esmaeil jahani dolatabad

The present study has been implemented with the aim of evaluating the effects of the revitalization of the Abzar center in the 17th district of Tehran. My theoretical model is based on spatial justice and sustainable development, and various quantitative and qualitative methods have been used to evaluate the consequences of the action. The consequences have been evaluated in the form of three scenarios of continuation, change, and adjustment of the status quo, and each scenario have been examined in four areas: traffic, social, environmental, and institutional. According to the results, in the current situation, the area under investigation is struggling with much traffic, social and institutional issues, and if the first scenario is realized, we will witness the complete dominance of the negative effects in all four mentioned areas. The realization of the second scenario, along with significant positive effects, due to the reliance on a confrontational approach with the beneficiary organizations, will increase the negative consequences and costs. In case of changing the mentioned approach and adopting an interactive position and based on participatory management, a significant part of the mentioned negative consequences will be excluded and a large part of the positive consequences of the previous scenario will remain in force. Based on this, the ATAF team has proposed the third scenario as the best scenario and in order to realize this scenario, it has presented the proposed application in the form of three categories of execution frequency system, efficient communication system and intelligent monitoring system.

Marriage under the age of 15 is called early marriage or child marriage, which is a sign of discrimination and violence against women. This phenomenon is a global problem and it is increasing in developing countries due to economic and cultural factors The paper aims at discovering the relationship between macroeconomic indicators and early marriage during .2010-2013 based on the data provided by Iran Statistical Centre. This is a "secondary analysis" based on previously collected data. The statistical population of the study are all 31 provinces of the country and the time interval between 2011 to 2021 have been studied. Excel and SPSS 25 data analysis tools and Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple linear regressions were used. Pearson's test shows that provinces with higher unemployment rate (r=0.366) and higher fertility rate (r=-0.363) had the highest rate of early marriage. Finally, the regression model indicates that the macroeconomic index variables (coefficient Gini = 0.334, unemployment rate = 0.321, changes in inflation rate = 0.297, and changes in the Gini coefficient = 0.282 have a significant effect on the rate of early marriage in all provinces respectively. As a result, it can be said that increase in the rate of inflation and unemployment as well as Gini coefficient between 2012 and 2021 are significant factors in explaining increase the proportion of marriages under 15 in all provinces of the country

One of the main goals of rural development programs is to empower rural communities and solve the problems of these communities through the facilities and capacities of the local community. In this article, an attempt has been made to identify and prioritize the needs of the villages of Malekshahi City from the point of view of the local community. The field of study includes all 27 villages in Malekshahi. Qualitative research methods and participatory needs assessment and techniques are used in focus group meetings. It has been tried to identify and prioritize their basic needs from the point of view of the local community by holding focus group meetings of at least five people and involving different groups and strata of the residents of the villages. The findings showed that the four needs of mobile phone coverage and mobile internet, work and employment, provision of quality drinking water and water piping, and the creation of educational infrastructure for children's education are the most important needs of the villages of Malekshahi city from the point of view of the local community. The results showed that the needs of the local communities are more infrastructural and directed to the government institutions. The root of this issue can be traced to the centralization of the country's political administration, the weakening of the traditional social hierarchy, and the small contribution of local stakeholders in local management.

