ebrahim kazemi

Acute appendicitis is one of the most common causes of abdominal emergent surgical disease worldwide. Enterobius vermicularis, a human intestinal parasite, is reported to be associated with acute appendicitis. We report a case of an 8-year-old girl who was admitted to the emergency unit with complaints of severe abdominal pain and was diagnosed with acute appendicitis. Microscopic pathological examination showed lymphoid follicles with prominent germinal centers and mantle zones within the appendix wall. Cross-sections of multiple female and male Enterobius vermicularis worms and a few longitudinal sections of E.vermicularis were seen. E. vermicularis is one of the most common human parasitic infections, so the possibility of infection of the appendix with E. vermicularis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of agents of appendicitis.

denying the following of the four main religious denominations, the Salafi called themselves by this name. one of the main features of the Salafi sect is their view on imitation from the other Islamic denominations. On the first place, they deny the adherence to a particular denomination. on the second place, they defined a narrow space for the common people. Finally, they believe that the main duty of the society is Ittiba and a few can extract the Islamic rules by themselves. The Salafi maintain that the Mufti expressing the ideas of a particular religion is not a true scholar and if someone refers to him, it is copying him blindly. Encountering so many problems, the Ittiba theory cannot be a good alternative for the imitation theory. One of the problems of the Ittiba theory is its misconception from the imitation theory. They claim that imitation means following blindly. While the technical term for Imitation does not mean mimicking. One of the other problems of the Salafi theory is that they interpret the verses that mean general Ittiba in the specific Ittiba. The last defect of this theory is that it will cause so many problems in the community. In this essay, these issues will be studied in a descriptive- analytic method.

One of the proofs for the infallibility of the Shia Imams is "preserving the Sharia testament" because Shia argue that the Sharia and acting according to that needs an infallible Imam. Just as the Holy prophet's period. After the Holy prophet (PBH) the infallible Imam will protect from Sharia. The "polymath Helli" just like other great Shia scholars argue with the proof, "preserving the Sharia testament" for infallibility of Shia Imams, writing the book "Menhaj al-Karamah" to explain this issue. Ibn Taymiyyah criticizes this proof, trying to provide an alternative for infallible Imam after the Holy prophet. In this essay by a descriptive – analytic method, it is tried to disproof the Ibn Taymiyyah criticisms in this case.

The Salafists expanded the range of heresy and Takfir. They think most of Muslims are not true Muslims. One of the issues in jurisprudence is the verdict on someone who do not practice praying or Salat. If we verdict that those guys are non-Muslims the width of Takfir will expand. In this essay, firstly, it is to explain the Ibn Taymiyyah's view on this issue and then the view of mainstream Sunni scholars about this case is expressed. Secondly, the Ibn Taymiyyah's view on Takfir is explained. He ousted Muslims from the realm of Islam for some trivial matters. In this case, praying, Ibn Taymiyyah maintain that if someone confess to Islam and accept that praying is one of its necessities but do not practice it, we can not call him a Muslim. In this research, with descriptive-analytic method this view is criticized. The following are the results Ibn Taymiyyah's view is against the mainstream Sunni scholars. Just only Ahmad Ibn Hanbal in one case maintain this idea. Albani, the great contemporary Sunni scholar, believe that according to Hanbali school, this guy is not pagan. Furthermore, we have so many religious texts indicating that if someone deny the praying, he will remain in the hell forever. But if someone do not deny the praying and theoretically accept it, without practicing it, we cannot oust him from the Islam. Only Ibn Taymiyyah verdict it.

In criticizing imitation of the four religions, Wahhabism considers any imitation of the Muftis as illegal, and believes that the imitation is obeying the words of non-God and the Prophet, while it supports the theory of compliance. Wahhabis consider compliance as the pleasant Taqlid (imitation), imitation as adopting the words without arguments, and compliance as adopting the words with arguments. They have considered the issue of compliance within the different types of obligation of Mokalafs (one charged with a duty) and have proposed three types of obligations: "ijtihad, compliance and imitation". In their view, the compliance has a very wide circle and includes the majority of the people. The Wahhabis by talking about the issue of compliance, have narrowed the circle of ijtihad and imitation and have almost put away the imitation and they deal with that as an obligation. The current study, in addition to explaining the Wahhabism perspective on ijtihad and imitation, defines the theory of their compliance, and examines and criticizes the arguments of Wahhabism on this issue.

