bahman fazeli-nasab

Honey bees, classified within the insect class and widely distributed globally, consist of 26 identified subspecies across five evolutionary lines. Among these, the Iranian honey bee ( Apis mellifera meda ) is notable for its presence in Iran and neighboring regions. This subspecies exhibits unique biological traits, including a high reproductive capacity and effective propolis collection, distinguishing it from other local bee populations. Understanding genetic diversity within these populations is crucial for conservation and breeding efforts.

The aim of this study is to determine the phylogenetic relationships and natural variations of the Iranian honey bee in comparison to other bee breeds worldwide using the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) region.

The study focuses on the identification of COI gene sequences in honeybees. The mitochondrial COI gene sequences related to the Iranian honey bee and eight populations of other honey bee breeds from around the world (24 ecotypes) were extracted and aligned from the genome database (NCBI). BLAST was used for sequence retrieval, and Clustal W was employed for alignment among species. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using MEGA software, applying the Neighbor Joining method to construct a phylogenetic tree based on the edited sequences. The percentage of nucleotide substitutions and replacements was calculated using the maximum likelihood method. Additionally, molecular diversity indices were computed using DnaSP software to assess genetic variation and conservation parameters among populations.

The bioinformatics analysis of biological data revealed that transfer substitution occurred more frequently than crossover substitution. Additionally, the percentage of substitution in pyrimidine bases was higher than in purine bases. The dN/dS substitution ratio in the gene locus sequence across the examined ecotypes was estimated at 0.08, indicating purifying selection during the evolution of this gene locus. Furthermore, examination of the COI region of the mitochondrial genome identified a total of 4 haplotypes, 20 mutations, and 195 polymorphic loci within the entire studied population. The neutrality values, based on Tajima's test, indicated effects related to genetic drift, genetic bottlenecks, or balancing selection during the evolutionary history of the studied population. Phylogenetic analysis revealed nine distinct categories of evolutionary paths for the COI gene in the studied ecotypes. In the phylogenetic tree, the Iranian honey bee was placed in a separate cluster, exhibiting the highest and lowest phylogenetic distances relative to Apis koschevnikovi and Apis mellifera , respectively.

This research indicates that the conserved region of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase gene among various bee species is minimal, highlighting significant polymorphism and susceptibility to mutations. A total of 20 mutations and 195 polymorphic sites were identified, suggesting purifying selection processes that contribute to the gene's biological functions. The study also demonstrates that the COI region can effectively differentiate Iranian honey bee populations from others globally. Overall, these findings enhance our understanding of genetic diversity and evolutionary relationships within bee species, underscoring the importance of continued research for conservation efforts.

Malva sylvestris, commonly known as the common mallow, is a flowering plant species in the genus Malva. It is native to Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia, and has been introduced to other parts of the world. The plant has been known since ancient times and is considered the "type-species" for the genus. The leaves are edible and the plant (and seeds) are used as herbal remedies. Malva sylvestris is either a perennial or biennial plant. It spreads readily from seed and can self-seed prolifically. The seeds resemble small wheels or discs. The plant is known to be susceptible to a virus called Malva vein clearing potyvirus, which is transmitted by aphids. It also contains compounds such as malvin, malonylmalvin, and the naphthoquinone malvone A. The aim of this article is to evaluate the various (nine) ecotypes of Iranian Malva sylvestris L. by analyzing their morphological and physiological characteristics. By employing a step-by-step regression approach, the study seeks to identify significant traits that differentiate these ecotypes. The research intends to enhance understanding of the adaptive strategies of Malva sylvestris in diverse environmental conditions. Ultimately, the findings aim to contribute valuable insights for conservation efforts and the potential use of these ecotypes in horticulture and agriculture. This comprehensive evaluation will also provide a foundation for future studies on the species' ecological adaptability. In this study, 9 ecotypes of Malva sylvestris were collected in 2017 from different habitats in Iran (Mashhad, Torbat-e Heydariyeh, Fariman, Zabol, Zarand, Jiroft, Rudbar, Bandar Abbas and Khorramdasht) (Table 1) and identified in the Herbarium of Torbat-e Heydariyeh University. They were then cultivated in a completely randomized design with three replications in late February 2018 in the greenhouse of the Agricultural Research Institute of the University of Zabol and evaluated in May 2019. The seeds of each ecotype were planted in 5-liter pots (after germination and thinning, five plants of each ecotype were kept in each pot) in a growing medium consisting of an equal mixture of agricultural soil, coco peat, perlite, and well-rotted animal manure. Irrigation was calculated based on the temperature conditions in Sistan and the greenhouse, as well as the field capacity of the pot mixture, and was carried out regularly until flowering. At full flowering, the stem diameter and length of three plants from each pot were randomly measured and their means were considered for each treatment. At this stage, the number of flowers with seeds and the number of leaves of each plant were counted. Fresh and dry weights of root, stem and whole plant were measured with a digital scale (0.01 g accuracy). For dry weight measurement, fresh samples were placed in an oven at 70°C for 48 hours. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid contents were determined. The absorbance of the samples for chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids was measured at wavelengths of 663, 645 and 470 nm, respectively, using a spectrophotometer. Proline, soluble carbohydrates, and protein were measured. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to calculate simple correlation coefficients between morphological traits. Statistical analysis of traits was performed using SAS Ver. 9 and Excel software, and means were compared by Duncan's method at 1% and 5% probability levels. The highest stem diameter (9.58 mm), root length (61.22 cm), root weight (18.86 g), root dry weight (4.84 g), and proline content (0.614) belonged to Mashhad ecotype. The number of leaves had a negative and significant correlation with the fresh weight of the plant, while it had a positive and significant correlation with plant height and shoot dry weight. Other traits did not show a significant correlation with the number of leaves per plant. The highest correlation was observed between morphological traits between fresh weight and leaf dry weight (P<0.01) and in phytochemical traits between carotenoid and chlorophyll b (P<0.05). Based on stepwise regression in the presented models, root weight and plant dry weight had the most positive effect on root length, but stem diameter and plant weight had the most negative effect. Chlorophyll b had the most negative and direct effect on proline yield, but chlorophyll a, carotenoids, carbohydrates, and total protein had the most positive effects, respectively. The variance analysis results indicated significant differences among the various ecotypes of Malva sylvestris regarding morphological and phytochemical traits (P<0.01) (Tables 2 and 3). Mean comparisons revealed that the Mashhad ecotype excelled in stem diameter, root length, and fresh and dry root weight, while the Rudbar ecotype showed the highest fresh weight in aerial parts. The Bandar Abbas ecotype had superior fresh and dry weights of aerial parts, leaf count, flower count, and seed count, and the Torbat-e Heydariyeh ecotype was notable for flower and seed counts per plant (Table 4). The tallest stem (40.55 cm) was recorded in the Jiroft ecotype, while the shortest (1.81 cm) was from Mashhad. The greatest stem diameter (9.58 mm) belonged to the Mashhad ecotype, and the smallest (3.54 mm) was found in Zabol. Root length also varied, with the Mashhad ecotype having the longest (61.22 cm) and Rudbar the shortest (9.55 cm) (Table 4). The highest fresh and dry root weights were observed in the Mashhad ecotype, while the Jiroft ecotype had the lowest. In the results of step-wise correlation and regression analysis of the medicinal plant Malva sylvestris L., the highest positive regression coefficients for yield were related to the traits of proline content, root fresh weight, and plant dry weight, which indicates their more fundamental role in increasing yield and their potential for improvement. Overall, the present study showed that root-related traits had an important effect on the final yield in the Mashhad population of Malva sylvestris L., and the Mashhad ecotype also showed the most desirable performance in terms of the evaluated traits. Due to its high performance in these traits, the Mashhad ecotype is recommended for researchers, universities, and private sectors involved in the cultivation and domestication of medicinal plants.