The combination and distribution of service uses in a specific area is considered as a means of measuring the level of social and spatial justice in the direction of sustainable development. One of the obvious manifestations of urban instability is the inappropriate distribution of urban uses, which not only leads to an imbalance of population in the city, but also can shape the city spaces in contradiction with justice (the most important principle of sustainable development). Among the factors that must be observed in connection with spatial justice is the proper distribution of uses and the correct use of spaces. One of the prone areas in this regard is the land around railway lines in cities and residential areas, which, due to its nature, has many issues and problems that are rooted in the combination and distribution of its uses. Diverse and incompatible styles and forms with the environment, illogical dimensions and proportions, interference with other privacy, disruption of traffic, non-compliance with neighbors and other cultural and physical aspects, etc. are some of these problems. The existing issues and problems, the low quality of life around and within the railway lines, wear and tear, incoherence and inadequacy of laws and regulations and issues of this kind, the need to pay attention to the lands and uses around the railway lines. In this range, it doubles. In this article, the lands around the railway lines in the 16th district of Tehran were selected and examined from this point of view. In terms of method, this study is descriptive-analytical and is considered as "analytical-comparative" type of research. The method of collecting data is in the form of documents. The research process based on the theoretical model obtained after determining the desired area in the lands around the railway lines in the 16th district of Tehran, has been carried out in two basic parts. The first part is related to the investigation of the distribution and distribution of service users in the target area from the perspective of two components, population and area. Service uses in this study include green, educational, health, cultural, religious, sports and recreational uses, and major investigations have been done on these uses. The selection of these uses as service uses was based on the existing plans, especially the comprehensive and special plan, the details of which are given in the findings section. In this regard, firstly, the per capita and the extent of all the service uses in the target area were compared to the region, the proposal of the comprehensive plan and also the national and international standards were examined. In the second part, the status of access to service users was determined using the AHP model and Expert Choice software, as well as the use of GIS software. For this purpose and in order to prevent the interference of service users in the areas around the study area, firstly, the status of access to service users in the entire 16th district of Tehran based on the extent of each user in covering the entire area by the buffering tool (Multiple Ring Buffer) ) was specified in GIS and then the desired area was cut from it (Intersect). Finally, in order to overlap the maps of access to service uses and to produce the final map of the access situation in the area around the railway lines of the 16th district of Tehran, from the Hierarchical Analysis Process (AHP) and especially the Expert Choice software to determine the coefficient of different effects. Different service uses were used according to the conditions of the desired area - the area around the railway lines.The results indicate that the lands around the railway lines in the 16th district of Tehran, as a result of neglecting their planning and maintenance, have many disturbances and problems, some of which are due to inappropriate land use. This is completely against the principle of social and spatial justice and the principles of sustainable development. The lands around the railway lines in the 16th district of Tehran are not in a favorable condition, both in terms of the size and per capita of the land uses, specifically the service land uses, and in terms of the access to the above land uses. Although the extent and per capita of service uses in the 16th district of Tehran is lower than the national standards and even the proposed standards of the master plan in most cases, the land around the railway lines in this region is in a much worse condition than the region itself. In none of the investigated uses in this area, the situation was not favorable compared to the proposal of the master plan, the national standard and even the region itself. Among the service uses, the biggest shortage per capita compared to the region is related to cultural use in the study area. In the same way, medical-health uses, recreation, use of green spaces and sports are also in the next priorities in terms of per capita shortage. However, among the uses that have more per capita than the region, we can mention the use of the railway network, barren lands, religious, administrative-police and residential uses, which are usually not considered as service uses and according to the conditions and The location around the railway lands is obvious. Also, the investigations showed that all the service users in the studied area have a disadvantageous situation in terms of per capita and size compared to the first and second options proposed in the comprehensive plan. The status of access to service uses in the area around the railway lines also showed that, apart from educational use and to some extent religious use and green space, the access status of which is relatively acceptable, access to other service uses, in It is not in a good condition. But all in all, it can be said that a relatively large part of the area around the railway lines of the 16th district of Tehran is in a poor condition in terms of access to services. In terms of accessibility, the deprived parts are relatively scattered all over the range, but the main concentration is in the central part and inclined towards the north of the range, i.e. the parts of Aliabad north and inclined to Khazaneh neighborhood from the east side. and leading to Naziabad from the west side of the railway lines, as well as around the south terminal and the railway, and only parts of the southern parts of the area, i.e. the east side of the railway lines, parts of South Aliabad as has been determined.

Deep socio-cultural changes in recent decades have brought about fundamental changes in the way people look at family and marriage, and today, compared to the relatively homogeneous situation of the past, we are faced with a very diverse range of marital attitudes. Based on this, the current study, focusing on the concept of "Incompatible Marriage", is based on the basic assumption that incompatible attitude combinations in marriage act like incompatible blood combinations and can equally be destructive, challenging and harmful to the marital relationship. be corrosive In the present study, the above hypothesis was tested based on the secondary analysis of the data of two couple surveys (husband and wife) in 2013 and 2014, and the results of both surveys showed a significant positive correlation between the attitudinal gap between couples and their marital quality. And it also shows between the attitude gap and the degree of tendency to divorce. In short, these results indicate the frequency of marital conflicts and the severity of the tendency to divorce in discordant marriages and introduce the risk of divorce and tense marriages devoid of quality as the most important consequences of discordant marriages. This is despite the fact that both in studies and researches and in family policies, instead of focusing on the main root of the problem (occurrence of discordant marriages), the emphasis is on how couples manage and cope with problems and challenges that somehow they are considered the result of the mentioned issue. Based on this, the current review emphasizes the need for a fundamental change in approach from marriage to marriage, and focusing on the prevention of discordant marriages in the policies of this field, and in order to achieve this goal, specific implementation plans in the form of three strategies provides continuous assessment and monitoring", "training and culture building" and "strengthening of consulting services".