There are several opinions about the relation between 'belief' and 'action'. We have some who are extremists like "Khavarej" and "Morjee", two opposite sides in this realm. In this paper, the writer is going to view the Ibn Taymiyyah ideas in this case. We can say that there is three principles in his views: 1- the action is necessary for a secure faith. 2- There is a correlation between faith and action. 3- The action is divided into superficial and in depth, for an in depth action the faith is necessary. Hence, the superficial action is a necessary part of faith. Having a closer look at Ibn Taymiyyah views, we can conclude that he believe in correlation between faith and action. In fact, the third principle refer to the first one. Although Ibn Taymiyyah tries to divide the faith in two parts, he maintain that faith cannot be separated from action. Nevertheless, Shia and other Muslim sects believe that action is not a necessary element in faith.

Abstract Dorylaimids contain the most number of nematodes and take part in various aspects of ecosystem. For this reason and for study on dorylaimid fauna, 70 soil samples were collected from the rhizosphere of different vegetations in Kahaq region, Maragheh, East Azarbaijan province during 2014 and 2015. Then sampels were transfered to laboratory. Nematodes were extracted by centrifugal flotation technique and transferred to glycerin according to the modified De Grisse (1969) method. The permanent slides were prepared from the extracted nematodes. The nematodes were identified under light microscope. The morphometric data were taken using a drawing tube attached to the microscope. For identification of nematode speciments, species keys and references were used. As the results, Aulolaimoides elegans, Crassolabium cylindricum, C. rhopalocercum, Diphtherophora tenera, D. communis, Dorylaimoides elegans, D. limophilus, Ischiodorylaimus cognatus, I. paraugandanus, Margollus bokanicus, Mesodorylaimus potus, Metaxonchium persicum, Opisthodorylaimus sylphoides, Oxydirus oxycephaloides, Paravulvus microdontus, Pungentus engadiensis, Syncheilaxonchium nairi, Thornia propinqua, T. parathermophila and Tylenchilaimus minimus were identified. M. potus and the genus Thornia are new records for Iran nematode fauna.

The Wahhabis have done many crimes in Saudi Arabia. The city of Taif is one of the cities that has witnessed these crimes. The Wahhabis attacked this city twice and committed unforgettable crimes in history. We cannot imagine the depth of these crimes and very sane will condemn these crimes. Some of these crimes are as the following: genocide, plundering, tearing the Holy Quran in the first period of their ruling. They also killed the people, destroyed the tombs and shrines, jailed the people in their second rounds of their attacks. If we have a quick comparison between the atrocities of Wahhabism and ISIS, we will witness considerable similarity. What is done in Syria and Iraq today is so similar with the crimes if Wahhabism in Taif city.

Plant parasitic nematodes are distributed in all agricultural soils and attack nearly all crops, damage and cause disease. In studying biology, management and other aspects of plant parasitic nematodes, their precise identification should be carried out up to species level. Kahaq region, Maragheh, East Azarbaijan province, is a natural ecosystem and under cultivation of agricultural crops as well. Fruit trees such as walnut, almond, apple, quince and crops like wheat, barley, chickpea and fruitless trees as spruce and willow are grown in the region. Due to the paucity of previous studies the current study set out for the identification of nematode fauna in soils of this region.
In order to identify plant parasitic nematodes, 70 soil samples were collected from the rhizosphere of different vegetations in Kahaq region, Maragheh, East Azarbaijan province during 2014 and 2015. The samples were transferred to laboratory and nematodes extracted by centrifugal flotation technique were transferred to anhydrose glycerin according to the modified De Grisse (1969) method. Permanent slides were prepared from the extracted nematodes and some cross sections were also made from different parts of some nematode bodies if needed. The nematodes were studied under light microscope. The morphometric data were taken using a drawing tube attached to the microscope. Drawings were done using Corel DRAW X7 software. Pictures were taken using DP50 digital camera attached to the microscope.
The results of this study led to the identification of Amplimerlinius globigerus, Criconemoides informis, Mesocriconema antipolitanum, Ogma cobbi, Pratylenchus neglectus, P. thornei, Pratylenchoides erzurumensis, Xiphinema index, X. pyrenaicum, Xiphinema sp. and Zygotylenchus guevarai.
Morphological and morphometric characteristics of two plant parasitic nematodes out of 11 identified species were described in details. Ogma cobbi shows much similarity with O. nemorosus, but the latter differs from the former species because of fewer number of body annuli (45-54 vs 58-61), shape of scales in mid-body (triangular, with rounded tip vs rather acute), empty spermatheca vs full of sperm, occasional presence of smaller scales between rows, especially on posterior half of body (vs not). Xiphinema sp. becomes more similar to X. brevisicum, but is separated from it by lower a value (53-67 vs 72.5-98), cˊ value (1.5-2 vs 2.2-3.1), greater odontostyle length (77-86 vs 57-65 μm) and shorter tail length (27-31 vs 35-47 μm). It also differs from other species of the genus and, hence, considered as an undescribed species.