Today, the production and use of materials with nanometer diversity is increasing day by day due to the unique and fascinating features of these materials. Until now, various physical and chemical methods have been used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), but the use of plants for the synthesis of AgNPs is very fast, simple, non-toxic, and environmentally friendly. In this research, the aqueous extract (AE) of Capparis plants was used for the biosynthesis of AgNPs. The color of the silver nitrate solution changed to reddish color after adding the extract. The Antimicrobial activity of AgNPs against Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, S. saprophyticus, Hafnia alvei,  Acinetobacter. baumannii, Enterococcus faecalis, Proteus mirabilis, Serratia marcescens, Staphylococcus aureus bacteria were investigated by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) using microdilution method. The amount of total phenol and flavonoids in the methanolic extract (ME) of capparis leaves was equal to 229.9- 28.09 mg per gram of dry matter. The antioxidant properties of the ME of capparis were 85.18%. The greatest effect of the ME of the medicinal plant capparis was 0.2315 on the inactivity of E. coli and the greatest effect of green AgNPs synthesized from the AE of the medicinal plant Capparis with ELISA of 0.3740 was on the inactivity of S. mutanis. The maximum diameter of the inhibitor zone (MDIZ) was 5.5 mm due to the inactivity of H. alvi bacteria. The results of this research showed that the leaf extract of the Capparis spinosa f. inermis Knocheplant is capable of synthesizing AgNPs and the synthetic nanoparticles showed good antimicrobial activity against pathogenic strains in vitro.

Scophularia striata Boiss plant from Scrophulariaceae family. In western states of Iran, a plant of Snapdragon has traditional medical usage. It utilize as a disinfectant and for treatment of stomach ulcer, infection of eyes and ears in the western regions of the country. Different parts of the Scophularia striata have different medicinal properties. So that the leaf extract of the plant has an inhibitory effect on the growth of fibroblasts and its seed extract stimulates the growth of the cell.

Spatial distribution and species diversity of Scophularia striata was evaluated in Siahkouh region of Dehloran in 2020 with the aim of determining the appropriate distribution pattern of sampling and selection of the environmental factors affecting the species diversity of medicinal plants. Random sampling carried out according to w pattern in three altitudes (205-605, 605-1005 and 1005-1405 m) and two directs: West and East. Spatial distribution was evaluated by distribution indices, Taylor and Iwao models and diversity indicators.

Different parts of Siahkuh Dehloran region have different distribution and diversity and with increasing the distribution height, the Scophularia striata becomes random and the diversity of species was uniform. All comparative methods showed that the distribution in the elevation class 1405-1005 was not significant. Shannon-Wiener and Simpson species diversity index also showed significant differences in three altitudes and two East and West directions of Siahkuh region. The results showed the highest value of Taylor and Iwao coefficient in west direction of altitude 605-1005 were 1.05 and 1.06 for Taylor and 1.18 and 1.17 for Iwao respectively, which Iwao model fitted better than Taylor model according to R2 and P obtained from 605-1005 altitude. Other indices values indicated the most amount of coefficient was in 205-605 m altitude and west direction. There are significant differences between the values of diversity indices in 3 altitudes and 2 directions of West and East (P≤0.05), too. The most and lowest amounts of Shannon-Weiner index were 0.76 and 1.23 for 205-605 and 1005-1405 m altitudes, respectively. Also, among the various indices, Morisita was better than others to show the distribution pattern of the Scophularia striata.

