of calcium carbonate nanoparticles as an anti-microbial agent is recommended in different fields of medicine, food industry and agriculture and can be of importance considering health and economic issues.

The aim of this study was to design a molecular detection for differentiation of bacterial from nonbacterial meningitis. In this research, the universal primer was used. The DNA of 20 bacterial strains was extracted. Eubacterial 16SrRNA gene fragments (16S rDNA) were amplified by PCR with broad-range ribosomal primers. The PCR was curried out under optimized standard conditions. The PCR products were electrophoresed on agarose 1 % and compared with standard strains. The high specificity of the PCR assay was documented after testing bacteria of 20 different species. At least 10 bacteria could be found in 1 ml of fluid culture. The use of universal primer which contains 16SrRNA could be suitable amplification of a sequence with 1000bp. This sequence was found very similar in nearly all bacteria. Twenty different bacterial strains were tested. The sequence (1000bp) was seen in all bacterial strains applied in this study. Use of this molecular method for any bacterial meningitis is applicable because of fast diagnosis in 3 hours, differentiating bacterial meningitis from non-bacterial, and finally the effective treatment of patients suffered with the disease. The method is effective in developing and developed countries.

Widespread medical usage of botulinum toxins has increased the need for the precise analysis of its biological activity. The aim of this study was production and crystallization of the botulinum type A toxins. In this study, Clostridium botulinum was grown and inoculated into the Tripticase Soya Broth culture media, under anaerobic condition and toxin production was monitored. The maximum yield of toxin was obtained after 96 hours, then toxin was harvested by acidifying the whole culture and centrifugation. The period of bacterial growth was extensively checked for toxin activity by mouse assay and crystallization was done at the same time. The results of this study showed that Clostridium botulinum grew in the above condition and produced toxin after 96 hours. The toxin produced in the low pH range of 4– 5.8 was stored as cube- shaped crystals. The crystallized toxin preparation was stable over time and maintained its biological activity after 4 years of storage in a temperature of 4-6 ° C. Clostridium botulinum type A toxin rapidly becomes inactive in the laboratory environment. Therefore, it is important to find a way to keep its biological activity. According to the results of this study, biological activity of the crystallized toxin remained stable for a long period of time. Thus, this method is useful for both preventive and research applications of botulinum toxin.