bahram nasrollahi zadeh

  According to many sociologists, the political press is one of the most important indicators of political development and it is mentioned as one of the main pillars in democracy. An active press, while accelerating the improvement of political development, prevents tyranny and political stagnation in a country. The press, as one of the most important tools of mass surveillance, makes the sphere of power more transparent, and those in power will be accountable for their performance. In this regard, the main question of the present article is, by what mechanism do the press and media influence the process of political development? In analyzing and answering this question, first by using the existing theories in the field of political development, the relationship between the press and analysis and evaluation was established. Then, while examining the activity of the press in Kurdistan province after the Islamic revolution, the extent of their effectiveness in the process of political development of this province has been examined. One of the indicators of political development that is discussed in the current research is the level of political participation of citizens in elections. To collect and analyze the data of this issue in Kurdistan province, the statistical research method has been used. The findings of the research show that at any point in the Kurdistan province, during the years after the Islamic revolution, the activities of the press and news media have grown, and the process of upgrading the indicators of political development has also improved. Of course, it should be acknowledged that the mere quantity of the press is not effective in improving the process of political development, but what is important is the degree of freedom of the press and media and the threshold oftolerance of regulatory institutions.

This research aims to investigate the underdeveloped areas in the agricultural sector of Kurdistan province, employing the theoretical frameworks of economic-social underdevelopment, local development, and grounded theory. The primary objective is to propose solutions to activate key sectors of the province's development and overcome existing obstacles. The research methodology utilizes grounded theory, with data gathered through semi-structured interviews conducted with experts, elites, activists, and officials in the agricultural sector of Kurdistan province. Thematic analysis is employed to analyze the collected data. The findings reveal that Kurdistan province is characterized by underdevelopment in the agricultural domain, and the main achievement of this research is the development of a paradigmatic model illustrating the underdevelopment of agriculture in the province. According to this model, the underdevelopment of agriculture in Kurdistan province can be attributed to the interplay between traditional livelihood activities and modern practices, as well as the neglect of agricultural capacities in the province and a lack of coordination among development organizations. Factors contributing to underdevelopment in the agricultural sector include inheritance laws, land fragmentation, and traditional agricultural systems. Additionally, inadequate continuous training, limited access to training and promotional workshops, insufficient financial capacity of the private and public sectors for investment in the agricultural domain, stringent loan conditions, and a lack of participation and investment culture in the industrial sector, particularly in agricultural and processing industries, act as significant intervening factors in the underdevelopment process. The consequences of this situation encompass the neglect of agricultural product processing and branding industries in the province, the absence of a driving force for the sector's development, and the marginalization of agricultural capacities in the province's overall development process. To address these issues, the study recommends the adoption of substantive development policies and programs, focusing on enhancing production efficiency and diversifying agricultural products and activities.