The results showed that spatial distribution of the medicinal plant S. striata was cumulative in different indices and distribution pattern was randomly, species diversity decreased and uniformity amount enhanced by addition of altitudes. By comparing the diversity of species and distribution of Scophularia striata in other regions of the country and comparing with the results of this research, the best conditions can evaluate for physiological growth of the plant in terms of temperature, altitude, amount of sunlight, soil conditions etc. The results of the present study can also be used in studies related to modeling the sampling of medicinal plants and suggesting suitable breeding species to restore the vegetation of degraded species. Evaluation the distribution pattern in different plants can help to preserve rare species of medicinal and ornamental plants. Especially in the case of endangered plants, whether by humans or by livestock or natural disasters, the largest number of plant species can be found with similar research, in an area with a specific distribution pattern to achieve its full purpose with cost reduction used to maintain that species. In addition, determining the distribution pattern with the study of species diversity in different regions can help the researcher to determine what environmental or soil conditions in that region have caused the growth of these particular species, and the relationship between these plants. It is even possible to try in breeding programs for cossing between similar species and genera with close relationship to increase species diversity in that area and reduce the risk of extinction in the coming years.

Ziziphus mauritiana L., a perennial, evergreen plant from the Rhamnaceae family has 2n=2X=48 chromosomes. It is considered among the plants of tropical and semi-tropical regions, and its geographical distribution includes Abyssinia, North Africa, Arabia, warm parts of Iran and India. The spread of this plant in Iran is mostly in the western and southern regions, including the provinces of Lorestan, Khuzestan, Kerman and Sistan and Baluchistan. Ziziphus mauritiana L., is one of the most resistant fruit trees to harsh environmental conditions, especially drought, dehydration, salinity and high temperature. This plant is well adapted to different environmental conditions and grows from lowlands to heights of a thousand meters above sea level. Jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana L.) is one of the tropical and subtropical fruit trees resistant to rigorous environmental conditions, especially drought, dehydration, salinity and high temperature.

In order to carry out this research, the leaves, fruits and kernels of 14 Ziziphus mauritiana L., genotypes, which were implemented in Minab Agricultural Research Center (located in Hormozgan province) in 2012, in the form of a completely randomized block design with 3 replications, as mother trees supplying grafts were collected and evaluated in University of Zabol in 2016.  Sampling was done in two stages to measure quantitative traits. The first stage took place in the beginning of February 2016 to measure the traits related to the leaves and the second stage after the ripening of the fruit, in late March of the same year, to measure the traits related to the fruit and kernel. The genotypes that were examined in this experiment were named according to the name of each city or village from which they were collected.At the beginning of Bahman, which is the end of the flowering stage of the trees and the beginning of the beginning of closing the fruits, samples of fresh leaves of the trees were randomly taken from the middle parts, in three repetitions and each repetition included 20 samples (from 4 bases and 5 leaves per base). , were collected and during that traits such as leaf length (centimeters), leaf width (centimeters), leaf tail length (centimeters), fresh weight (grams) and leaf dry weight (grams) were measured and recorded. After the physiological ripening of the fruits, in late March (early fruits) to late April (late fruits), the samples were randomly collected in three groups of 10 healthy fruits that were harvested from different parts of the tree, and traits such as Fruit length (cm), fruit width (cm), fruit weight (grams), kernel length (cm), kernel width (cm), kernel thickness (cm), kernel fresh weight (grams), kernel dry weight (grams) , fruit flesh weight (grams) and production rate (kilograms) of each tree were measured.In this research, the morphological traits of leaf, fruit and core of 14 genotypes of jujube (available in south of Iran) has been evaluated using in a Completely random blockdesign with three replications.

Analysis of Variance showed that all the examined traits related to leaves between genotypes had a significant difference at the 1% probability level. Traits such as leaf length, leaf width and leaf tail length showed great variation due to the low coefficient of variation. Simple correlation coefficients revealed that there is a significant correlation between some of the measured traits. Therefore, there is a high correlation between leaf length and leaf width (+0.8), core width with core thickness (+0.87) and fresh leaf weight with fruit rate (-0.43). Considering that the genotypes along the Minab area (22.08) have the highest diversity in the traits, and in among the Minab area, the Talar genotype (18.81) has the highest diversity in the characteristics.In this study, 14 genotypes from different cities of the southern provinces of the country were investigated in the form of a completely randomized block design. After analyzing the data and that the main purpose of measuring the morphological traits was to identify the superior genotype or genotypes in order to use them in breeding programs, therefore some key traits such as leaf length and width, fruit shape, fruit flesh weight and the amount of tree production in Sal, which has the most diversity among the studied genotypes and has the highest percentage of diversity among all the examined traits, and finally understanding such a high diversity will be useful and effective in managing and preserving the germplasm of this plant and with Paying attention to the fact that the genotypes near the Minab region (22.08) have the highest diversity in the evaluated traits and in the Minab region, the Talar genotype (18.81) has the highest diversity in the evaluated characteristics, so it is suggested that in order to create a line or variety To be used in addition to Talar genotype as one of the main bases.

It is suggested that for the creation of the new or top line of jujube have to use the Talar genotype as one of the main foundations.

Coumarin as a secondary metabolite widely found in plant species. Coumarin with a strong inhibitory effect on germination will be a good alternative for weed control. The mechanism of inhibition effects of coumarin has not yet been well understood. In this research, coumarin effects on amylase activity, electrolyte leakage and growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) were studied using factorial statistical design. Results showed that coumarin with a concentration-dependent pattern (0.2 to 0.5 mM) reduced all growth indices. Coumarin had the greatest effect on root length and leaf length of seedlings. The results showed that the species sensitivity and resistance to coumarin are significantly different. Coumarin had no significant concentration-dependent decrease in amylase activity. Coumarin (0.2 mM and 20 mM) increased the electrical conductivity of the solution around the seeds and roots of wheat seedlings. The mechanism of coumarin inhibition may be through its inhibitory effect on the expression of amylase genes.  Increased electrical conductivity in the periphery of the living tissue can result in electrolyte leakage and damage to seed and root cell membranes which is called one of the mechanisms of coumarin inhibition of germination. Some allelopathic properties of coumarin may be attributed to its effect on amylase activity, cell membrane integrity, and stimulation of metabolite leakage in competing plants. Allelopathic studies of coumarin can be used in the field to weed and pest control and have a practical result.

