ehsan taheri

In recent years, the demand for new trenchless methods has dramatically risen. Pipe jacking is a trenchless method widely used in recent years. Ground deformation is one of the significant parameters that may lead to unrepairable harm to facilities and even people. So, ground deformation analysis is necessary for safety and design reasons. The present study analyzes the factors affecting ground deformation during pipe jacking. This is a descriptive-interventional study. Pipe jacking causes soil displacement in three dimensions (3-D). Therefore, 3-D numerical methods were applied for analysis. In this study, numerical simulation was performed using PLAXIS finite element numerical software, taking the case study into account. The effect of each parameter on the ground deformation pattern was studied in three directions; the uplift and their exact position were then analyzed. It should be noted that displacement analyses were performed in two areas: pipe crown and ground surface. Also, the relation of each parameter was estimated with the ground subsidence. Finally, the effect of each different factor and their sensitivity index were determined using sensitivity analysis. The highest subsidence occurs at the end of the shield due to stress relaxation. Considering the results, it was found that the relationship between the internal friction angle and subsidence is linear and direct. The relationship between the elastic modulus and subsidence is also linear but indirect. The results indicate that the most sensitive factor of ground deformation is the diameter, but the least sensitive factor is the face pressure.

 Viral infections are associated with augmented morbidity and mortality risk in Hemodialysis (HD) patients.

 In this investigation, we have scrutinized the presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV), and occult hepatitis B virus infection (OBI), in HD patients. In this cross-sectional study, the blood samples and data from 200 hemodialysis patients referred to a dialysis center in Kerman, from January 2022 to March 2023 were collected. Anti-HBV antibodies and HBs Ag were analyzed in the specimens using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). All samples were tested for OBI by using a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay.

 Of the 200 patients considered, 4 (2%) for HBs Ag were positive. Real-time PCR demonstrated OBI in 2 (1%) patients. The majority presence of viral infection was in the age group 50≥ years, self-employment, low education level, and diabetic patients. Furthermore, our study revealed that a higher percentage of HD patients were associated with low educational levels, self-employment, urban residence, and comorbidities such as diabetes and hypertension.

 In this study, HBV antigen prevalence was 2%, and OBI prevalence was 1%, indicating a low HBV incidence in HD patients. Our study underscores the importance of lifestyle improvement, increased awareness among lower-educated and lower-skilled individuals, and rigorous disinfection practices in managing risk factors for hemodialysis patients, including HBV and OBI.

Pipe jacking is a scientific, economic and environmental solution for the construction of underground facilities that performs a key role in the implementation of projects. In this method, simultaneously with the excavation operation by the shield, the pipes are jacked using hydraulic jacks. Ground deformation during pipe jacking operations is one of the main challenges that its analysis is necessary for safety purposes and project design. Several factors affect the pattern of ground deformation during pipe jacking operations. The effect of each parameter and their sensitivity must be determined so that the ground deformation can be controlled with proper design. The study of displacement patterns in the field of layers based on numerical simulation of finite elements and finally, the analysis of their sensitivity is a subject that has been the subject of limited studies in this field. In this study, modeling details such as a conical excavation shield, increased gradient of grout injection pressure and excavation plate pressure have been considered to be close to the real state. The displacement values at the ground surface and the crown of the pipeline are analyzed. In this study, numerical simulation has been performed using the PLAXIS finite element numerical software and considering a case study. The results of numerical modeling were calibrated with the results obtained from field and theoretical studies, and then the effect of each parameter on the pattern of ground deformation as well as estimating the quantity of uplifts and their exact location were investigated. In the next step, the relationship between each parameter and ground subsidence was estimated and finally, the effect of each of the different factors was measured using sensitivity analysis and the sensitivity index of each was determined. The results show that the most sensitive factor to subsidence is the diameter of the excavated space and the least important factor is the face excavation pressure. Most subsidence occurs at the end of the excavation shield due to the conical nature of the shield and the stress relaxation. Finally, according to the results, it was determined that the relationship between the internal friction angle and the elastic modulus with the ground surface settlement is linear but indirect. The relationships of other parameters were also evaluated nonlinearly.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the most common infections in hemodialysis patients, which has been associated with increased incidence of morbidity and mortality, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.

