behrouz sadeghi amroabadi

In this research, the threshold effects of export complexity on the equal distribution of income in the country have been investigated using non-linear STAR P-models based on Zhou et al.'s method from 1371 to 1402. The research results show that the export complexity variable has a U-shaped relationship with the equal distribution of income. The export penetration index variable has two threshold values. In the first regime, when the variable of export penetration (Kd) is => 35.14658, the influence of export complexity on the equal distribution of income is negative and equal to 0.20 percent. While in the second regime, when the export coverage variable is Kd > 35.14658, the impact of export complexity on income distribution is positive and equal to 0.99%. Also, the export destination diversity variable has two threshold values. In the first regime, when the export destination diversity variable (Kr) is <= 17.98, the influence of export destination diversity is negative and equal to 0.08 percent. While in the second regime, when the export destination diversity variable is Kr>17.98, the impact of the export destination diversity on the equal distribution of income is positive and equal to 0.62 percent, and as a result, the equal distribution of income will improve by the same amount.

To improve welfare and efficiency, community service organizations must be flexible and resilient to unstable environmental and social conditions. The climate and weather conditions in Khuzestan province occasionally challenge the service delivery of executive agencies. Teleworking offers a potential solution to these challenges and even broader shocks such as the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to develop a localized model that fits the unique conditions of Khuzestan for teleworking among executive agency employees.

Method and Data:

 This qualitative research was conducted within Grounded Theory approach. Participants included experts in human resources management and teleworking from 16 executive institutions in Khuzestan province, as well as professors of Sociology, Management, and Economics from Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in 2022. The developed paradigm model shows a wide range of contexts, actions, interactions and consequences associated with remote work in Khuzestan province.

The causal, background and intervening conditions of the model include climatic conditions, the optimization of executive services, strategic planning, technological infrastructure for systematic monitoring and cultural determinants (work culture, organizational culture, etc.). The strategies and consequences of this model also involve social changes such as enhanced social capital, a balanced work-life dynamic, continuous service operation, and improved customer satisfaction.

To implement remote work in Khuzestan's executive agencies, it's crucial to enhance organizational and technological infrastructure, standardize information security protocols, and provide comprehensive training for employees and managers. Improving coordination between institutions will also support the adoption of teleworking, helping to mitigate stress and dysfunction while increasing efficiency and resilience.

One of the significant challenges in regional development is examining the role of local governments and their relationship with large local companies in income distribution. This challenge is particularly pertinent when large companies have national objectives, and most of their production capacity is capital-intensive and knowledge-intensive, but their operational area is locally focused on the user. The present research aimed to explore the role of the government and large local companies in income distribution. Khuzestan Province was chosen due to its unique characteristics in this regard. The study covered the period from 2006 to 2020, analyzing seasonal data using the generalized method of moments (GMM). The findings indicate that the government’s current and construction expenditures in the province have a negative and significant effect on the urban Gini coefficient. In contrast, the value-added variable of large industrial companies in the province has a positive and significant effect on the urban Gini coefficient. The results suggest that careful planning and coordination between large companies and provincial managers should be sought by adopting policies such as increasing local employment and training local workforce, thereby reducing dissatisfaction and income inequality in the province.

Many economists believe that unequal distribution of income is one of the main conditions for economic growth. With the integration of the world economy and the increasing development of international interactions, countries can no longer ignore the role of the foreign sector in macroeconomic policy making. In this mean, currency arrangementscan have macroeconomic effects. The method of this research is analytical descriptive which uses regression analysis with GMM method. The field of study includes the OPEC member countries and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), which most of the OPEC countries are Islamic countries and have a fixed currency regime and average or bad income distribution. The annual data are used for empirical analysis for each country and include the review period for the years 2007-2018. The results of this study show that in comparison with foreign exchange regimes, the independent variable of the managed floating exchange rate index on the dependent variable of Gini coefficient is negative and significant for the OPEC group. Also, the effect of the independent variable of the nail exchange rate index on the dependent variable of Gini coefficient for the OPEC group is positive and significant. In fact, for both groups the use of a floating exchange rate regime can reduce income inequality better than a fixed exchange rate regime. The results also show that the floating currency system has no significant effect on inequality in OPEC countries.