In general, the resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics has become one of the major concerns of human society and the health care system. The aim of this study was to evaluate total phenol, flavonoids content, alkaloids, antioxidant capacity and antibacterial activity of 7 medicinal plants extracts in Sistan climatic conditions against pathogens. Plant samples were collected from the collection of the Agricultural Research Institute of medicinal plants, University of Zabol and dried in normal shade and room temperature. A Methanolic extract of the leaves of snake grass, eucalyptus, tatura, Musquit bean, Watercress, rosemary and olive was prepared by cold maceration method. Total phenol content by using folin-ciocalteu reagent method, total flavonoid content by aluminum chloride colorimetric method, antioxidant capacity by DPPH free radical scavenging assay and antibacterial activity of extracts by agar diffusion method and measurement of growth inhibition zone or Disk diffusion was measured. The analysis of variance showed that there was a statistically significant difference between different medicinal plants at a probability level of 5%. In the present experiment, the highest phenolic content (110.78 mg/q D.W.) in the Rosemary methanolic extract, the highest total flavonoid content (4.55 mg GA/g D.W.) in Eucalyptus extract and the highest antioxidant activity (93.1%) in the Olive extract were observed. Also, the largest diameter of Disk diffusion (25 mm) was observed in the medium containing Rosemary extract and against Streptococcus pyogenes.

Hair loss and hirsutism have been major complaints due to increased concentrations of dihydrotestosterone. The plant Platycladus orientalis, with 5-alpha reductase inhibitor properties, has been used to treat these disorders. Its formulation with lipophilic carriers in SLN possesses high loading capacity and greater permeability to hair follicles. The present study aimed to determine the content of active ingredients in the extract of P. orientalis L. and to prepare and characterize the solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) of Platycladus orientalis L. extract as a 5-alpha reductase inhibitor. The total methanolic extract was obtained following the maceration technique. This preparation was analyzed by HPLC using Quercetin and Cedrol as standard components. SLNs were prepared by high-shear homogenization and ultrasound. Four Glucire-GMS-Compritol-Precirol lipids and three poloxamer-tween80-Labrasol surfactants were further used in the formulations. Particle size, zeta potential, nanoparticle morphology, encapsulation percentage, crystal structure, physical stability, size, and zeta potential were studied 0, 3, and 6 months after preparation. Within 1-7 days after preparation, formulations containing GMS and compritol lipids became solid and jelly. Meanwhile, the formulations with Precirol as the lipid and Poloxamer as the surfactant with 0.3% extract exhibited desirable properties such as average particle size (192 nm), the encapsulation of the extract inside the nanoparticles was almost 71%, and good zeta potential. This formulation containing precirol as a lipid, poloxamer as a surfactant, and 0.3% plant extract exhibited greater 5-alpha reductase inhibitor activity, and it can be recommended to treat hair loss and hirsutism.

The article aim was biosynthesis of zinc nanoparticles by the fruit and stem of Capparis Spinosa plant extract and the investigation of growth factors and some physiological properties of the M. Oleifera plant.

 Four levels of zinc nanoparticles (0, 125, 250, and 500) ppm were considered as treatments. Water extract of the Capparis Spinosa plant were obtained using 10 grams of stem and fruit were separately dried. Some properties like below information were measured: Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopic analysis, Infrared spectroscopy, Measurement of chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids, total phenol, antioxidant activity, total protein and antioxidant enzymes. The data of this research were factorially conducted in the form of completely randomized blocks with three replications.

The effect of zinc nanoparticles on growth parameters shows that the length and weight of the shoot and root are significant at the five percent probability level. Also, the length and dry weight of shoots and roots are significant at the five percent probability level. The effect of zinc nanoparticles on the concentration of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carbohydrates is significant at the five percent probability level. The main effect of zinc nanoparticles on the amount of total phenol, flavonoid, and DPPH of the M. Oleifera medicinal plant was significant. The effect of stem and fruit extract of zinc nanoparticles on the amount of ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, and guaiacol oxidase enzymes.

 The results showed that nano made from fruit and stem significantly increases root length, protein content and total phenol content, and activity of catalase and ascorbate peroxidase enzymes.

Carum copticum is as an herbal medicine from the family Apiaceae with compounds such as thymol, cement, alpha-pinene, gametropin, betapinene, micron, and carvacrol in the treatment of angina, kidney stones, asthma, rheumatism, influenza that used as a strong disinfectant and boost digestion. In this study, expression of beta-amyrin acid synthase (beta-Amirinsanthase) under different treatments of silver nanoparticles (0, 30, 60, 90 ppm), chitosan (0, 100, 150, 200 ppm) and populations (Sistan and Pakistan) was investigated. Solubility was carried out in the quaternary stage at 48 hours and 72 hours. The results of analysis of variance showed that the application of chitosan eclipses and silver nanoparticles caused a change in the beta-amyrein gene expression pattern. The highest expression, 48 hours after treatment, was observed with just about 150 ppm of chitosan. By increasing chitosan concentration, a significant decrease occurred in the expression of the gene for 72 hours while treatment with 90 ppm of silver nanoparticles in 48 hour after treatment has the most gene expression. In the effects of chitosan (150ppm) and silver nanoparticles (90ppm) based on 48 hours after treatment was observed the most gene expression for both populations. Overall, the results of this study showed that chitosan and silver nanoparticle elicitors had a positive effect on beta-amyrein gene expression, but the highest expression was obtained in Pakistan population at 48 hours intervals.