The current study aimed to evaluate the HCV antibody, occult HCV infection (OCI), and related risk factors among hemodialysis patients.

In this cross-sectional study, 100 hemodialysis patients referred to a dialysis center in Kerman between December 2021 and March 2022 were assessed for HCV, OCI, and their related risk factors. The information related to risk factors was collected by questionnaire, while HCV and OCI were detected through serology and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods, respectively.

Among the patients participating in the study, 61 were men, and 39 were women. The average age was 58.1 ± 14.9 years in men and 63.6 ± 11.4 years in women. Diabetes and hypertension history, old age, low education, self-employment, and urban living were more common in chronic kidney disease patients. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed 3% positive seroprevalence HCV infection, but only 1% was positive for OCI. Although no statistically significant relationship was found between the presence of HCV (antibody and OCI) and other parameters, all positive HCV cases were identified in patients with low education and freelance employment.

Hemodialysis patients had a low prevalence of HCV antibody and OCI. Improving various factors and conditions such as lifestyle, occupation, educational level, and dialysis ward and machine disinfection could be beneficial in managing and controlling hemodialysis complications such as HCV and OCI.

The goal of the current research is to make more comprehensive the elastoplastic stresses effects and oil reservoirs behave in solid phase. These stresses are largely caused by the behavior of subsurface fluid in reservoirs. In reservoir formations, there are frequently significant spatial changes at various length scales. Additionally, a number of physical events influence the flow model in various hierarchies. To fully describe the flow and deformation concerning all of these sizes, more computing power is required. One of the principal problems in the oil field business has always been how to describe, optimize, and simulate the behavior of the solid portion of oil reservoirs. To model fluid flow in reservoirs, deformable media, and porous media, more effectively, several scales must be taken into account. This approach is difficult in different scales, and the results of the simulation's speed, accuracy, and precision indicates this. A hybrid multi-physical multi-scale model has recently been developed as a solution to this problem. The goal of the current work is to update this model to represent solid-phase deformations better. For this improvement, the model is changed into a geomechanical model with the capacity to simulate a plastic region using an integrated yield function as well as using an implicit technique to solve convergence equations concurrently. The simulation outcomes demonstrate that the improved multi-scale mixed physical model is an effective model for modelling oil reservoirs with elastoplastic deformation. This model's calculation speed and accuracy have been tested, and the results are satisfactory. In addition, this paper modeled land subsidence, which Sokolova et al. claim is impacted by a lack of reservoirs, and it fits quite well with other studies. Results have demonstrated that plastic stresses affect both the rate of oil production and the behavior of subsidence. It can be included as a safety feature for infrastructure and oil surface plants.

The purpose of this research was to compare abnormal personality patterns and clinical symptoms of patients with psychiatric disorders and patients with a comorbid diagnosis of psychiatric disorders and substance use disorders. To do the research, a post-hoc-comparative approach was applied to 200 convenient samples, including 100 patients with psychiatric disorders and 100 ones with a comorbid diagnosis of psychiatric disorders and substance use disorder. The samples were chosen from patients admitted to psychiatric hospitals in Tehran, from April 2018 to March 2019. In order to collect the data, Demographic Information Questionnaire, Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory III. and Mental Status Examination based on DSM-V criteria were applied. The results which were analyzed by Multivariate Analysis of Variance showed a meaningful difference between the two groups in terms of abnormal personality patterns and Milon’s clinical symptoms. According to the findings, it is recommended that the difference in the abnormal personality patterns and clinical symptoms of the two groups be taken into consideration in the pharmacological and psychotherapy interventions of psychiatric disorders and comorbid disorders with substance use. Therefore, considering this dimension of disorders can lead to choosing a more comprehensive treatment approach.