Marriage is a social contract and is determined based on the custom, law, and religion of each society. There has been a declining trend in the desire to get married in Iranian society with the transition from the traditional world to modernity, value-normative changes, transformation from the extended family system to the nuclear one, as well as the new lifestyle. The main goal of this research is to examine the effect of macroeconomic indicators on the marriage rate in the provinces of the country during the period of 2014-2015. Study The research method of this research is a documentary that is based on secondary analysis of data related to the marriage variable was taken from the statistics of the country's state registration organization. The results show that today marriage is a rational-emotional action and due to economic pressures its rational dimension plays a decisive role in the rate and amount of marriage. Increasing divorce statistics, financial pressures on the lives of couples, economic instability, and unfavorable and unstable business environment have led to prudent actions (profit-loss, exchange action, avoidance of economic-social loss) in the problem. As a result, in the 90s (1390-1400) at the same time as the Gini coefficient increased, the inflation rate and unemployment as well as the decrease in the rate of economic participation) along with society's awareness of the existing conditions (increasing divorce and heavy dowry), the desire to marry has decreased. Based on these findings, it is expected that in order to maintain the demographic window of the society and the stability of the institution and culture of the Iranian family system, long-term scientific planning and policymaking should be done seriously in macroeconomic indicators.

Today, education is recognized as a key factor in the process of comprehensive growth and development of societies It is the basis of development as a whole. Expanding and improving educationcan help reduce inequality in society and accelerate the development process.The purpose of the research is to explain the educational development in the cities of Kurdistan province. The present research is applied and its implementation method isanalytical-descriptive.The statistical population is the cities of Kurdistan province. According to the purpose of studying the educational development of Kurdistan province, 20educational indicators including entropy model for weighting, scattering coefficient to determine the scattering of indices, two models SAW and SAR and a combined method for leveling and determining the extent of enjoyment Cities were used. Due to the fact that in the research, two models were used to level the cities and because the rank of some cities was variable, the combined method was used to Merge the results. The results show that 40% of the cities are Relatively enjoyed (Sarvabad, Bijar, Qorveh and Dehgolan), 50% are Half enjoyed (Kamyaran, Divandere, Marivan, Sanandaj and Saqez) and Baneh is Relatively deprived These results indicate inequalityamong cities in having an educational index. Among the 20 research indicators, the highest differences and inequalities were related to the ratio of staff to students in primary school and the ratio of educational facilities to students in junior high school, respectively, and the lowest were related to the ratio of those admitted to junior high school, respectively. The total number of junior high school students and the ratio of those admitted to the junior high school to the total number of junior high school students is According to the results, it was found that there is inequality between the cities of the province in having indicators of educational development.

Tourist attractions play a decisive role in the potential position of tourism in each region. Countless factors play a role in the development of tourism, and the relationship and interaction between them shapes the development of tourism. The stratification of tourist destinations is used as a strategy to reduce regional and territorial imbalances. The purpose of this study is to investigate the status of the cities of Ilam province in terms of tourism development indicators. The research is practical in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Its community is the cities of Ilam province. The required data was collected from the statistical yearbook of Ilam province and the data was analyzed using the SAW model. The results show that Malekshahi city is the only relatively efficient city with a rate of 0.70 and in the first place. the cities of Mehran, Darehshahr, Chardavel, Dehloran, Sirvan, Ilam, Abdanan and Ivan are semi-productive and respectively in The The second to ninth ranks and the city of Badra are deprived with a rate of 0.21 and are in the last rank.

For the successful development of tourism, the existence of appropriate infrastructure is necessary, especially for less developed countries and regions that often have limited infrastructure, its existence and expansion is considered a vital factor. Due to its favorable climatic and environmental conditions, Kurdistan has been considered as one of the human settlements since prehistoric times and the results of scientific archaeological excavations in ancient places indicate this. In Kurdistan, about 1,234 ancient works have been identified, of which 500 works have been registered in the list of national works. In addition to historical attractions, Kurdistan has a unique ability in terms of shopping tourism, ecotourism and cultural and folkloric features. The purpose of the current research is to analyze the infrastructures of tourism development in Kurdistan province. In order to collect the required information, documentary and library methods (Iran Statistical Center and Statistical Yearbook of Kurdistan Province) have also been used, as well as ARAS technique for data analysis. The results show that only two cities, Bijar and Qorveh, are privileged, and the rest of the cities (Dehgolan, Sarvabad, Baneh, Diwandre, Kamiyaran, Sanandaj, Saqez and Marivan) are relatively privileged.

