dr. mehdi abbasi sarmadi

One of the important issues in litigation is the administration of evidence by the judge in the proceedings. The administration of justice is the ultimate goal of any trial, and a fair trial is one of the most important criteria for measuring the social and judicial development of any society. In this regard, the question of whether the judge can consider himself unnecessary in the trial or need the reasons presented by the parties in the trial has long been stated in our legal system, so it is necessary to understand the Knowledge and certainty of the judge to deal with the knowledge arising from the evidence. In this research, which has been done by descriptive-analytical method, the findings indicate that although our jurists are inclined to believe that the judge can and should act according to his knowledge, even a group in this field claims consensus. Theoretical debate to find the right answer is not over, and there is concern about the judge's suspicion of the charge and the possibility of his inappropriate and unjustified use of power in logical theories and analyzes of verses and news.

Freedom of information and freedom of expression in the Islamic society are two dimensions of the ethical behavioral pattern of government, so that, on the one hand, all members of the community should have the right to express their views and express their views. On the other hand, the society is obliged to provide for the free access of individuals to each other. Slowly The underlying principle in these two types of freedom is the principle of "Abaha" in philosophy, in the sense that whenever a matter of doubt or doubt is subject to restriction or prohibition, it must be the principle of freedom rather than limitation, while the provision Restrictions on freedom must also be enforced by law and not arbitrarily. Separation from this ethical model of government. It is necessary to review the substantive filtering standards in line with the international human rights system. For this reason, individuals must have the necessary freedom to publish and publish information. Although in the Islamic and legal ethics of freedom of expression in our country, there is no right to restrict the freedom of expression or the prohibition of free access to information, but the law is also subject to limitations that must be respected so that the imposition of probable limitations on freedom It should also be part of the needs of a democratic society, so that the legislator can not place anything as a restriction on freedom of expression and information. What is being discussed in this article is to examine the limits of information freedom and filtering

In the1930s, the world's oil was controlled by 7 great international oil companies who were famous as the "Seven Sisters". These companies not only controlled oil transportation, refining, sale and marketing but also dominated the oil reserves. Their domination over the oil reserves was guaranteed by old concession contracts mechanism which made too much benefit to them. Management of the oil market and determination of oil price for a very long period was the natural consequence of this domination. These companies by dividing the demand market among themselves disabled the market to determine price through the mechanism of competition. These conditions caused the host countries by constituting international coalitions ( such as Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries "OPEC") play the main role in determination of the oil price and at the meantime by reviewing of the experiences arisen from the old concession agreements, tried to  revise them to be more nationalized.in this article, we are seeking to raise a historical-legal analysis from the trend of the changes in international petroleum concession agreements which has been started before the 1950s and amended after the world war II until the last years of the 20th century.

Because of the long-term nature of the upstream contracts of the oil industry, it is always possible for these contracts to be subject to fundamental changes in the situation. In such a way that economic, political, technical or economic, economic or economic changes will overcome, in such a way that it is difficult for one party to fulfill the obligation, while the other party may benefit from these conditions. In such a case, re-negotiation is one of the solutions that can help resolve this problem. What many of these contracts today are of interest to the parties. Using this method, the parties can review the contract and allow it to continue to be implemented, the parties are required to observe ethics and goodwill to pave the way for an agreement to resolve the problem and exit the stalemate. . Re-negotiation may be entered in the conditional condition at the time of the conclusion of the contract or after agreement of the terms of the parties. This condition will stabilize the contract, and this will encourage foreign companies to invest in oil projects, which will result in economic development of the host country. In fact, this is a condition of a dispute resolution mechanism that prevents the liquidation of the contract in the event of a change of circumstances. However, observance of ethics and good faith requires the contracting party to seriously negotiate and make rational and enforceable proposals.

Law as other sciences, have recognized globalization. In recent decades according to law spreading and international organization, countries tend to use soft power. The Islamic Republic of Iran acknowledging soft power in bilateral dependency, use required accessories. Annexing to international organizations with variety in target not only describe soft power but also extend scientific and cultural infiltration. this essay annexing I.R. Iran to Hague international private law conference as a tool for inserting soft power will be studied. Findings from references such as books, encyclopedias, dictionaries, magazines, Weeklies, monthlies and quarterlies in this scope show that government transfer some pervious authorities to these organizations. The government receives new authorities because of his membership and as well membership of his nationals; By means of relying on annexing could interfere to other governments national affairs. In addition whenever government want to share some authorities with other governments in framework of international commitments. Thus government ignores some benefits against other benefits. This paper was done by library method. Present research data were investigated and analyzed with qualitative and rationally.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, has been collected with an emphasis on non-discrimination between people and the right to food for all. The progress of civilization, especially after the Industrial Revolution led to the destruction of the environment. Human efforts to protect the environment were intensified in the late twentieth century but most of this activity has focused on the prevention of environmental degradation and has ignored the effects of environmental degradation on people. In international law, generally, there is no mechanism for compensation for people injured from environmental degradation. The concept of environmental justice is a new topic in international law. For this purpose, at first, we try to differentiate between environmental justice and environmentalism. Afterwards, we examine the aspects of environmental justice in regional and international documents for indicating the necessity of a legal system for environmental justice.

With the transition from “Organization of African Unity" to "African Union", the "African Problems" should appeal the "African solution". The Libyan crisis was a serious test for this strategy on the ground. Since it aimed at not only one of the corrupt and enduring regimes of the continent but also was considered as a crisis which had endangered the peace and security at the regional and international level. In this context, the present research examines the role of the African Union as a rooted regional organization regarding the management of the mentioned crisis through a politico – legal approach. For this purpose, after a brief reference to the developments of the Union and the reasons for the Libyan Crisis, the reaction of the Organization on the crisis by the measures of the “Security and Peace Council” as well as the “ad hoc Committee” is followed in order to show that in spite of the fact that the African Union particularly distinguished itself from the OAU by creating the “Security and Peace Council” and emphasized on its special attention to the question of peace and security yet, due to the visional, political, financial and decision-taking weaknesses, the Organization could not use all its capacities in the process of the settlement of the Libyan Crisis. As a result, it couldn`t realize the strategy of “the African resolution for the African problems”.

Identity analysis of each concept in reality is related to the governed theoretical viewpoint coordinates of it. Theoretical perspectives as well as defaults designed in their political context to specific society, does not recoil. Therefore, for a deep theoretical understanding of each concept, it is necessary to analysis it based on a model the concept belongs to. Now one of the basic concepts in the analysis of a political structures, communities, is the concept of democracy that in Iran's society (after the revolution), is challenging the notion of religious interpretations. So do a review of about the status of democracy, primarily located in Western societies and religious democracy, which is discussed by the religious scholars, is essential. Accordingly, the present article analyzes the concept of democracy and its compatibility with Islam as well as differences between religious democracy and secular western democracy.

Theories related to the political development- at first rather as the renovation-with the termination of the second world war and the release of the Third World countries from the colonialism were largely propounded in the political studies and after a long change process in the new period, the literature and the political development concept have been reduced to " democracy". This kind of change has been together with democracy growing process in developed countries and also with the emerging debates about democracy in developing countries.As well, in Iran during the recent 100 years, numerous thought movements have been appeared in this context and spread campaigns have been performed.Besides the expression the political development concept,this present research tries,through a pathological view, to study it in Iran especially after the 1357 revolution. In this regard and in the light of the paper's main question, it tries to consider and analyze the thought content of reforms in the framework of political development slogan and its achievement process, reformists success scale in theorizing and implementing their slogans after the Khordad 1376, and basically the relationship and the way of connection existing between these categories and the governing political-legal system.