behzad seify

Targeting is not only the most vital, but also one of the most challenging processes during military operations. When targeting, efforts must be focused on successfully identifying and prioritizing targets at both the operational and tactical levels. Targeting issues have always been central to war, but in the 21st century, various factors have emerged to make this basic task extremely complicated. Regarding naval warfare, due to its complex and environmental nature, various outstanding issues have been raised, which are usually different in relation to land or air warfare. Therefore, it is quite understandable that naval officers have a duty to make targeting decisions in light of the rules in such a way that their decisions readily distinguish between authorized and unauthorized targets in an attack. However, the drawing of this goal, through the use of new technologies, the presence and intervention of commercial ships and other forms of irregular warfare, and the presence of civilians in the sea arena, make the belligerents adopt targeting in the light of rights. Naval warfare faces problems. Therefore, this article intends to discuss the rules of targeting by rereading the military and civilian targets in naval warfare from the perspective of international law, and by presenting educational approaches, provide the basis for their application and compliance. The research method of this article is descriptive and analytical, and the method of collecting library-reference information. The findings of the research also indicate that despite the environmental complications of naval warfare, any kind of targeting must comply with the rules of international humanitarian law.

Background and Theoretical Foundations: The traditional military technologies and methods at sea have undergone many changes since the approval of naval warfare documents and have developed in such a way that they will transform future naval wars, and these developments necessitate the transformation of rights. It leads to a naval war. Cyber war has been accepted as one of the methods of war along with other land, sea, air, and space methods, but the difference between this method and other methods is that each of the mentioned territories can be used as a base to carry out a cyber-attack. The emergence of cyber capabilities in the sea means that naval forces are always more connected which leads to greater vulnerability at sea. The purpose of this brief is specifically to examine the cyber-attack at sea from the perspective of the law of maritime armed conflicts. Therefore, the ability to apply international humanitarian law and the rules governing the law of maritime warfare in the case of a cyber-attack at sea will be interpreted and investigated. The research method of this article is descriptive and analytical, and the process of collecting library information is reference, by referring to sources through books, documents, periodicals, and the Internet, we obtain research data. Findings and The findings of the research indicate many ambiguities in applying the law of maritime conflict to maritime cyber warfare, but humanitarian law can be used with all modern tools, which has been supported by the International Committee of the Red Cross in recent decades.

This study examines the impact of Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) technologies on marketing and sales. The aim is to identify and analyze how these technologies are utilized and their effect on customer experience and satisfaction. This qualitative research collected data through semi-structured interviews with 26 participants. Participants were selected from marketing managers, information technology specialists, and user experience designers. Data analysis was performed using qualitative content analysis techniques. The study revealed that the use of AR and VR in marketing and sales could lead to improved customer experiences, increased interaction and product understanding, and enhanced customer satisfaction and loyalty. Four main themes were identified, including "Marketing Strategies with Augmented Reality," "Implementation Technologies," "Impact on Customer Experience," and "Challenges and Opportunities." The use of AR and VR technologies holds significant potential for positive changes in marketing and sales. These technologies provide more meaningful interactions with customers and help companies optimize customer experience and increase their satisfaction and loyalty.

Law of the seas always provides the possibility of resolving conflicting approaches to issues at sea and guarantees legal certainty in the freedom of shipping lines in the high seas. Although some governments have a conflicting approach in this matter, in the end they must respect the legal rules, both contractual and customary. Strategic Navy of the Army of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the direction of securing national and international interests and providing maritime security , supporting the commercial shipping lines of the country, etc. and also based on the strategy determined in the governance structure of the Iran has been present in the field of international waters based on upstream documents and within the framework of the international law of the seas. But in the meantime, some countries such as; America, Australia, France, etc. have tried to prevent the presence of the army navy in international waters, especially the mission of the 360 fleet with a double interpretation of the rules of international law of the seas and the application of policies Sanction to prevent this presence. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to examine the rules governing the freedom of navigation in the open sea, and to examine the performance of the Islamic Republic of Iran Navy from the Indian Ocean to the implementation of the 360 flotilla mission, which briefly tries to answer the question that Has the performance of the Navy of the Islamic Republic of Iran from the Indian Ocean to the mission of the 360 flotilla been within the framework of the international law of the seas to answer The research method of this article is descriptive analytical method, and the method of collecting information is library-reference method. According to the findings of the research, despite the unsuccessful efforts and violation of the rules of international law by the United States and other allied countries, the performance of the Islamic Republic of Iran has been in compliance with and respect for the rules of international law of the seas, and the aforementioned missions has implemented with authority in the international arena.