AbstractDemographic variables play a decisive role in the level of savings. Therefore, the present research, using cross-sectional data and measuring the amount of savings among urban households in Tehran, intends to test its relationship with age transition. The research method is secondary analysis. The investigated data includes the information of 18,610 participating households in the sampling of the expenses and incomes of urban households in Tehran province in 2017 which is done annually by the Iranian Statistics Center and its raw information is provided to researchers. In this research From Dyson's theory of age transition and Modigliani and Endo's life cycle theory used as the theoretical framework of the research. The research findings show that the average percentage of savings among the surveyed middle to low households is 21.80. Also, based on the results of T, F mean difference tests, the average household savings according to the age variables of the head of the household. Gender and activity status are different. Also, the results show that the life cycle theory applies in the urban economy of Tehran and active young population has a more significant savings rate than the two spectrums of children-teenagers and the elderly. Keywords: age transition, household savings, household head age, life cycle Model.

Companies need sufficient resources to continue operating, including sufficient cash to pay lenders. If the company does not have enough ability to acquire resources to meet its needs, it will suffer financial helplessness. When faced with financial helplessness, companies manipulate accounting profit as one of the performance evaluation items. In this situation, the management manages the profit by manipulating the accounts, the purpose of which is to give good information and news to the capital market, in order to prevent the decrease of the company's value. If the accounts are manipulated, the existence philosophy of the financial statements will be damaged and their reliability will be lost. Therefore, in the present research, the effects of cash flow types and controlling shareholders on the relationship between profit management and financial performance have been analyzed in order to predict financial bankruptcy in Tehran stock exchange companies. For this purpose, the data of 128 selected companies during the period of 1390 to 1398 have been used. Data analysis was done in two parts; In the first part, using the panel data regression method, the effect of cash flow types and controlling shareholders on the relationship between profit management and financial performance of companies has been estimated. The results of this part showed that the profit management variable had positive effects and the performance variables, controlling shareholders, capital cash flows, equity cash flows and free operating cash flows had a negative effect on the bankruptcy criteria of companies; In addition, it was observed that the types of cash flows examined in this research had a moderating effect on the relationship between profit management and corporate bankruptcy. Next, in the second part of the analysis, based on the coefficients obtained in the previous part and using the firefly algorithm, it is discussed. The results of this part also showed that the percentage of success of the firefly algorithm in predicting the bankruptcy of companies was equal to 98.12%. Based on this, it is suggested that policies based on control and preservation of various cash flows and the use of controlling shareholders be used to reduce the possibility of bankruptcy of companies.

Small and medium-sized enterprises are limited economic entities that provide the basis for economic development through the accumulation of micro-financial resources, entrepreneurship and connection with industries. These companies also play a vital role in economic growth, employment, wealth generation and poverty reduction of countries.The most important development strategies is with emphasis on SME and the geographical focus of production units and these businesses organization. The purpose of this article is surveying the effects of SME credits on employment(a dynamic computable general equilibrium model). Data collection has done in library and field and using the data of Iranian Statistics Center. Information analysis has done in the form of a New Keynesian model of dynamically computable general equilibrium using GAMZ software. To complete the research, this discussion has been considered for large enterprises comparatively and as an aspect Research innovation. By the results of employment creation analysis in small, medium and large enterprises, employment creation rate during the period 1384-1391,according to the credit ceiling of 20,30,40, and 50 percent which is done by the government is ascendant.Therefore, it can be said that the amount of allocated credits has a direct effect on theproductions of small, medium and large enterprises and, consequently, on employment creation. Due to the centralization of the management system integrated and the kind of government supports that provides to these types of enterprises, the rate of employment creation in large enterprises was more than small and medium enterprise

The second law of thermodynamics or the law of Entropy is a warning to economic activists and economic policymakers who pursue the goal of unlimited economic growth without considering the capacity of the environment. The main goal of this paper is to answer the question whether energy input is a substitute for capital and other inputs in the automotive, chemical and food industries. For this purpose, while using the data of companies indexed in Tehran Stock Exchange for the period of 1386-1400 Hs, the Translog cost function was estimated. Substitution of inputs in the selected industries was judged based on price elasticities and Allen's elasticity of substitution. Contrary to theoretical expectations, the results showed that the cross elasticities and Allen's substitution elasticities between electricity and other energy carriers are negative and therefore these inputs are not substitutes for electricity. In other words, in the production process of the aforementioned industries, electricity and other energy inputs are needed. Also, the findings of this research showed that Allen's elasticity of substitution between electricity and capital is negative, and therefore these two inputs are complementary to each other. Due to the fact that it is not possible to replace electricity with other inputs in the selected industries, it can be concluded that the growth of these industries regardless of the capacity of the environment will bring harmful effects on the environment through energy supply for these industries.