Nowadays because of urban life, every vital resource has been polluted with heavy metals that are real prooxidants, Cactus fruit and Star fruit both have anti-oxidant activities and can protect animal tissues from oxidative stress. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of Cactus Fruit and Star fruit extract on histological changes induced by cadmium in the lungs of Wistar rats. An experimental study was performed on 24 male Wistar rats over 16 days, Animals were randomly divided into four groups of six; negative control group, the positive control group that was poisoned at 2 mg/kg every 48 hours. Group 3 was the cadmium-poisoned group that was gavaged with cactus fruit extract at 200 mg/kg. Group 4 was the cadmium-poisoned group that was gavaged with star fruit extract at 200 mg/kg, administration of extracts was 90 minutes before the poisoning, After 16 days, the rats were euthanized by heart blood drainage under anesthesia. The main findings in the positive control group were the destruction of tissue architecture with the development of edema, hyperemia and congestion. Destruction of alveoli and air-space enlargement occurred. Vasculature structures were damaged and some degree of Inflammation and fibrosis happened, but the changes were much milder in the two other groups. Both fruits extract had high protective effects, each of them protected lung tissue against cadmium oxidative damage but cactus fruit extract seems to have more protection than star fruit extract.

 Regarding the increasing resistance of bacteria against antibiotics and the existence of antibacterial compounds in plants, we here investigated the antimicrobial effects of the methanolic extracts of several plants on pathogenic bacteria.

 Ten grams of the dry ingredients of Eryngium caucasicum trautv (leaf), Saponaria officinalis (flower), Froriepia subpinnata (leaf), Malva sylvestris (leaf), and Urtica dioica (leaf) was poured in 100 mL of methanol and shaken for 24 hours. After 24 hours, the extracts were strained and dried in the oven, and their antimicrobial activity at the 100 mg/mL concentration was evaluated against the mentioned bacteria using the sinkhole method.

 The plant extracts inhibited the growth of all bacteria in various degrees. Among all the plant extracts used, that of F. subpinnata delivered the largest diameter of growth inhibition zone (6 mm) against S. dysenteriae, and the extracts of E. caucasicum and F. subpinnata showed the largest diameter of inhibition zone against Xanthomonas translucens. Also, the extract of M. sylvestris delivered the largest inhibition zone diameter (8 mm) against E. coli.

 Our results showed that the methanolic extract of E. caucasicum was the most effective plant extract against S. dysenteriae, Rathayibacter tritici, and L. monocytogenes, but M. sylvestris extract revealed the greatest impact on E. coli. It is recommended to further investigate the antibacterial compounds of these plants as potential treatments for bacterial infections.

Optimum germination and seedling establishment are important stages in the life cycle of plants with dormant seeds. This research was conducted to evaluate the impact of seed priming on the germination indices and seedling growth of cumin seeds with different lifetimes. Cumin seeds of different lifetimes (freshly harvested seeds, 12 and 24 months old) were soaked in distilled water (hydropriming), KH2</sub>PO4 </sub>(1 and 2%), NaH2</sub>PO4</sub> (1 and 2%), ascorbic acid (AA; 100 and 200 mg L-1</sup>) and Gibberellic acid (GA; 100 and 200 mg.L-1</sup>) at 4 °C and 20 °C for 12 or 24 h. Seed priming treatments caused significant improvement in the germination of seeds with all three lifetimes. In 12 and 24 months old seeds, seed priming with NaH2</sub>PO4 </sub>and AA were more effective in improving the germination indices compared to other priming composition. However, in freshly harvested seeds, due to relative dormancy, treatment with GA was more effective compared to the other priming treatments. In the most of germination indices, seed priming at 20 °C along with 24 h showed higher effectiveness compared to other priming temperature and duration combinations. The overall results showed that the response of cumin seeds to different priming treatments depends on seed age.

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is one of the most important components of soils that affects other characteristics of soil. SOC is also influenced by other soil characteristics. Studies showed that change in land use from pasture and forest to agriculture decreased SOC. However, this is not always true and it depends on various factors, especially the methods of organic matter management in the farm. This study was conducted with the aims of investigating the effect of changes in land use from forest and pasture to agriculture on the level of SOC and determining direct and indirect effects of soil characteristics on SOC in a bio-sequence of Sistan plain.

The studied bio-sequence was located in Jezink region, by the Hirmand river in the northeast of the Sistan plain and in the southwest of the border of Iran and Afghanistan. In November 2016, a total of 25 soil samples (5 soil samples from each vegetation) was collected by supervised randomized manner from the depth of 0-20 cm of each of places that had dense vegetation of Populus euphratica and Tamarix ramosissima (the forest covers), of Desmostachiya bipinnata and Suaeda vermiculata (the pasture covers), and the crop of Triticum aestivum ( with 15 years old land use change). Then, 28 physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the soil including percentage of SOC were measured and calculated. Statistical analysis of data in the form of completely randomized design, comparison of average SOC data with the least significant difference test, Pearson correlation between the measured soil characteristics, and stepwise regression analysis to identify significant effective factors on the changes SOC was performed by Statistix10 software. Then by path analysis the direct and indirect effects of those characteristics on the amount of SOC was calculated by Path 2 software.

Changes in the population of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria 37%, phosphate-solubilizing fungi 44%, total phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms 39%, bacteria 51%, fungi 46%, total microorganisms 51%; and also the changes in the amounts of organic carbon 39%, clay 68%, silt 71%, sand 81%, electrical conductivity (EC) 37%, sodium 56%, potassium 81%, nitrogen 67%, calcium 56% and magnesium 37% were affected by vegetation covers. The highest SOC was measured in vegetation cover of P. euphratica with a value of 1.24%. P. euphratica had organic carbon 2.21, 1.69, 1.94 and 1.86 times more than that of T. aestivum, D. bipinnata, S. vermiculata and T. ramosissima respectively. However, there was no significant difference in organic matter between vegetation covers of T. aestivum, T. ramosissima, D. bipinnata and S. vermiculata. SOC had the strongest positive (r=0.63) and negative (r=-0.60) significant (P≤0.01) correlation coefficients with the population of phosphate-solubilizing fungi and the sodium concentration of the soil solution, respectively. Also, based on the results of stepwise regression analysis and path analysis, the population of phosphate-solubilizing fungi and cation exchange capacity (CEC) were, respectively, the most effective positive influencing factors. The population ratio of phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms on the total microorganisms, as well as soil EC, were respectively the most effective factors negatively influencing the percentage of SOC in the study area.