Soils in nature can variably be in dry, saturated, or unsaturated conditions. In geotechnical projects, all three soil states must be considered, because soil states can be changed by environmental effects. The most elastoplastic models in soil mechanics were developed for saturated conditions. In this paper, a unified model, in a critical state framework is presented for describing the behavior of a large spectrum of soils under monotonic loading in drained and undrained conditions based on bounding surface theory and the nonassociated flow rule. To unified simulation of both clayey and sandy soils, among phase transformation behavior, in this model, a modified general dilatancy rule is used. In the current model, an effective stress approach is used that can easily consider both saturated and unsaturated states through effective stress parameter dependent on suction value. The proposed model considered the coupling effect of mechanical and water retention behaviors using soil water characteristic curve dependent on void ratio. To improve model accuracy and convergence, an implicit numerical integration scheme is used to implement the model. Using the experimental data available in the literature, numerical model predictions were shown to be in good agreement with the experimental results. The results showed that the proposed model was able to predict the characteristic features of the behavior of a wide range of soils, including smooth transition behavior from elastic to plastic state, stress softening and hardening, strain dilatancy, and also phase transformation behavior.

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is the direct and deliberate destruction of one’s own body tissue without suicidal intent. This prevalent behavior can have physical, psychological, and social consequences.

This study aimed to explain NSSI in adolescents based on Hooley’s negative self-association model.

The sample consisted of 223 high school students in public schools in Tehran province, of whom 63 were self-injured and 160 were non-self-injured. The subjects were selected by purposive sampling. The data were gathered using the Deliberate Self-harm Inventory (DSHI), Forms of Self-criticism/Attacking and Self-reassuring Scale (FSCRS), Emotional Avoidance Strategy Inventory for Adolescents (EASI-A), Self-punishment Scale (SPS), Self-injury Implicit Association Test (SI-IAT), and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). Data analysis was performed based on structural equation modeling (SEM) using the statistical software IBM SPSS AMOS v22.0.

The SEM indicated that among the goodness of fit indices, CFI, TLI, and RMSEA were in the desired range. Negative self-association played a central role in NSSI attempts. There was a significant relationship (P < 0.05) between self-punishment and self-injury. Negative associations made people more inclined to avoid negative emotions, but no significant relationship was found with NSSI. However, the path of negative self-association and its relationship with accessibility to and identification with self-injury and attempt to NSSI did not have enough significance and led to a decrease in the model’s fit.

Consistent with the findings of research conducted in the field of self-injury, this study showed that negative self-associations play a central role in attempting NSSI. The results of this study provide a new guideline for designing prevention and treatment programs for self-injuring behavior.

This paper presents a control volume finite element model (CVFEM) to simulate simultaneous flow of two immiscible fluids in non-deformable porous media. The method is fully conservative at the local and global level. It keeps the data structure of the common finite element method (FEM). A pressure-based formulation is presented in this paper. The proper choice of primary unknown variables is a critical step in developing an efficient solution of the multiphase subsurface flow problems. Pressure-based models are one of the common choices to this end. This type of models consists of strong nonlinear terms and encounters convergence difficulties when the Jacobian matrix are poorly approximated. The most severe problem is related to the relative permeability term that appears as a function of volume fraction (or degree of saturation) of the wetting phase. Since water saturation is not a primary unknown variable, the relative permeability terms become a function of two primary unknowns, i.e. wetting and non-wetting pressures, together. A fully implicit first order accurate finite difference scheme is employed for temporal discretization of the equations. A full Newton method with exact Jacobian is considered in this work, and a rapid convergence has been achieved. The model is used to simulating a five-spot problem in a block heterogenous porous medium.