Income distribution is one of the most critical development goals of any country. MENA countries, like many developing countries suffer from widespread inequalities despite high energy and natural resource incomes. On the other hand, government sources of rent as insecure resources for economic policy have been used especially to reduce class gaps. In the research literature, the existence of natural resources has been described as both a factor and an obstacle to development. On the other hand, increasing and decreasing rent resources can have different effects on economic development.  Given the importance of this topic, the aim of this study is to analyze the asymmetric cumulative effects of the rentier state on inequality in the MENA countries from 1990 to 2019. The research method is correlational and applied. The method used is the non-linear ARDL panel method. In other words, using the NARDL method, long-term panel data, and coherent and asymmetric analysis are all study innovations. Although the results of the study reject the linear relation, but also show that the null hypothesis of the non-relationship between the income inequality index (Gini) and the positive and negative components of rent are rejected. The results also show that there is no asymmetry in the short and long term. Based on these results, the positive and negative effects of rent distribution on income inequality in MENA countries are completely different and on this basis, completely different policies must be adopted to reduce income inequality and economic development

The purpose of this research is to compare the effect of uncertainty of exchange rate and interest rate on the economic growth and development of 20 selected Islamic countries and 20 non−Islamic countries during the period from 2010 to 2021. For this purpose, the simultaneous equation system approach and recurrent neural network were used. The results show that exchange rate and interest rate fluctuations have negative and significant effects of 0.05 and 0.03 percent on economic growth index in Muslim countries, while this effect is equal to 0.21 in non−Muslim countries. and 0.65% was significant. Based on this, it is concluded that the effect of exchange rate fluctuations on economic growth in non−Muslim countries has been more intense than in Muslim countries. Other results show that exchange rate and interest rate fluctuations have negative and significant effects of 0.08 and 0.05 percent on the economic development index in Muslim countries, while this effect is equal to 0.9 in non−Muslim countries. 0.17% and it was significant. Based on this, it is concluded that the effect of exchange rate fluctuations on economic development in non−Muslim countries has been more severe than in Muslim countries

The outbreak of Covid 19 pandemic started from a disease affecting the human immune system and health and now it has spread to the economies of all the countries of the world and the international economy. In other words, this disease has directly faced a serious crisis in the service sector, such as tourism and has pushed other sectors with broad economic constraints and to some extent to the brink of bankruptcy. Unemployment and employment have become critical in many countries, and declining GDP has been reported in many countries. The question is, has globalization fueled the spread of the corona in the world? And has the outbreak had a significant impact on trade volume and globalization? In other words, are countries with more open indicators from the perspective of globalization, for example, have the degree of openness made the disease more prevalent in the world? And has the outbreak significantly reduced business flows in the world? This study analyzes the relationship between global trade and the prevalence of Covid 19 among 70 countries of the world, two groups of developing countries (50 countries) and developed countries (20 countries) using the monthly panel data and GMM method from the of 2019 to the beginning of 2021. Research results Indicates the significant effects of the disease outbreak on the reduction of trade flows between countries. The results also show that the prevalence of Granger causality between Covid 19 and the reduction of globalization and trade volume of countries. Finally, suggestions for reducing the negative effects of epidemics is about the global economy.

Improving the quality of institutions with development of the country's economic infrastructure can reduce the degree of fiscal policy cycles in developing countries. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of good governance and political cycles on the liquidity and budget deficit changes during 1978-2018. The research method is descriptive analytical by using econometric method of the GMM. Data are from the Central Bank of Iran and World Bank site for Iranian Economy. The research results show the effect of good governance on the variables of liquidity and budget deficit changes are negative and significant.  Also the interactive effects of good governance and the election dummy variables on the liquidity and budget deficit changes are negative and significant. These results indicate that good governance during the elections can control the budget deficit and liquidity changes, hence to control the business-political cycles, suggest to improve the good governance in Iran.

Corruption and economic security are among the most important issues in Iran's economy today. In the economic literature, economic corruption can also facilitate bureaucracy and business. It acts as an oil between the hard gears of an economical machine that can also reduce performance and economic security by increasing transaction costs and risk. Therefore, in this study, the analysis of the nonlinear relationship between economic corruption and economic security in Iran, during the period of 1357 - 1397, thresholds are performed using the regression method. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive correlation in terms of type and method of research. The results of estimating the research model show that the threshold for corruption is 0.45. Hansen's linear test results with the Bootstrap method also confirm the threshold significance. The implication of this threshold is that in a government with less than 0.45 corruption, increasing the size of corruption has a significant and negative effect on economic security. But in a regime with greater corruption, corruption has a positive effect on economic security. In other words, the non-linear relationship between economic corruption and economic security in the country is confirmed and indicates a long-term relationship between corruption control and economic security in Iran.