In general, the most sensitive land use to changes is P. euphratica forest. Therefore, in order to improve soil quality and increase carbon storage in arid and semi-arid regions, in addition to maintaining and developing P. euphratica forest cover, it is suggested that the management and improvement of soil characteristics include: the population of phosphate-solubilizing fungi, CEC, The population ratio of phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms and EC should also be considered.

Citrullus lanatus var. citroides is one of the Khorasan region's major rainfed and cash crops. It is typically grown on marginal lands and mostly dependent on rainfall. Microsatellite markers were therefore employed in this study to determine the genetic diversity among the genotypes from these important production zones in the provinces of Razavi and North Khorasan in order to be used in the future breeding programs of this crop. With the aid of 15 pairs of microsatellite primers (SSR), the genetic diversity among 17 genotypes of C. Lanatus var. citroides collected from various parts of Khorasan province along with one edible variety (Ed) was examined in this study. These markers allowed for the DNA fingerprinting of genotypes, in which 11 markers were polymorphic. In two cases, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products were monomorphic and shared by all genotypes, but in the other two, no detectable PCR product was observed. The range of the polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.13 to 0.86. The genetic similarity among genotypes was determined to be between 15% and 55% using the Jaccard similarity matrix in the NTSYS program (Ver. 2.02). Three major groups were formed by clustering 17 genotypes using the UPGMA method and the Jaccard similarity coefficient. These findings demonstrated that the Ed variety was classified into a different group due to its significant genetic differences from other seeded watermelon genotypes. While verifying the significant amount of genotype diversity, the results of principal component analysis (PCA) of the data were highly in agreement with those of cluster analysis, making the similarities of genetic relationships very clear. This study could be significant in terms of the first steps toward identifying genetic diversity and maintaining genetic reserves in native genotypes of seeded watermelon for future breeding purposes.

 Lallemantia royleana is an annual herbaceous plant of Lamiaceae family in different parts of Europe, the Middle East, and especially Iran. Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L. is a plant of the legume family. A common feature between these two plants is hydrocolloid gums, which stabilize some food emulsions by absorbing water and increasing the viscosity or forming a gel in the aqueous phase. Due to its diverse and rich vegetation, Iran can produce countless types of plant gums, and many seeds such as Lallemantia royleana and Cyamopsis tetragonoloba contain valuable gums. Considering the important therapeutic and industrial applications of C. tetragonoloba and L. royleanaplants and the need for more information and reports on determining the best humic acid level and salt stress tolerance of these plants, the purpose of this research is to investigate the tolerance of two L.  royleana and C. tetragonoloba plants to salinity stress in the germination stage and the initial stages of the growth of two plants under the humic acid application.

The experiment was carried out as factorial in a completely randomized design with three replications at the seed laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture of Zabol University in 1400. In this experiment, salinity stress was investigated using sodium chloride at control (no salinity), 70, 140, 210 mM levels and humic acid at (0, 40, 80, and 120 mg/L) levels. Humic acid solution at different salinity levels was added to each petri dish containing 25 seeds.

 The results showed that salinity stress decreased germination percentage, radicle length, plumule length, seedling length and seedling dry weight of C. tetragonoloba. In this plant, the germination percentage decreased by 35.34% compared to the control as the salinity stress level increased to 210 mM, and with the increase of the stress to more than 140 mM, a significant decrease in the germination percentage was observed. The maximum plumule length of L. royleanaplants was obtained in 70 mM salinity treatment and 40 mg/L fertilizer level. The maximum radicle length in the L.  royleanaplants plant was obtained in the treatment of 40 mg/L of humic acid at a 70 mM salinity stress level. Also, the results showed that the maximum radicle length (1.46 cm) in the C.  tetragonoloba plant was related to humic acid pretreatment at 70 and 140 mM salinity and fertilizer levels of 40 and 80 mg/L.

 In general, it can be stated that the germination indices significantly decreased under stress conditions, and this indicates that humic acid is a suitable pretreatment that can improve the growth indices of C. tetragonoloba and L.  royleanaplants under stressed and non-stressed conditions. With the application of humic acid at all salinity levels except 210 mM, the germination indices in the two mentioned plants were in a favorable condition.

1- The salinity stress tolerance threshold was studied in Cyamopsis tetragonoloba and Lallemantia plants.
2- Humic acid fertilizer in this study mitigated the destructive effects of salinity stress in Cyamopsis tetragonoloba and Lallemantia plants.