Fluid flow simulation and solid phase deformations in porous media are important steps in management and development of oil production of reservoirs. Since fluid simulation in all scales has severe computational cost, multiscale models have been developed recently. Moreover, the role of solid phase deformation in fluid flow and in oil production could not be neglected. In this research, the new mixed multiscale-multiphysics model has been developed. .the new model of mixed multiscale Multiphysics has been developed.  In the present model, not only could the role of elastic deformation in the fluid flow be considered, but also, plastic deformation affecting in the oil production rate could be regarded. The development of the base geotechnical model is performed with respect to the yield surface criterion and none associated flow role theory with the aid of implicit integrating and return mapping. The results were compared with other numerical method and also experimental results and reasonable agreement were achieved. Moreover, the computational efficiency of the present model is proved through the precise analytical calculation. The results confirm that the new model could simulate an oil production rate in an appropriate manner with the high computational efficiency.

Human factors, road, vehicle and environment, are effective in causing of traffic accidents. One of the basic parameters in the human factor can be attributed to personality factors that cause peoplechr('39')s behavior. The aim of this study was to investigated the effect of personality on driving errors using a driving simulator.

The study was conducted on 80 drivers between the ages of 20 and 40. The Pride car simulator and the carchr('39')s transverse deviation variables, speed increase and collision were used to investigate driving errors. Individual personality traits were also determined by Goldbergchr('39')s Big Five Factor Questionnaire. After collecting the data, their information was analyzed by SPSS software.

The results showed that the personality factors of neuroticism, extraversion and openness to experience were directly and significantly related to the variables of collision, speed and transverse deviation of the vehicle (P<0.05). Agreement and conscientiousness had the opposite effect on the variability of speed and transverse deviation of the vehicle, which was not statistically significant (P>0.05).

The results of the study showed that some personality factors are correlated with driving errors. Driving is a common daily activity that requires dynamic information processing, which varies from character to character, leading to changes in driving errors.

The relationship of borderline personality traits with childhood teasing and traumatic experiences is a major risk factor in the development of borderline personality disorder (BPD) symptoms; nonetheless, this relationship is not fully understood.  The present study aimed to provide further evidence on the role of childhood teasing, traumatic experiences, and other pathological personality traits, such as negative affectivity, antagonism, psychoticism, disinhibition, detachment, depression, anxiety, and stress symptom, in the development of borderline personality disorder, especially in Iranian non-clinical populations.

A total of 385 college students were assessed by teasing questionnaire-revised (TQ-R), childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ), Personality Inventory for DSM-5 Brief Form (PID-5-BF), the borderline personality scale (SIB), and the depression, anxiety, and stress scale (DASS-21).

Descriptive statistics, Pearson Correlations, and stepwise regression analysis statistics were conducted to examine the relationship of borderline personality traits with childhood teasing and traumatic experiences. The current study supported the significant positive correlation of borderline personality disorder with PID-5-BF, such as negative affectivity, antagonism, psychoticism, disinhibition, detachment, depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms, as well as teasing and traumatic experiences in non-clinical individuals.

As evidenced by the results of this study, childhood traumatic experiences have a prominent role to play in the development of borderline personality psychopathology.

After drilling wells for obtaining oil from drilled formation based on the availableinformation which was received from the illustrators, the points where theprobability of oil content is more than other points are identified. Now, the walls ofdrilled wells perforated in some net points where the possibilities of having oil inthis condition are more than the other state of affairs. Perforation of the productionlayer will be a very crucial and effective process in the operation of wellborecompletion. In fact, it can be said that perforation is the main key to achieving oil inhydrocarbon reservoirs after drilling wells. In this thesis, based on preliminary datarelated to one of the formations of southwestern Iran, 3D modeling has been doneby Flac3D software in order to determine the optimal perforation direction toachieve more production. Flac3D is a static-dynamic program which performs fastLagrangian Analysis by finite difference method. To model the proposition, thestrain softening behavioral model has been used in Flac3D software.This model has been designed as a constant discharge. In order to optimizeproduction from the well, factors such as displacements of perforations, strain shearplastic and stress concentration in critical points have been investigated by applyingdifferent scenarios of oriented perforations.The results show that the optimal angle is obtained when the perforations are one inthe direction of minimum horizontal stress and the other in the direction ofmaximum horizontal stress which makes a 90degree angle together.