Intestinal parasites are one of the most important human infections in many tropical and sub-tropical areas.
The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites and their association with some demographic factors in patients referred to the Ghamar Bani Hashem hospital Khoy, West Azarbaijan province.
This cross-sectional study was conducted from April 2014 to March 2016. Stool samples of 5610 patients referred to the Ghamar Bani Hashem hospital were examined using the formalin-ether concentration and direct smear methods. Determination of intestinal parasites was based on the morphological characteristics of the parasites. The scotch tape method was used for detection of Enterobius vermicularis ova in 133 suspected individuals. Microscopic results were recorded and analyzed.
A total of 5610 people (51.6% male and 48.4% female) were examined. The mean age of the patients was 47.26 ± 1.3. Among these, 32.1% were infected to at least 1 of the intestinal parasites. Prevalence of protozoa and helminths parasites was 30.1% and 1.2%, respectively. The prevalence rate of intestinal parasites was: Blastocystis sp.12.9%, Giardia lamblia 11%, Entamoeba coli 4.1%, Iodamoeba butschlii 2.1%, Endolymax nana 1.5%, Entamoeba histolytica/E.dispar 0.25%, Trichomonas hominis 0.09%, Ascaris lumbricoides 0.09%, Hymenolypis nana 0.03%, and Enterobius vermicularis 4.5%.
Although the highest prevalence was in the age group of 20 - 29 years (31.8%), there was no significant relationship between age and parasite infection. However, a significant relationship was observed between the Giardia lamblia infection and age.
Human intestinal parasite infections, especially protozoan infection, are still abundant in the Khoy region. Adequate knowledge and periodic surveillance of the prevalence of parasites and the variables that affect frequency are important for effective control.

Aims: Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite and congenital transmission, abortion, and prenatal mortality are major problems of this parasite. This study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma infection in the pregnant women, referring to Khoy Public Hospital, Iran, during 2015–2017.
In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 3 ml of venous blood were taken from 1060 pregnant women and centrifuged; the collected sera were kept in a freezer at -20°C until testing. Then, samples were examined for the presence of IgG and IgM Toxoplasma antibodies using Autobio ELISA kit according to manufacturer's instructions. Data analysis was done using Chi-square test and SPSS-10 software.
Among 1060 serum samples of pregnant women, 38.2% were positive for anti-T. gondii antibodies. IgG and IgM titers of antibodies to T. gondii were positive in 36.6% and 1.2% of women, respectively. The incidence in women older than 30 years was 49.3%. The positive rate of IgG of pregnant women increased with age (P The relatively high prevalence of T. gondii infection in this study showed that pregnant women infected with this parasite at an early age and it is important for pregnant women to prevent irreversible complications in neonates.

Dentists usually prescribe analgesics for controlling pain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the analgesic prescription patterns of general dental practitioners in Isfahan, Iran.
In this descriptive cross-sectional study, a standard questionnaire was used and its reliability and validity were evaluated. A total of 253 general dental practitioners participating in continuous education programs were selected using simple random sampling method. The dentists responded the questions on the questionnaire. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and chi-squared test (α = 0.05).
The most commonly prescribed analgesic was 400-mg Gelofen tablet; 47.8% of dentists prescribed analgesics on an as-needed basis. In cases of severe pain, 58.5% of dentists prescribed a combination of analgesics. In addition, the most common analgesic prescribed in severe pain was dexamethasone. In this context, 48.6% of dentists used prophylactic analgesics. The prescription pattern was statistically different between dentists with more than ten years of experience and those with less than ten years of clinical experiences (p value = 0.010).
It seems it is necessary to improve general dentists’ knowledge about analgesic prescription via retraining courses.