Continuous and indiscriminate use of chemical drugs causes an important phenomenon of resistance to microorganisms and consequently, the effect of the drugs is weakened or neutralized. On the other hand, it has been reported that many plant essential oils have a significant inhibitory effect on pathogenic microorganisms, so, this study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of several plant extracts on Escherichia coli isolated from poultry feces. Cichorium intybus L., Hypericum perforatum L., Lavandula angustifolia Mill., and Thymus vulgaris L. from Shahrekord were collected and determined in the botanical laboratory of University of Zabol. To prepare the ethanolic extract, 40 gr of dried leaves of plants used in 400 cc of ethanol were used. The various strains of E. coli used were isolated from poultry feces by biochemical, bacteriological, and growth tests as well as standard tests. Determination of the free radical trapping activity was perfomed bydiphenylpicryl hydroxyl, and then the antimicrobial effects were investigated by diffusion method in Müller Hinton agar medium using 6 mm paper discs according to Bauer and Kirby instructions. Statistx ver10 software was used for statistical calculations. Mean comparisons were performed using the least significant difference (LSD) test. The results showed an increasing trend of the antioxidant activity of the extracts with increasing the concentration of plant extracts. The interaction of plant extract and the amount of extract in trapping free radicals showed that the highest antioxidant activity at low concentrations of the extract (16 and 32 μg/ml) was observed in the chicory extract following by licorice extract, but it licorice extract showed the highest activity at high concentration (64 μg/ml). In general, H. perforatum L. was the most effective plant in trapping free radicals. The lowest MIC of H. perforatum L. was 3.1 ppm, which was unilaterally inhibited at this concentration. H. perforatum L. and chicory had the highest (5.38) and lowest (2.23) diameter halos of inhibition of E. coli growth. Considering the side effects of chemical drugs and antibiotics as well as the potential effect of medicinal plant extracts used, especially H. perforatum L. on E. coli, compared to Cefazolin, it is recommended to use H. perforatum L. in inhibiting growth of E. coli.

 Contamination of tissue culture medium is a common problem that causes the loss of some or all cultures. Despite all measures taken in tissue culture laboratories to prevent culture contamination, bacterial and fungi contamination is still a significant problem under in vitro culture. Achieving a suitable method for controlling the contaminants in the in vitro culture medium will be a considerable development in the micropropagation of dates.

 We aimed to investigate the effects of different aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Rhazya stricta on the disinfection of dates under in vitro culture.

 A factorial test was performed based on a completely randomized design with three replications. The study included three factors: Plant organs (leaves and roots), solvent type (ethanolic and aqueous), and extract concentration (0, 25, 50, and 75 mg/mL).

 The lowest contamination (38.33%) was seen in the treatment with ethanolic root extract (50 ppm). In comparison, the control and the treatment containing aqueous leaf extract (with concentrations of 0 and 25 ppm) resulted in the highest contamination rate (100%) in tissue culture conditions.

 The alcoholic extract of medicinal plants can be used to disinfect the explants and the substrate.

 Nowadays, with the help of genomics and proteomics, numerous genes and proteins have been discovered, however, the function and role of most of them are still unknown. Using bioinformatics tools can be a major step in the identification of the function of these genes and proteins.

 In this study, we applied various bioinformatics software to identify the unknown protein properties with the AT2G15110.1 accession number on the Arabidopsis Information Resource website. Operations, such as identification of general protein properties, blasting amino acid sequences, detection of motifs and domains in the sequence, examination of the second and third protein structures, exploration of ligands, assessment of proteins involved with the target protein as well as recognition of the target protein location in the cell, were carried out.

 The results showed that the query protein had no significant homology in terms of sequence, three-dimensional structure, and any interaction with known proteins. Additionally, it was observed that the presence probability of this protein in the nucleus organelle was more than in other organelles, and it only has one domain of unknown function.

 The results of this study can be basic information for other researchers who seek to identify this unknown protein and determine the right pathway for the identification of mentioned protein function through bioinformatics tools or laboratory methods. Based on the results of this study, laboratory methods are recommended for subsequent studies.

One of the current problems of treating bacterial infections is increasing their resistance to antibiotics. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria cause significant mortality compared to non-resistant bacteria. Therefore, the use of olive, luffa, and sage medicinal plants, due to their anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties against 10 human pathogens, was the target of this research. For this purpose, a completely random experiment was conducted in three replications. Traits such as phenol, flavonoid, antioxidant and the diameter of the growth zone were measured. Data analysis was done using Statistix10 software and charts using Excel software. The highest amount of flavonoids (398.02 micrograms per gram of dry matter) was found in olive fruit and the lowest amount (255.78 micrograms per gram of dry matter) was obtained in sage leaves. Methanolic extract of olive leaf with an average diameter of 8 mm of non-growth zone had the greatest effect on inhibiting the growth of Hafnia alvei.  Methanolic extract of sage leaves with an average diameter of 14 mm of non-growth zonehad the greatest effect on inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. Methanolic extract of luffa seed with an average diameter of 12 mm of non-growth zone had the greatest effect on inhibiting the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Methanolic extract of olive fruit with an average diameter of 18 mm of non-growth zone had the greatest effect on inhibiting the growth of Bacillus cereus. The results of the present research showed that Luffa, olive and sage plants and even their different tissues were effective in treating some pathogenic bacteria such as Hafnia alevi, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the growth of Bacillus cereus. Also, it is recommended to conduct more research on various compounds of these plant extracts by extracting the effective ingredients of this plant extract and other plants.

Purpose:

 Coir dust was utilized to manufacture soilless mixture for ornamental plant reproduction. Coconut coir provides more air and moisture to the root zone. Growing medium with coir does not shrink from container walls upon drying.

Method:

 This study was performed in a greenhouse, Institute of Agricultural Research, University of Zabol during 2019-2020; the experiment carried out on a completely randomized design with 4 treatments, 8 months of measuring and 3 replications. Treatments had contained equal volume ratio of coco peat+ rice hull; coco peat + spent mushroom compost, cocopeat + leaf mold, coco peat + perlite. Measurable factors like plant height, stem diameter, number of new leaves, fresh and dry weight of leaves and the amount of chlorophyll were assessed for comparison of pothos growth, and finally plants had compared as stated by their general form and morphology too. Characteristics were analyzed with SPSS software and mean comparisons were represented by Duncan test in P≤ 0.05.

Results:

 The findings showed that the variables such as substrate, months of measuring and their interplays had significant effects on all factors (except stem diameter). Mainly, media containing leaf-mold characteristics such as plant height, leaf number and leaf area were better than the others. The results of cocopeat + spent mushroom compost were nearly similar to cocopeat + leaf-mold, but two other media didn’t show good growth after 8 months. On the other hand, growth rate of the plants improved by warming the air from autumn to summer and the most growth rate were related to July.