No suicidal self-injury is defined as direct and intentional damage to body tissue without intent to die. This behavior can have negative physical, psychological, and social consequences for the person. The aim of this study was to compare believing in deserving of pain and punishment and access to self-harm-related mental associations in students with no suicidal self-injury and normal students.

The study sample consisted of 223 students studying in high school in public schools of Tehran province that 63 students were self-injured and 160 students were non-self-injured. Subjects were selected by the purposive sampling method. Data were collected using Self-Punishment Scale (SPS), and self-injury Implicit Association Test (SI-IAT).

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups, in believing in deserving of pain and punishment (p<0.05), But there was no significant difference between the two groups in the variable of mental associations related to self-injury.

Based on the results of this study, the mean score of self-punishment and believing in deserving of pain and punishment in self-injured people was significantly higher than non-self-injured people and can provide a new guideline for designing prevention and treatment programs for self-harming behavior.

Petroleum reservoirs contain many physics that play role in multiple scales. Fluid flow and deformation of solid phase are main physics that influence the production rate. However, a full description of flow and deformation that includes all these scales exceeds the current computational capabilities. In order to overcome this deficiency, each physical effect should be treated separately on its area of influence. In the present paper, the fluid transport and deformation of porous media are determined through separate frameworks in different scales. The Enhanced Multiscale Multiphysics Mixed Geomechanical Model (EM3GM) have been developed and utilized to determine the production rate of deformable reservoirs. The EM3GM not only maintains advanced features of Multiscale Finite Volume (MSFV) in flow patterns but also improves with properties of Elastic-Plastic framework in the solid domain. Finally, in order to show the accuracy of the model and also to reveal the effect of the plastic deformations in production rate, indicative test cases were analyzed and reasonable results were achieved. The plastic deformation will lead to decrease in oil production rate with respect to energy loses during plastic deformation which is more close to the real situation. The numerical results show that neglecting solid deformation could overestimate the production rate from one to four times higher at the earlier stage of production for the hard rock and this amount would be increase for the loose rock with respect to higher energy loss.

Domestic violence is an important social problem and according to the DSM5 classification, this problem is considered from a clinical point of view. Factors that play a role in the occurrence of domestic violence may include the personality traits of couples and the ways in which couples manage each other's emotions. The purpose of the study was to investigate the role of personality dimension and relationship emotional schema in prediction of domestic violence.

In this cross-sectional study, the study population included all men and women who referred to Sari forensic medicine in 2019 who were selected by convenience sampling. Data collection tools were Domestic Violence Scale, NEO Personality Questionnaire (NEO -FFI) and Relationship Emotional Schema (RESS). Data analysis was performed through correlation coefficients and regression analysis using SPSS 24 software.

Based on the results of stepwise regression analysis, negative relationship emotional schemas (Guilt/shame, Control, Numbness, Rational, Duration, Rumination, and Blame) and positive relationship emotional schemas (Comprehensibility, Validation, Differentiation, Values, Consensus, Acceptance, Expression) are the best predictor variable (R= 0.65; adjusted R square= 0.41;F= 44.41;P= 0.001), and personality dimension was excluded from the model because it did not have a significant predictive power. And was not able to explain the variance of domestic violence.

According to the findings, the emotional schemaof the relationship (negative/positive) and neuroticism play a key role in domestic violence. Therefore, by identifying the emotional schemas and personality traits of the couple's relationship, it is possible to provide more appropriate treatment outcomes for mental health professionals and effectively prevent the increase in domestic violence.