The current research aims to investigate the role of marital conflicts and conflict resolution styles in the tendency to divorce in Ardabil society in two qualitative (content analysis of interviews) and quantitative (survey) parts. Qualitative results showed that marital conflicts in 5 categories "emotional conflicts", "cultural conflicts" and "moral conflicts", "economic conflicts" and "communication conflicts" and methods of dealing with conflicts in the form of "emotional conflict" categories. , "democratic encounter", "rational encounter", "escape from the situation" and "forced or instrumental encounter" can be identified. Also, according to the quantitative results, the vast majority of couples (more than 95%) are more or less struggling with the issue of marital conflicts, of which the highest rate is related to emotional conflicts and the lowest rate is related to cultural conflicts. On the other hand, the very low rate of using coercive methods in dealing with conflicts in contrast to the significant rate of using rational and democratic approaches indicates the preference of soft methods over hard strategies among couples. According to the results, couples use hard (coercive) methods of dealing with emotional-moral conflicts and soft (rational and democratic) methods of dealing with cultural-relational conflicts. In the discussion of explaining the tendency to divorce, the results showed that conflict resolution methods have more explanatory power compared to marital conflicts. Therefore, considering the inevitability of marital conflict, focusing on strengthening problem-solving skills in family policy-making will be far more beneficial and even more economical than focusing on the formation of conflict-free marriages.

Given that cultural perceptions regarding marriage are shifting and the pathways to marriage are more complex, scholars interested in marital rela tionships have recently focused their attention on understanding the individual’s attitudes, values, and beliefs regarding marital transitions and relationships, and how those beliefs may alter individual and relational behaviors. In this article we have tried to rely on various theoretical approaches to explain marital meaning - particularly the theory of symbolic interactionism and concept of "Marital Paradigm" as the central concept of the study - to create an appropriate model that provides a different explanation for differences in individual’s marital paradigms. The model explains the marital paradigm using four groups of factors. Our basic idea was marital paradigm which was a production of encountering four groups of factors including personal, structural, cultural and commutative factors. The model was tested by a secondary analysis - based on dataset from a survey conducted in 2016 in Tehran - and has been confirmed by results of this study. The results showed that variables such as religiosity, age, income, marriage duration and gender directly affect the marital paradigms of Iranian people.  Given that paradigm differences may be the root of many marital problems, the present study introduces a new form of homogamy called "paradigmatic homogamy” as a solution. This concept considers the paradigmatic coordination of couples as an important factor in marital strength, and suggests that individuals learn about the partner's paradigmatic characteristics before entering into marriage. These characteristics can be traced to the six dimensions of the marital paradigm that we discussed in this study.

Spatial inequality can be seen as the unequal distribution of opportunities and social positions in space. The obvious form of which is regional inequality, it has different manifestations in every society. Its visible forms in developing countries are: inequality between cities and villages, inequality between big and small cities, geographical inequality within big cities, inequality between disadvantaged and privileged areas, etc. Various forms of spatial inequality, the inequality between the city and the countryside in developing countries has a special prominence (Chalbi, 2012: 201(.Usually, stratification and social inequality are seen more in urban areas than in rural areas ( ‌‌Chen & Sun, 2006 : 521) If imbalance and inequality at the regional level reflect discrimination or injustice, then regional differences can be considered a threat (Stewart, 2002: 10). Spatial heterogeneity in the form of lack and poverty in the way of living, health care, suitable school, job opportunities, food, transportation, education, suitable housing, security, information and indicators of having piped water services. , gas, electricity, etc( Hall & Ulrich, 2000: 14). The existence of inequality and its various dimensions are important signs of underdevelopment; Because in fact, developed countries are known that in addition to having high economic and social indicators, the distribution of income and facilities in those societies is almost fair, but in underdeveloped countries, both the values of these indicators are low and the distribution It is very unfair (Moslinejad, 2005: 56). The major parts of the pillars of development are services related to the population, communication access, health and hygiene, education, housing and urban parks and green spaces, and the concept of living with these materials is fulfilled; Therefore, the distribution of facilities and services is clarified by comparing different planning indicators in different regions (Shivaei and Zarrabi, 2018: 121). It is very important to pay attention to the development and spatial inequality in Kurdistan province and to prepare appropriate planning and policies in this field in this province; Kurdistan province with abundant natural resources, climate diversity, abundant labor force, the ability to produce various agricultural products specific to the climatic conditions of this province (Amanolapour, 2016: 5), as one of the developing provinces. Niafeth has many differences and contrasts in terms of having different development indicators (Bahrami, 2015: 40). The purpose of the current research is to analyze the spatial distribution of development in the cities of Kurdistan province. In order to achieve the goals of the research, the following questions and assumptions are raised:- Is there a difference between the cities of Kurdistan province in terms of development? Is there a correlation between the distance from the provincial capital and the rate of urbanization with the status of the cities?

