bahman khodapanah

The origins of modern technological change provide the necessary context for understanding today's technological developments, examining the impact of new digital technologies, and examining the phenomenon of digital disruption in emerging industries and businesses. Time will tell how new technologies transform industries and institutions. But what is significant is the role of data in technological developments and creative destruction that causes digital transformation and new business models, business strategies, innovation and capabilities at the global, national, corporate and local levels. The main purpose of the current research; Design is a framework for developing data-driven creative destruction. The research method was conducted qualitatively with the grounded theory approach and Strauss and Corbin theory and systematic approach. The statistical population of the research includes those who have theoretical knowledge in relation to entrepreneurship theories, especially creative destruction, as well as those who have sufficient experience in the field of data-driven businesses. In order to analyze the qualitative data, open, central and selective coding steps were carried out and finally, the paradigm model of grounded theory was based on the comprising five main dimensions. and 21 sub-dimensions including causal factors (technology, personality and behavior, institutional framework) underlying factors (data behavioral, textual data, psychological data, demographic information, geographical data, destructive intent), intervening factors (organizational technology, the degree to which new value is created, effectiveness and cost management), strategies (creative development strategy, strategy Based on the structure, the strategy of redefining the business model, the strategy of sensing and shaping, the strategy of identification and seizure, the strategy of transformation and reconfiguration) and consequences (technological, socio-economic) were formed.

Microfinance, recognized as a transformative approach in economic and social development, particularly within low-income communities, has garnered increasing attention. The primary objective of this study is to conduct a systematic review of microfinance literature utilizing a framework-based approach grounded in the ADO-TCM model, which employs the meta-synthesis approach. This framework provides an in-depth analysis of the structure of relevant studies, encompassing predecessors, research decisions, research outcomes (ADO), utilized theories, study contexts, and research methods (TCM). An extensive search in reputable scientific databases yielded 50 highly cited articles related to microfinance, which were then subjected to in-depth content analysis. Relevant constructs were extracted using open and axial coding strategies, leading to the identification of seven categories of predecessors, eight types of research decisions, and six primary outcomes. Furthermore, this study identified 14 theories, seven study contexts, and three research methods pertinent to microfinance. Consequently, the study highlights existing gaps in current research and suggests future research areas to enhance microfinance strategies and increase their impact.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the preferences and determine the relationships between the factors affecting the financing of small and medium-sized businesses using the FAHP-MICMAC method in Tehran province. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of method. The statistical population of the study is all managers and boards of directors of small and medium businesses operating in Tehran province, of which 185 people were selected by purposive sampling. Financial experts - Banking approved. Expert Choice and MICMAC software were used to analyze the data. The results showed that government fiscal policies, central bank monetary policies, and the cost of the financing process have the largest share in financing small and medium-sized businesses. Mick Mac showed that the volume of financing, the optimal structure of capital, the cost of the financing process, the attractiveness of financing instruments, the credit status of the company all play important roles in how to finance. The regulatory policies of the stock exchange organization, instrument-related risks, expected returns, profit-sharing mechanism related to financial instruments, and the level of risk-taking are classified as two-dimensional factors. Is the agent.

 Tourism day by day is getting developed rapidly and has become one of the most effective industries in many countries. This study comes in view of the great significance of the influence of tourism field on other economic sectors, and in accordance with the increasing application of the concept of destination image in the tourism sector, where the mental image of a travel destination has an important role in convincing people to visit that place. So, Due to the increasing importance of tourism in today's world, the present study tries to design an appropriate and effective advertising strategy to reconstruct the mental image of tourists about crisis-prone tourism destinations. To achieve this goal, the theory of planned behavior, which is based on three elements (attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control), has been used in this research.

The current research is a descriptive-exploratory-analytical research. This research is based on a mixed method (qualitative-quantitative) in which grounded theory is used in the qualitative part and structural equation modeling and factor analysis are used in the quantitative part of the research. Data were collected in the first part of the research through interviews with Syrian and Iranian tourism industry experts, and then in the second part of the questionnaire, 425 participants who were divided between 246 women and 179 men, all of whom were educated, were collected. The sampling method in both sections was purposive sampling. To analyze data collected in the qualitative part, Atlas Ti software was used, and in the quantitative part of the research, structural equation modeling and factor analysis have been used. It should be noted that before modeling the structural equations, the sample adequacy test was examined through KMO indices and Bartlett's test, and the research variables were analyzed by LISREL 8.80 software. The main question of the research was:  How should the advertising strategy be designed to reconstruct the mental image of tourists?, And sub-questions which was designed to simplify finding the answer to the main research question, are: 1-Who is the target audience that will be influenced by the advertising strategy considered by the research?, 2-What should be the content of advertisements in the purpose of reconstruct the mental image of tourists in times of crisis in countries?, 3-What is the desired media for reconstructing the mental image of tourists?, 4-How often should the advertisement needed to reconstruct the mental image be repeated?