The presence of switchable communication topologies in a multi-agent system‏ causes the adjacency, degree, and Laplacian matrices of the group, and finally, its Fiedler eigenvalue, to constantly change, thereby affecting the group consensus. The key motivation of this study is to design an appropriate control law to achieve group consensus and create a hexagonal motion formation in a group of autonomous underwater vehicles by considering switching communication topologies between agents. For this purpose, first, the six degrees of freedom mathematical model of each AUV is presented and then the relationship between the agents of the group is modelled through the graph theory. The leader-follower consensus control algorithm is then designed to form a hexagonal arrangement between the leader and the follower robots. The proposed consensus control algorithm has been assessed in two different scenarios: 1- Switching communication topology between the follower robots, 2- Switching communication topology between the follower robots with time delay factor.

Real-time dynamic obstacles avoidance in the pre-unknown environment is state-of-the-art in the autonomous underwater vehicle path planning. In this paper, the Local Real-time Reactive Randomized Sampling-Based Tree (LR3SBT) is proposed. The LR3SBT considers various obstacles and applied the RRT algorithm to generate the collision-free path in the time-varying environment. The LR3SBT consists of four components: 1- Sampling-Based Tree path planner (SBT-PP), 2- Local path planner (L-PP), 3- Reactive path planner (R-PP), and 4- Critical path planner (C-PP). The initial path is designed by offspring random nodes through the SBT-PP. If unknown obstacles are detected in the initially planned path, the L-PP is called by LR3SBT. The R-PP module is called if the desired path does not generate through the L-PP. If unknown dynamic obstacles are detected, the C-PP module is called. The planned path is optimized eliminating further nodes using the concept of triangular inequality. Simulation results demonstrate the path planning and dynamic obstacle avoidance in the pre-unknown environment through the LR3SBT. The real-time response and certain obstacles avoidance are two characteristics of the LR3SBT method.

Path design is one of the open research bottlenecks to develop autonomy in unmanned robots. In urban spaces and closed environments, with increasing the number of obstacles and constraints, the computational complexity required for the completed path planning algorithms increases with order O (n2). The main purpose of this manuscript is to present a path planning algorithm based on the random sampling method for the vertical take-off and landing vehicle (VTLV) and its real-time test in the xPC-Target toolboxes. For this purpose, the rapidly exploring random tree (RRT) algorithm is presented. The proposed algorithm is completely probabilistic and also the non-holonomic constraints of the VTLV are integrated into the vertices of the search tree. In order to validate and evaluate the proposed path planning algorithm before performing risky and costly field tests, the processor-in-the-loop (PIL) test, in MATLAB xPC-Target software environment is considered. In the PIL test, two test scenarios with different complexity have been developed. The results show that the proposed rapidly exploring random tree algorithm is able to plan a primary path for the robot by using its random nature in a rapid manner. Also, due to the involvement of the robot dynamic model in the process of generating random vertices and search tree edges, both types of kinematic and dynamic (kinodynamic) constraints have been considered in the planned path and therefore lead to the design of a practical path with high intercept ability through the robot.

Evaluation of Solid-Fluid interaction is of high significance in all engineering fields. In this paper, the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) and the Discrete Element Method (DEM) were employed to simulate solids and fluids, respectively. As for the simulation of water behavior, first, a single-phase “dam break” experiment is modeled by the SPH. In this model, variable smoothing length and an almost novel boundary method were utilized which resulted in a tremendous boost in its resemblance to the experiment. To couple these methods (SPH and DEM), three approaches were proposed and validated against a famous experimental test named “dam break with an elastic gate test”. Finally, to be sure of the correctness of these approaches, an elastic plate under a water column in the hydrostatic condition was simulated and the error was 2 percent in comparison with the analytical solution. In pursuit of having short run-times, parallel computing on GPU (CUDA) was employed, and a robust nearest neighbor search (NNS) algorithm was modified and developed.

