ayoola awosika

The impact of artificial light exposure on human health has garnered significant attention in recent years. In particular, its effects on reproductive health have raised concerns. Given that the onset of menarche serves as a crucial indicator of reproductive maturity, understanding the implications of artificial light exposure becomes paramount. Age of menarche onset occurs relatively earlier in urban females than females raised in rural areas. Besides the decline in age of menarche onset, exposure to artificial light may contribute to impairment in reproductive hormones, particularly gonadotropins, by disrupting rhythms of reproductive hormones, modulating stress hormones and kisspeptin productions, and causing body weight changes. This drastic environmentally induced change may increase the proportion of teenage pregnancies, unfulfilled childhood dreams, depression, and ill-prepared marriages, thus creating a potential need for public health intervention. Due to limited studies and often lack of longitudinal data, a significant knowledge gap exists in unraveling the potential mechanism involved in alteration of these physiologic processes. The purpose of the current review was to elucidate the intricate interplay between environmental factors, cultural practices, and biological processes within indigenous communities. By meticulously examining the multifaceted influences of artificial light, including its prevalence and varying intensity based on geographical locations and light pollution levels, this study aimed to provide scholarly insights in-to the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying the observed changes. The findings of this inquiry will also inform evidence-based strategies and interventions aimed at safeguarding the reproductive well-being of indigenous populations amidst the escalating challenges posed by artificial light exposure.

Electrical activities are required for muscular contractions and physical activities. Understanding the electrophysiological attributes of the upward and downward phases of squats and lying leg raises provides a strong scientific basis for modifying physical exercises to suit specific fitness and rehabilitation goals. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of the upward and downward phases of squats and lying leg raise work-outs on electroencephalograms and electrocardiograms in healthy male individuals.

Ten healthy young adult males averaging 19.6 of age and meeting the inclusion criteria were selected. Squat and lying leg raise work-outs were conducted at a rate of 12 reps per minute. Electroencephalograms and electrocardiograms were recorded using the PowerLab 26T system.  

The study results showed that during the downward phase of squat work-outs, beta wave frequency was higher compared to the downward phase of lying leg raise work-outs. Both the upward and downward phases of squat work-outs caused a reduction in alpha/beta and alpha wave frequencies compared to the corresponding upward and downward phases of lying leg raise. Additionally, the downward phase of squats resulted in a lower RR interval than the upward phase.  

The findings of the study highlighted the electroencephalographic and electrocardiographic characteristics of the upward and downward phases of squat and lying leg raise work-outs in healthy male individuals. Compared to the downward phase of lying leg raises, the downward phase of squats was characterized by higher beta wave frequency, lower alpha wave frequency and a lower alpha/beta ratio. The downward phase of squats elicited greater cortical activation relative to lying leg raises.