 Based on interviews with experts, the dimensions of the required advertising strategy were determined, and then the elements of each of these dimensions were named. After that, in the quantitative analysis section, the questionnaire was built based on the results of the analysis of previous interviews, and it was conducted on a large group of participants, up to 425 participants. Accordingly, the following was found: according to the situation in Syria, the target audience should be neighboring countries or friendly countries. Agencies operating in foreign countries may also be considered as target audiences. The content of the ads is better to be the details of other people's travels, focusing on the desert, historical and ancient sites, places that were exposed to war, using a combination of types of ads that include video, photos, and posters. Media used include Facebook, websites, LinkedIn, TV shows, word of mouth, international tourism exhibitions, celebrities, and public figures. The role of embassies, tourism ministries of countries, and tourism companies also should be taken into consideration. Finally, about the number of times the ad is repeated, it is specified that the ad should be more than 4 times a day, and the ad should be used for a long time (at least 6 months). Regarding the factors related to the dimensions of the planned behavior theory, it has been identified that there must be several points in order for these dimensions to be effective and active. Elements related to attitude are: the honesty of the advertisement and the accuracy of its information, the effect of social media on people's feelings, perceptions and motivations , and variety and attractiveness of advertising ideas. About mental norms: Feeling comfortable and safe from getting feedback and face-to-face information about travel and destination tourism services from people who have already tried the travel experience, gather information about the beauty of the destination and its scenic and historical areas, the impact of the celebrities' lives, experiences and the information they provide to people on increasing people's desire to travel. Recently, regarding perceived behavioral control: showing the return of security to the tourist destination in advertising, demonstrate the efforts of governments to protect their citizens and restore security to their country in ads, use the domestic tourist trips' records and videos , where tourists are happily and safely travels between beautiful areas and destinations that have already been exposed to war.

In the end, based on the results of the qualitative and quantitative data analysis, an appropriate advertising strategy was designed to reconstruct the mental image of tourists for the crisis-hit countries, especially consistent with the special conditions experienced by Syria. Where this strategy is built on four dimensions which are the target audience, the content, the media and the number of ad repetitions to obtain the best results desired from it.

the purpose of the current research was to identify effective teaching-learning methods in entrepreneurship education. The current research is applied in terms of its purpose and it is in the category of mixed research from the point of view of data collection method. In the first phase, after studying the documents and designing the theoretical framework, an in-depth and semi-structured interview was conducted with the experts in this field and through this the conceptual model of the research was designed. of doing work) as an independent variable, learning performance as a dependent variable and three variables of student entrepreneurship ability, instructor entrepreneurship ability and university support were determined as moderating variables and were investigated. In the second stage, to test the model, a questionnaire was designed and distributed among entrepreneurship students. The results of the research showed that the methods of learning from observation, learning from published sources and behavioral-experimental learning have a positive effect on learning performance, and among them, the entrepreneurial ability of students and lecturers and the support of the university have an effect on the effectiveness of each method.Keywords: instruction methods, effectiveness, nascent entrepreneur, entrepreneurial learning source, student entrepreneurial capability, teacher entrepreneurial capability, university support.

Ease of doing business (DB) is one of the well-known indices to determine whether or not the business environment of countries is optimal. The index has been published by the World Bank since 2003. The main purpose behind the DB is to develop economic activities, especially in the private sector, as well as to create a transparent and coherent legal environment for businesses to protect property rights and facilitate dispute resolution. When policymakers bind themselves to provide proposals for reform, laws, and regulations are then developed that make economic interactions more predictable, and provide merchants and traders with essential principles and information on arbitration and abuse. Such regulations will have a huge impact on stimulating people's tendencies towards economic growth and development.In Iran, the idea of improving the business environment has always been one of the principal solutions to address the country's economic problems over the past few years, provided by economists and experts. On the other hand, in recent years, many efforts have been made to improve Iran's DB rankings, but have often failed so that in recent years Iran's rank has steadily declined.