Some plants, including Scrophularia striata, have traditionally been used among people of the Zagros region for infection and wound healing. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate the therapeutic and healing effects of S. striata with an emphasis on oxidative stress and gastric ulcer treatment. Antirrhinum majus, with a local name of S. striata, is a wildling and perennial plant from the A. majus family, found in most temperate and tropical regions of Iran, including Ilam. Substances, including cinnamic acid, quercetin, isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside, nepitrine, phenylpropanoid glycoside (osteoside 1), alcohol allyl, and D-N-octyl phthalate, have been identified in S. striata. People living in Ilam province have been using this plant experimentally for many years in various forms such as edible decoction, incense, and poultice in the treatment of various diseases such as inflammation and infection of the eyes and ears, skin burns, infectious wounds, episiotomy, pain, gastrointestinal disorders, colds, hemorrhoids, and boils. The S. striata extract has a significant positive effect on the size and number of gastric ulcers, and with increasing the concentration of the extract, the size and number of the wounds decrease. In general, the present study showed that the S. striata medicinal plant has a significant restorative effect on skin and gastrointestinal wounds, especially gastric ulcers, but clinical trials are required for the oral and therapeutic use of S. striata.

The seeds of most medicinal plants have a variety of dormancy. Therefore, it is necessary to know the effective methods of breaking the seed dormancy for their production and cultivation. In this study, to determine the best method of breaking dormancy and increasing the germination percentage of tattoo seeds, various factors have been investigated. Different treatments, scratching with sandpaper, embryo culture, GA treatment (100, 150 and 200 PPM) and sulfuric acid treatment (50, 75 and 100%) with filter paper or on MS medium containing BAP (0.5, 1 and 1.5 mg/l) was applied with untreated samples (control). Embryo culture was performed only on MS medium containing BAP hormone. The analysis of variance showed that all interactions with the studied treatments were significantly different in terms of germination percentage, fresh and dry weight of roots and stems (P <0.01). It was observed that the use of benzyl aminopurine (1.5 mg/l) with gibberellic acid (200 ppm) increased the seed germination percentage compared to the control. The use of benzylaminopurine (1.5 mg/l) and sulfuric acid (50%) significantly increased seed germination compared to the control. It was concluded that the effect of GA with BAP on seed germination was greater than sulfuric acid with BAP.

Diseases caused by various drug-resistant strains in plants are increasing in many countries, so many efforts have been made to find new compounds as a suitable alternative to chemical drugs and pesticides. In this study, the antimicrobial effect of essential oils and ethanolic extracts of 10 medicinal plants were investigated on Rathayibacter tritici and Xanthomonas translucens.

 Alcoholic extracts of medicinal plants were extracted using a rotary apparatus. Two standard bacteria R. tritici and X. translucens were prepared from Persian Type Culture Collection. The minimum inhibitory concentration and the minimum inhibitory concentration of essential oils and ethanolic extracts of plants used at a concentration of 50 mg/ ml were determined by dilution in liquid medium on pathogens.

Based on the results, the lowest inhibitory concentration of thyme essential oil was 6.25 ppm, which was inhibited by R. tritici, and the lowest concentration of Hypericum perforatum essential oil against X. translucens was 6.25 ppm. The lowest concentrations of essential oils of yew and fennel were 6.25 ppm, which were inhibited by both bacteria. Rubia tinctorum leaf essential oil in a concentration of 6.25 only inhibited R. tritici bacteria. The antibacterial properties of the essential oils of the studied plants were higher than the extract.

Essential oils of yew and oleander were the most effective against R. tritici and X. translucens, followed by thyme and rosemary against R. tritici and herring flower against X. translucens.  Although the clinical use of ethanolic extracts and essential oils of the studied plants seems valuable due to side effects, but for the clinical use of essential oils and extracts, more research should be done on the mechanism of action of effective compounds of these plants on microbial agents.

The global burden of cancer is increasing due to aging, population growth, poor nutrition, inadequate exercise, as well as high-risk behaviors such as smoking and alcohol consumption. According to the World Health Organization, in 2008, the ASR (Age Standardized Rate) of cancers of both sexes (according to the global reference population) in Iran is 107.7 per 100,000 population, and its five most common cancers are stomach, breast, colorectum, Bladder, and leukemia. According to global ASR statistics, the most common cancers in both sexes are 181.6 and five cancers are lung, breast, colorectal, stomach, and prostate. With the increase in life expectancy and the increase in the aging index in the population of Iran, it is expected that the incidence of various cancers will increase in the coming years and a lot of humans and financial capitals will be wasted. On the other hand, with the advancement of technology in bioinformatics and molecular techniques, a lot of information has been obtained that will help in the early detection of cancer. Meanwhile, despite much research on cancer and its treatment, this disease is still one of the biggest health problems in human societies.

This research has been prepared in the form of a library, also articles reported in authoritative sources such as Springer, Elsevier, PubMed, Nature, etc. in 2021.

Alfalfa extract and Aloe vera L. have been used to treat breast cancer and prevent dermatitis. Nigella sativa and boron have been used in the treatment of prostate, breast, cervical and lung cancers. Wild pistachio has been shown to affect colon cancer cell line. Artichokes improve the liver, bile, lower cholesterol and blood lipids. The leaves of the Hedera plant (Hedera pasuchovii G.Woronow) have been shown to affect breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and uterus (Hela) as well as blood lymphocytes. Bakhtiari savory has been effective on Hela cancer cell line.

Considering that chemical drugs used in the treatment of cancer, in addition to creating drug resistance the study of medicinal plants and factors of natural origins, such as compounds derived from medicinal plants used in the treatment of cancer is one of the most important objectives of the present study.