Considering both kinematic and dynamic constraints (kinodynamic constraints) of an autonomous underwater vehicle in a Kinodynamic path planning algorithm in a dynamic large-scale workspace is an NP-Hard problem. Computational and time complexity of the kinodynamic path planning problem increase in the order O (n2) by increasing numbers of moving obstacles, AUV Kinodynamic constraints, degrees of freedoms, and workspace dimensions. This paper proposes a Randomized Kinodynamic Sub-optimal Planning (RKSP) algorithm for a man-portable class AUV. The proposed algorithm solves the path planning problem by applying a randomized sampling-based method to exploring and expanding in the workspace. RKSP re-plans the path to avoid collision with moving obstacles in a cluttered environment through a behavior-based method.  RKSP consists of three main components that tightly coupled together. The first component is a Randomized kinodynamic Planning (RKP) module that generates the random offspring waypoints and plans a feasible path by considering the AUV kinodynamic constraints. The second component is a Numerical Path Optimization (NPO) module that prunes the inappropriate edges of the path and reduces the computational complexity. The third component is a Local-Reactive kinodynamic (LRK) module that re-plans the local path through the neighborhood waypoints to avoid collision with moving obstacles in an unknown environment. RKSP path planning method is evaluated through the three different scenarios in a narrow passage, maze-like space and complex space. Results demonstrate the planned path by the proposed method is feasible and the AUV tracks the path appropriately and avoids collision with moving obstacles. Also, the total numbers of waypoints reduce in comparison to the conventional randomized methods and the planned path is near to the optimal.

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory, debilitating and progressive disease that has wide physical and psychological dimensions. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of motivational interview on improving the physical and mental health of this disease.
Methods and Materials: For this purpose, 24 patients with MS referred to Ghaem and Imam Reza (AS) hospitals in Mashhad were selected voluntarily and they divided into experimental and control groups randomly (12 patients in each group). The experimental group received group motivational interview in 5 sessions and the control group did not receive any intervention. Dependent variables were measured in pre-test and post-test. The quality of life scale of MS patients was used to measure the variable.

Data analysis using multivariate analysis of covariance showed that by controlling the effects of pre-test, group motivational interview had a significant effect on improving the physical and mental health of the disease.
Discussion and

The present study shows that group motivational interview based on principles such as empathy and support the personal effectiveness of clients improve the physical and psychological symptoms of MS.

Considering the high prevalence and lack of standard treatment for the new coronavirus, the best way in the current situation is to avoid infection and prevent its spread. In occupational environments, especially industries, due to air pollution with dust, gases and vapors and allergens and irritants, workers are susceptible to COVID-19 infection. Respiratory exposure of workers to these contaminants can adversely affect the function of their respiratory system and predispose them to respiratory diseases. In some industrial environments, due to the nature of work, workers are forced to work close to each other or use common tools and devices, thereby increasing the risk of the coronavirus outbreaks. Due to the high population density in factories and companies, it is necessary to study the prevention of the coronavirus and application of control measures. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the prevention of coronavirus in industry.

This is a descriptive cross-sectional study that was performed after the pandemic of Covid-19 in April 2020. Three hundred and fifty Iranian industries were investigated in this study. In order to assess the status of Covid-19 prevention in industrial environments, a researcher-made questionnaire was used to perform the study. This study was conducted in three phases including checklist design, checklist validation and industry evaluation. The checklist questions were designed based on the latest recommendations offered by reputable international organizations. The initial questionnaire had 40 questions. To determine the validity, the questionnaire was checked carefully by a panel of experts, including 15 professors and experts in safety and emergency management. Content validity index (CVI) and content validity ratio (CVR) were also used to assess validity. Moreover, Cronbachchr(chr('39')39chr('39'))s alpha coefficient was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire. After designing and validating the checklist, in order to maintain ethical issues and prevent theCovid-19 outbreak the completion of the checklists’ items, the checklists were prepared electronically and distributed in more than 50 social networks of occupational health professionals and HSE. The purpose of the study and how to answer the questions were fully explained to the occupational health and HSE officials. Next, the information was extracted and analyzed by SPSS software version 23.