Ease of DB is one of the well-known indices of the business environment in the countries; therefore, this study aimed to present and analyze scenarios to improve Iran's overall score and ranking in the ease of the DB index.For the analysis, the DB 2019 index data obtained from all countries. Then, the data were re-formulated according to the DB methodology to determine the scores of each of the sub-indices and their criteria; and, finally, using operational research, three different scenarios were tested in excel via the Solver Command. In these scenarios, the DTF score of the ease of DB index was targeted; then the best possible outcome was achieved through the evolutionary method by modifying the specified variables and considering the constraints imposed on them.

According to the analyses, if policymakers want to improve Iran's ranking in the ease of DB index by setting a specific goal of achieving a specific ranking, then the model constraints must first be restated and/or the extent of the change in the sub-indices to be achieved for model estimation. The scenario of changing and improving rank requires applying constraints for changing criteria so that the change is made at the lowest possible cost even with the most changes in the criteria. In other words, the change in time will be less costly than a change in the number of procedures and changes in the costs themselves.However, scenarios to improve the ease of the DB index have been formulated to facilitate the possibility of modifying any of the criteria and sub-indices. As this research focuses on sub-indices starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting to electricity, registering property, and trading across borders, only political recommendations are offered to improve the country's performance in these sub-indices.

 Accordingly, targeting the 100th rank for the country, policymakers should take the following steps to improve the overall country’s rank to the targeted number:In sub-index starting a business, the number of procedures should be decreased from 10.5 days to 6.5 days. And the time should be decreased from 72.5 days to 58.5 days.In sub-index dealing with construction permits, the number of procedures and time should be decreased by 6 cases and 45 days, respectively, and reached to 6 procedures and 85 days.In sub-index getting electricity, the number of procedures and time should be decreased by 1 case and 49 days, respectively, and reached to 5 procedures and 28 days.In sub-index registering property, the number of procedures and time decreased by 3 cases and 14 days, respectively, and reached to 3 procedures and 17 days.In sub-index trading across borders, the time to accept documents and border acceptance of exports should be decreased by 7 and 37 hours, and reached 26 and 64 hours, respectively.In general, the scenario shows that in order to reach the 100nd rank in overall index, the rankings of sub-indices starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, and trading across borders need to be improved by 20, 63, 38, 33 and 34 positions, respectively. The above changes will also be needed for this purpose

Entrepreneurship transforms the challenges of regions into opportunities such as increasing employment and income rates, reducing crimes caused by unemployment and poverty. Clearly, entrepreneurship development is not possible without efficient institutions that respond creatively and entrepreneurially to local and regional issues and challenges. Hence, the purpose of the present study is to identify the institutional barriers to entrepreneurship development in Iran from a historical perspective before the Islamic Revolution of 1979. Therefore, 12 sources related to Iran's underdevelopment have been selected and were analyzed by using the theme analysis strategy and Atlas T software in two stages of open and axial coding. According to the results, the main root of entrepreneurship underdevelopment in Iran should be examined in the course of history, and the unfavorable business environment at the present time is not the only reason for the lack of entrepreneurship development in Iran . The most important institutional barriers identified in the studied texts can be classified into 6 main categories: administrative barriers, economic barriers, social and cultural barriers, legal and regulatory barriers, political barriers, personal and cognitive barriers, which are part of these barriers (administrative, economic, legal-regulatory, political) in the category of formal institutions and another part (socio-cultural and cognitive-personal) in the category of informal institutions.

Developed cities can be taken advantages of urbanization (phenomenon) as a "path to progress and development", not as a challenge or crisis through using modern urban management methods. In this connection, urban entrepreneurship has effective impact on urban communities through transforming serious challenges (of urban society) into the significant opportunities such as employment growth rate, citizens’ income, reduction of the number of crimes caused by unemployment and poverty, the enhancement of citizens’ self-sufficiency and etc… . Hence, the research aims to realize the appropriate social environment for the development of urban entrepreneurship phenomenon in order to identify social barriers facing this phenomenon in Tehran through using the qualitative research method. Then, 45 codes (in open coding phase) and 7 codes (in axial coding phases) which includes social tolerance, social responsiveness, social imaging, social sensitivity, social regulation, local identification and knowledge explicitness have been identified respectively through conducting 18 in-depth socio-economic experts. Finally, according to the findings of the research, some solutions have been proposed such as social empowerment and streaming.