This study has investigated the effect of Central Banks transparency and independence on productivity growth during 1981–2018 in Iranian economy. Transparency and independence of central bank were measured by Dincer and Eichengreen index and Cukierman index respectively. The variables in this study which are in annual form are central bank transparency, central bank independence, GDP growth, productivity growth, inflation rate and free trade. Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method was used for model estimation. The coefficient of the error term is negative, statistically significant and equal to -0.308. It can be concluded that 30% of the short-run disequilibrium is adjusted to achieve long-run equilibrium. The results show that the transparency of the central bank has a positive effect and the coefficient is equal to 0.36 on productivity growth in the short-run, but it is effective on productivity growth in the long-run equal to 1.08. In the short-run, the independence of the central bank has a negative and significant effect on productivity growth equal to -3.09, but in the long-run the effect of this variable is positive and equal to 1.09.

The main purpose of this study is to identify strategies to increase the production of cooperatives in Khuzestan province during the corona outbreak. In this research, with regard to the research topic, the qualitative method and interpretive structural modeling approach have been used. The participants of the present study were 45 key informants in Khuzestan province in 2020. In the present study, semi-structured interview technique was used to collect data and purposive sampling was used to select cases. The results of the present study showed that in the period of corona outbreak, the production status of production cooperatives in Khuzestan province is moderate for the majority of interviewees (56.6%). The results of structural analysis using Mick Mac software showed that from the perspective of experts, the most important strategies to increase the production of cooperatives in Khuzestan province in the pavilion period of Covid 19 include 1. Correct understanding of market and customer needs 3. Teaching cooperatives new production and sales methods 3. Strategic planning in cooperatives 4. Use of new sales and marketing methods 5. Supply chain efficiency 6. Home business development 7. Government support for production and business environment 8. Business flexibility and innovation in production program 9. Working capital management 10. Trust and belief in the capabilities of cooperatives 11. Paying attention to the comparative advantages in forming a cooperative 12. Advertising and gaining customer trust Production activities, its maintenance and promotion 14. Cooperation and cooperation between departments 15. Comprehensive maintenance and promotion of human resources in production units 16. Acting on the approvals of the Facilitation and Corona headquarters.

One of the major problems of developing governments, such as those of OPEC member states, is the government deficit and rising public debt. One of the reasons for this public debt is government policies faced with income inequalities. The opposite side said that the increased income inequality can lead to capital accumulation and thus increase production and tax payments and reduce government debt. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of income inequality on government debt at OPEC member countries are in the period 2010 to 2018. The method used is the threshold panel. The research results show that the relationship between income inequality and public debt at the OPEC member states is U-shaped and not linear. In other words, the effects of income inequality on public debt at OPEC member states are like the threshold.

This study aims at investigating the role of Corporate Governance in the financial stability of banks listed at the Tehran Stock Exchange from 2012 to 2018.  Corporate governance is a good mechanism for controlling risks within firms. Corporate Governance relationships for shareholders in a specialized and independent position with systematic risk in the banking sector is very important. Specifically, corporate governance of shareholders for larger banks which are part of the security networks are at higher risk. They try to pass on the risk to taxpayers.  This is descriptive-analytical, applied research using post-quasi-experimental data collection method in the area of ​​positive financial research, and was performed using multivariable regression and econometric models. The results show that the effect of having two CEO’s on financial stability is negative and significant, the effect of institutional shareholders on financial stability is positive and significant, and the effect of government ownership variable on financial stability variable is negative and significant. Moreover, the effect of the ratio of independent board members and the number of board members on financial stability is positive and significant.

In monetary and financial literature, financial crises include a wide range of crises. But in general, there are three important types of financial crisis, including the currency crisis. The banking crisis and the debt crisis. The aim of this study is to simultaneously analyze the occurrence of banking, debt and currency crises, known as the three crises in Iran. For this purpose, first to determine the indicators related to banking crises, currency and debt payments and using logistics and self-regression vector models during the 1980 to 2017 seasonally, we have discussed the relationship between these three crises. The results show that the three banking crises, debt and currency, affect each other. The short-term results of the VAR model showed the effect of the banking crisis and the currency crisis on the debt crisis is positive and significant, indicating an increase in the likelihood of a banking crisis and the currency will increase the debt of the government and the country. Also, the effects of banking and debt crises on the currency crisis are positive and significant. This indicates the existence of causal relationship between banking crises and debt on the currency crisis. The results of the Logit model show that the effect of inflation variables, liquidity growth and the growth of the exchange rate on the indicators of the three crises that are significant and positive in most models.