The security of the seas and oceans has always been emphasized and paid attention to by members of the international community. Maritime security, as a sustainable order in the sea, is threatened by climate change, pollution, piracy, maritime terrorism, human trafficking, drug trafficking, illegal and unreported fishing, and illegal seizure. In the meantime, piracy has caused huge losses to the maritime industry, and is the main challenge of maritime security. The shipping industry of the Islamic Republic of Iran has not been spared from this threat. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to analyze the performance of the Islamic Republic of Iran in providing maritime security with an emphasis on combating piracy. Therefore, the writer is looking for an answer to this question, what has been the performance of the Islamic Republic of Iran in providing maritime security and fighting pirates within the framework of international law The results of the research, while explaining and analyzing the rules of international law governing the fight against piracy, show the performance of the Islamic Republic of Iran in providing maritime security and fighting against pirates. Also, it provides educational approaches for the importance of representing the role of the Islamic Republic of Iran in providing maritime security. The research method of this article is descriptive and analytical; and the method of collecting information is the library method.

The naval conflict has undergone many changes due to environmental factors and various tools, as well as the increasing growth and development of marine technologies, aligned with the inclusion of new tools and methods in naval conflict and electronic warfare at sea. The procedure taken by countries indicates the acceptance of electronic warfare as one of the methods and tools of agreed warfare. However, from the perspective of international humanitarian law, the use of electronic warfare tools and methods is challenging, and international treaty law lacks a legal rule regarding this method of warfare. Indeed, the only guideline that has sought to regulate electronic warfare is the Air and Missile Warfare Directive, which imposes no legal requirements on governments. So the question we are going to answer in this brief is that, can humanitarian law be applied to electronic warfare The purpose of this study is to explain and investigate the various dimensions of naval electronic warfare from the perspective of international humanitarian law, and proving that international humanitarian law can be applied to the methods and tools of electronic warfare at sea. The research method selected for the present paper is an analytical-explanatory method and the data collection method used is the library research method.

The production and use of automated unmanned maritime vehicles, as well as major changes in tools and methods of warfare are planned, their operation is automatic at all stages, and Their use in naval warfare poses serious challenges to humanitarian laws. It is therefore necessary to examine such systems in accordance with international law from the stage of production to operation. Therefore, this brief seeks to answer two questions; how does Article 36 of the First Additional Protocol regulate the production, development and use of automatic unmanned maritime vehicles And how does international humanitarian law regulate the use of unmanned maritime vehicles in naval warfare Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the principles governing the use of unmanned maritime vehicles from the perspective of humanitarian law, and to examine the legal obligations related to the production and pre-use of these devices from the perspective of international law. Research findings show that under international law, governments are required to review the compliance of these devices with humanitarian law before use and in the production process, and to expand them if they do. In the field, despite the fact that the degree of independence of unmanned maritime systems is expected to expand in the future, until then, their use must be under human control and supervision.

Naval mining technology is one of the tools that have a dual function. And an effective tool in times of peace and crisis as well as during the war that the eighth convention of The Hague in 1907 has regulated the use of contact mines during the armed naval conflict. Nevertheless, pouring sea mines during peace time is a legal choice for governments in the waters and their territorial sea, and even in their international territories. But, dumping at sea in times of peace and in crisis situations is a danger, and in fact, in each of the maritime territories, it is in contrast to freedom and the right to transit, as well as peaceful freedom of movement, which is extremism and the issue in this regard could be a threat to international peace and security. Nevertheless, new mine technologies can somewhat prevent the risks and the obligations of governments, depending on the type of mine, also vary. Therefore, this paper discusses the legitimacy of the use of sea mine technology in peacetime in the light of developments in the international law of the seas and the opinions of the International Court of Justice. And proves the relationship of this kind of technology to ensure the security of the coastal state and pre-crisis will be timely and valuable; this type of strategy and technology within the framework of legal constraints, international law is justifiable. Research method of this paper is analytical-compilation method and data collection method is library-documentary method.

The development and use of unmanned aerial vehicles has been very challenging, and the applicability of maritime law and international maritime conventions to them has been obscured. Despite the ability to use these devices in various scientific, exploratory, economic, political, military, etc. dimensions, but the legitimacy of their use in the light of international maritime documents is still disputed and determine the legal status of their use in The radiation of international maritime conventions is essential. At the same time, the rules of international law in question seem to have gaps in this area, and do not respond to their increasing development. The purpose of this brief is to examine the legal status of unmanned aerial vehicles as ships from the perspective of international maritime conventions, and the question that the author seeks to answer is whether unmanned aerial vehicles are capable of this. Do they have to be considered ships from the point of view of international maritime conventions The research hypothesis is based on the assumption that unmanned aerial vehicles can be considered as ships if they are capable of floating and carrying. Research Method The present paper is an analytical-descriptive method. The method of data collection is the library method.