A business environment refers to the factors affecting the performance of enterprises the managers or owners of which cannot change or improve them. The book “Improving the Business Environment and the Realization of Resistive Economy” is a book whose author has sought to establish a relationship between the business environment and the realization of a resistive economy. To this end, the ease of doing business index was selected and attempts were made to scrutinize it using comparative tables and charts. This article is structured with format review and content review. The author's referent (business environment) has a wide range of distinct indices that have important differences, and not all of these cases and referents can be considered similar and identical, but the author only refers to one of the indices, which is an important index. Considering the fact that the book pursues an excellent goal, it adds a concise explanation of the relationship between the business environment and the resistive economy to the richness of the work, and it is expected that the author pays attention to the points raised in subsequent editions to enhance the quality of the work.

In recent decades, terrorism increasingly has made business environment more insecure, and thus policy makers faced with two key questions: First, what are the economic forces for the emergence of terrorism? Second, how terrorism does influence business environment? We focus on MENA countries. According to literature, global trade and foreign investments need to raise and maintain the economic security. In some countries, terrorism can increase political risks and lead to isolation of these countries in the world. Present study tries to explore about terrorism originated in economic causes and its relationship with business environment in MENA countries. This research is an applied research according to its nature and its method of data collection is a descriptive study. In First section, we assess terrorism around the world and MENA. In second section, we study the effects of terrorism on business environment. Our results suggest that regional terrorism in the recent decade has had significant negative impact on indicators such as country risk level, investment and foreign trade in MENA region.

One of the most important component of implementing of resistive economy is the special attention to the production of primary commodities and fundamental products based on knowledge economy. In order to realizing resistive economy policies in Iran, there is a need to move from low-tech level to high- tech level productions. Business development in the sophisticated exports, requires the development of technical and institutional capabilities. Hence, the present study aimes to investigate and introduce the mechanisms of production of complex and sophisticated commodities in Iran according to the capability approach. After reviewing the research literature, using the complexity atlas which proposed by Hausman and Hidalgo(2013), Iran position in world complex products has been analysed, results show that Iran has not been successful in producing complex commodities. Iran’s production and exports are often related to simple commodities, and like many other developing countries, Iran has suffered from kind of quiescence trap. Finally, policy suggestions have been made to improve the level of product complexity.

In recent years, concepts such as creative and entrepreneurial cities have been identified as the key to solving multiple urban problems such as unemployment, migration, delinquency, and so on. But it is obvious that the realization and development of these concepts is not possible without the agility style of governance, which gives urban and urban challenges an innovative and entrepreneurial response. Therefore, the present study uses a qualitative approach and uses the theme analysis strategy to identify the components of urban entrepreneurial governance realization. The present research is applied in terms of its purpose and is classified as descriptive in terms of collecting data. The research community consists of experts and authorities of the city, entrepreneurs and experts in the organizational structure who are in Tehran. The data were obtained through semi-structured interviews. Also, for analyzing data, two open and axial encoding steps are performed using Atlas Atlas software. According to the results, the main components of urban entrepreneurial governance in the seven main categories are: positioning, agility, integration, decentralization, participatory, law-governed and accountable.

In the knowledge-based economy, the key of wealth creation is accumulation and application of knowledge in activities and the globalization process of economy. This research, on the basis of institytional economics literature v.s. neoclassical economics, aimes to examine the role of the institutional environment in realization and development of knowledge-based economy. We have examined the impact of institutional environment on the knowledge economy by using theoretical framework, empirical evidence and regression estimation. Based on theoretical literature, we have analysed institutional environment in three levels: political environment, legal environment and business environment. Then, regression results suggest that political and environment indicators have positive and significant effect on changes in Knowledge Economy Index (KEI), but the effect of business environment has not found to be significant. In general, the effect of overall institutional environment index on the KBI changes is confirmed.

Growth and development of knowledge-based economy is the desired objective for many economies and accomplishing this purpose requires the accurate and comprehensive understanding of the variables involved in this process. The knowledge generated by innovation and technological developments has driven long-term economic development in many countries and many governments have achieved considerable success through the development of Knowledge-based Economy. This paper estimates the impact of good governance indicators on knowledge-based economy development. In this regard, we select 33 countries and try to estimate the impact of components of good governance indicators (voice and accountability, political stability, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law and control of corruption) on the selected country's knowledge economy using multiple regression. The World Bank statistical databases has been used to collect data and Smart PLS software for estimation and analysis of data. Regression results suggest significant positive impact of good governance as a key variable on the knowledge economy index (KAM) in the selected countries. Furthermore, when we regress the effect of governance sub-indexes, estimated regressions suggest that the effect of the components of rule of law, political stability and control of corruption on the knowledge economy has been stronger compared to other components.