An economic system is comprised of different primary flows that can be captured in macroeconomic models with complex network relations. Theoretically and empirically in this system, weak substitution or complementarity of environmental materials, like energy and other production factors such as capital, is undeniable. This is an effective critique on neoclassical economics. In this paper, we view economy as a complex thermodynamic system in order to calculate entropy generation, specifically the trend of entropy production in Iran over time. Entropy can be measured as the amount of waste and pollution produced by a system based on Georgescu-Rogen’s view. Using a conceptual model, we show the basic flows in a macroeconomic network (government, households, firms and financial sector), by focusing on the amount of waste and other entropy generators and show how to calculate the overall entropy for an economic system. Furthermore, we demonstrate this approach using a mathematical model and literature from ecology and macroeconomics of Iran economy as a case study. Finally, by using statistical data from the World Bank, we show the three important indices of a system- growth, development and entropy valuesthat increased in Iran during 1970–2014. As it is shown in results, the economic entropy of Iran is increasing.

Emigration is such an important topic that has been attained a lot of interest especially in the last three decades. According to the statistics announced by the United Nations، outbound emigrants in recent years have been far from inbound emigrants in Iran. Therefore، investigating the role of various main determinants in the flow of outbound emigrants is so important and could be considered in order to make a policy for emigration control. In this study، we have made an indicator named quality of life by using factor analysis. Afterwards، the effect of quality of life indicator in addition to the other considered variables which investigate the economic and politic factors on emigrating from Iran to the selected OECD countries have been studied between 2002-2011 by the augmented gravity model and dynamic panel data. The results of this study indicate that quality of life، institutional and political factors have the greatest effects on emigrants respectively. In addition، the lag of emigration has positive and important effect on emigration and with increasing the distance the quantity of the Iranian emigrant will be decreased.

Life in communication era despite having virtues has covered ethics and moral norm by conjunction with cultures and apparently move in the path of equalizing global norms but in this beautiful crust of cultural equality, you can easily claim that some of global superpowers try to change the culture of nations to a culture like consumption culture, invisible dependence and … which is in behalf of their interests by use of different software methods. As it is said in the definitions of culture, one of the elements of culture is ethics and it is more important than values, beliefs and ideas which make our culture and ethics. But Islamic ethics is one of cultural foundations in Islamic world- which has rooted in beliefs and weltanschauung of Moslem nations. Powerful tools can play a role in all of cultural dimensions and prevent from cultural deviations. One of these culture dimensions is work at a country. Indeed Islamic ethics can engineer the culture of work in a country and make it as the beliefs and ideas of a nation. In this essay, ethics-Islamic values related to work are examined and we will consider its religious aspects, then we will go further and will separate Islamic ethics from religious form and will consider it from the point of view of science of the day and will show that Islam has considered moral factors of citizenship behavior before west so that it is completely according to psychology and management. Beside we will show that the factors of citizenship-organizational behavior are so depended to each other that you can consider them as a unit- this unit is another form of ethics. with a detailed examination about Islamic ethics and citizenship-organizational behavior you can find that citizenship-organizational behavior is a part of Islamic ethics foundations and at the end examining dependence and interaction of citizenship-organizational behavior and job factors-which is one of the main work criterion in a society-we will show Islamic ethics dependence and job factors and will reach to this result that by utilizing Islamic ethics you can engineer citizenship behavior and improve job factors.

The purpose of this study is to explain the effect of interbank financial relation development as a convergence and integration approach in banking system of Iran by which we will be able to evaluate targeting credit allocation and profitability of banks. In other words, we evaluate this view that by more complication of economic relation which is the result of interdependency of various markets, in addition to strengthening the competitiveness and financial interbank relationship; strengthen banking efficiency in optimizing credit allocation and profit increase. Accordingly, an econometric model will be established in which, by using cross-section data of the Iranian in 2008-2011, the effectiveness of interbank financial relation and other factors development on credit allocation and banking profitability will be studied. The results of this study show the most important factors affecting banking profitability and credit allocation improvement in new banking system of the country.