After checking the validity of the designed checklist, 13 questions were removed and 27 questions remained in total. The results of face validity showed that the transparency, appropriateness and overall simplicity of the questionnaire were equal to 0.90, 0.93 and 0.91, respectively. The lowest and highest values of validity index were 0.79 and 1, respectively. Also, the minimum and maximum content validity ratios were, respectively, equal to 0.65 and 1. Total CVI and CVR values of the questionnaire were determined to be 0.87 and 0.92. Furthermore, based on the results of completed questionnaires by the industries, the Cronbachchr(chr('39')39chr('39'))s alpha coefficient of the questionnaire was calculated to be 0.92. The findings of the evaluation showed that the commitment of management to the implementation of prevention programs in the industries is in good condition and most of the surveyed industries have a developed program to prevent of Covid-19. However, some areas such as telecommuting, distancing, and procuring some essential items were in poor condition. It was found that only 36.4% of the industries have taken action to strengthen local and general ventilation systems and more than 90% of them have held training programs for prevention. The most and the least supplied items were related to detergents (95.1%) and respirators (37.8%). Moreover, few industries have used the teleworking protocol (48.1%) and created an isolated room (26.1%) to isolate suspicious cases in emergencies.

The results of this study showed that the designed checklist has a high reliability and can help the management of the organization in assessing the current situation to manage the prevention of Covid-19. The results of the evaluation illustrated that the commitment of management to implement prevention programs in industries is in good condition and most of the industries surveyed have a developed program to combat Covid-19. However, some areas, such as teleworking, spacing, and the provision of some essential items, were in an unfavorable position, requiring the strengthening of discovered weaknesses.

Reduction in the access to health care services and spread of disease can have a negative effects on the economic growth and welfare of the community by reducing the labor force participation. Increasing government health expenditures is one of the ways to overcome these problems. However, implementing this policy, along with its positive effects, will have a negative impact on the effective labor supply of other sectors. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate these effects using a computable general equilibrium model based on the 2009 social accounting matrix of Iran. The results showed that illness, reduced welfare and real GDP, but increasing government health expenditures, increased welfare in the short run and long run. Although effects on real GDP depend on the closure of labor market, so that in the situation of immobile labor force of the health sector, it is decreased, but with full labor mobility, it increased. So because of the positive welfare effects of government health expenditures, it is suggested that government still more invest in this sector. Also to reducing the costs and preventing the real GDP reduction it is necessary to provide the ground to increase labor force in the health sector in such a way as to the labor supply of other activities doesn’t decrease.

The partly unknown environment of the vast seas and the lack of prior accurate map of the workspace is one of the current challenges facing the autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) in carrying out missions. Real-time path planning for an AUV from an initial position and velocity to a target position and velocity in a partly unknown environment by considering the pre-unknown obstacles is the main motivation of this research. For this purpose, the local rapidly-exploring random tree (L-RRT) algorithm is proposed for the AUV. This L-RRT consists of three tightly coupled components of: a path planning module (PPM), a local real-time path planning module (LRPPM) and an obstacle detection module (ODM). Each of a random vertices and related branch are generated through the PPM and then from the perspective of the kinodynamic constraints are evaluated by the low-level controller and nonlinear AUV model. If the generated vertex and related branch in the considered time satisfy the kinodynamic constraints in simultaneous manner, these and in addition the horizontal and vertical control signals are recorded through the path planner algorithm. If a pre-unknown obstacle is detected by the ODM, path is re-planed through the LRPPM based on the current position and orientation of AUV to the nearest vertex. The L-RRT is implemented on the single board computer (SBC) through the xPC-Target builder and then the ability of this algorithm is evaluated through the processor-in-the-loop (PIL) test. The results of the PIL tests indicate that the AUV through the proposed L-RRT not only plans the path by avoiding the pre-unknown obstacles in a cluttered environment, but also due to the random nature of this method the path is planned in a real-time manner.