SanRemo Manual, although not a binding document, seeks to provide a contemporary revision of applicable international law on armed conflict at sea. In order to prevent the previous rules from being forgotten and to create different interpretations of these rules, the mentioned directive has tried to revise the rules of naval war law in accordance with the developments of international law. However, the legal status of the SanRemo Manual in international law and its validity among jurists and governments is unclear and there are differences. Purpose of this brief is to assess the validity of the SanRemo Manual from the perspective of customary international law and soft law. Therefore, considering the content of the instruction and considering that instruction has been compiled by legal and naval experts, the author seeks to answer these questions: if SanRemo Manual is considered to be the source of the law of naval armed conflict, in which category does the resources fall, soft law or customary international law Findings of the study indicate that the content of SanRemo instruction, Addition to having the validity of customary law in the traditional sectors, also has the validity of soft law in the fields that are innovative in the field of naval law. In recent years, SanRemo directive has also been widely cited by countries and international institutions.

The development and use of unmanned undersea military vehicles is not only very challenging, but has led to serious concerns and many controversial issues in the field of international law of the sea. Ability to use these devices in various military dimensions, including; in the field of environmental recognition, underwater inspection and inspection, anti-mine operations and other military operations, their existence has become very important. However, the legitimacy of their use in the maritime arena is still disputed, and it is very difficult to determine the legal status of their use in different maritime domains. At the same time, it seems that the rules of international law in question have gaps in this regard, and do not meet the growing development of unmanned undersea military vehicles. This will certainly lead to a backlash from many governments, especially those without such technology. The present article tries to legitimize the legitimacy of the use of these types of tools in terms of legal and practical procedures regarding the use of these devices, as well as using the rules and regulations of international law of the sea and interpretation of the mentioned legal rules, trying to prove legitimacy of view of international law of the sea. Finally and, by examining the 1982 law of the sea Convention, determines the status of undersea submarines and unmanned undersea military Vehicles in certain maritime areas.

War at sea is a complex situation, and apart from the use of techniques, the laws are required someday. Many of the rules of naval warfare are in common with those of other wars, but the rules of naval warfare are far more complex. The prohibition of the principles of international law, which is enshrined in the law of armed conflict within the framework of humanitarian law, comprises two basic principles: the prohibition on the use of weapons and methods that cause unnecessary harm and pain, and the prohibition on the use of military methods and equipment which They are not directly capable of separating civilian targets and property. Limiting the means of warfare means balancing the military necessity and the damage inflicted by the war to support non-combatants. In naval warfare certain tools and methods are used. Humanitarian law restricts the effects of war and, for humanitarian reasons, restricts the right of the parties to the conflict to choose and use war instruments and methods. The purpose of this brief is to examine the methods of naval warfare from the perspective of international humanitarian law, and to prove that international humanitarian law is applicable to the methods and instruments of naval warfare. The research method of this paper is analytical-descriptive method and the method of data collection is library method.

Professional training of Naval Armed conflicts Laws to naval force in peacetime is a basic precondition for proper conduct in armed conflict and a means of repairing victims' lives, rescuing humanity and conducting a legitimate war. Training Naval Armed Conflict Laws to the Navy as one of the fundamental goals that not only promotes and reinforces the rights of the armed forces but also contributes to the security and protection of the territorial integrity of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the light of the respect to rouls of international armed conflicts laws. The purpose of this article is to explain the necessity of training the rules of Naval Armed conflict Laws in the light of international and domestic documents to the armed forces, and in particular to the strategic navy of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army. Therefore, the author of this article explains the necessity of training the rules of Naval Armed conflicts Laws in the strategic navy of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army in order to familiarize the Navy personnel with the rules of armed conflicts laws, and to provide guidelines and suggestions for promoting and developing these rules, at the level of the Armed Forces and the Navy. In this regard, this research is applied-developmental and the present research method is analytical-descriptive. And the method of data collection is library-documentary method.

Vessels Obligation to assist the vessel in distress, as it is an important tradition in international contracts, and In fact, one of the issues important, yet common international law of the sea and international maritime law is help and rescue. Conventions majority Previsions focus on maritime search and rescue operations by commercial or commercial Vessels and this somewhat ambiguous is the duty of the warships. Meanwhile, in recent decades the Iran's Navy defined for different functions such as reading the force and presence in strategic international-water, and play a special role in the Islamic Republic as an important country in the world. The issue has been largely investigated and analyzed. But one of the other functions of the Navy, the presence of this force in the field of maritime rescue.That this issue is somewhat neglected, because the Navy to other activities, including assistance operations, search and rescue at sea has been discussed. And evaluate the performance of the Navy in the warships determining the legal basis for the aid and rescue operations at sea is the subject of use, this brief. The method of this research is analytical-explanatory, and data collection method is library-documentary.