The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. The statistical population of the research is ten cities of Kurdistan province, which was used to collect information from the descriptive part of documents and library studies related to the subject and to collect data from the statistical yearbook of Kurdistan province. In order to achieve the desired goals, 60 variables have been selected in five health, educational, cultural-social, infrastructure and educational sectors. The Shannon entropy technique was used to determine the importance coefficient of the indicators and the WASPAS model was used to determine the extent of the Kurdistan province's cities, to check The relationship between the distance from the center of the province and the urbanization rate with the status of the cities has been analyzed using Pearson's correlation test in SPSS and Arc GIS software for drawing maps. 5 indicators and 60 variables have been used for analysis and investigation in this research.

It is very important to pay attention to the development and spatial inequality in Kurdistan province and to prepare appropriate planning and policies in this field in this province; Nevertheless, Kurdistan province with abundant natural resources, climate diversity, abundant labor force, the ability to produce various agricultural products specific to the climatic conditions of this province, as one of the undeveloped provinces in terms of having various indicators. Development has many differences and explanations. The aim of the current research is to analyze the spatial distribution of development in the cities of Kurdistan province. In order to achieve the desired goals, 60 variables have been selected in the health, educational, cultural-social, infrastructure and educational sectors. In order to achieve the desired goals, 60 variables in the health, educational, cultural-social, infrastructure and educational sectors were selected from Shannon's entropy technique in order to determine the importance coefficient of the indicators and in order to determine the extent to which the cities of Kurdistan province have the model. Shannon's entropy technique has been used to determine the coefficient of importance of the indicators, in order to determine the extent to which the cities of Kurdistan province have the WASPAS model, and to examine the relationship between the distance from the center and the urbanization rate and the status of the cities, Pearson's correlation test has been used. Determining the degree of relative importance of each of the research variables using the Shannon entropy method indicates that the number of employees of active agricultural cooperatives covered by the General Administration of Labor and Social Welfare has the highest weight and the variables of the number of government printing houses and the number of urban post offices have had the least weight among the selected variables. In response to a question, is there a difference between the cities of Kurdistan province in terms of development?‌According to the results of the WASPAS model, the cities of Bijar, Sarvabad, Sanandaj, Kamiyaran, Divandre, Qorveh, Saqez are in the first to seventh and semi-rich ranks respectively, and the three cities of Dehgolan, Marivan, Bane are in the eighth to tenth ranks. And they are deprived.Also, in response to the question, is there a correlation between the distance from the center of the province and the rate of urbanization with the status of the cities?According to the results, it was found that there is no significant correlation between the urbanization rate and the distance from the center with the status of the cities. This results show that there are no rich and relatively rich cities, 0.70% of the cities are semi-rich and 0.30% of the cities are deprived. Other research also shows that inequality is a phenomenon that other provinces and cities are involved with, so that the findings of Zarrabi and Mousavi Noor 2015 Spatial analysis and evaluation of the development indicators of the cities of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad provinces using factor analysis system and cluster technique. Savari et al 2016 measuring and evaluating the levels of spatial deprivation of development infrastructures in Khuzestan, Sadeghi and Zanjariyah provinces 2017 Spatial pattern of development inequality in the 22 regions of Tehran and Karimzadeh and Karimzadeh 2021 Measuring the degree of development and educational deprivation of the cities The provinces of Sistan and Baluchistan are aligned, which show that there is disparity between different regions in terms of indicators. At the end, some solutions are presented to improve the situation of the cities:In the first stage, disadvantaged cities (Bane, Marivan and Dehgolan) should be prioritized for spatial development, paying attention to more important variables in the direction of depriving the regions, fair distribution of services and development opportunities in the cities, expansion of facilities. Proportionate to population density, increasing access to healthcare services.

The role of culture in development issues is one of the axes of attention of experts. Development experts consider culture and life to be inseparable; Because understanding the needs of society requires attention to cultural factors (Sorkh Kamal et al., 2011: 96). Today, achieving comprehensive and sustainable development is the main concern of countries and their governments. Since man is a cultural being, the foundation of true and sustainable development is the achievement of cultural development (Vasosuqi et al., 2012: 82). No development and evolution is desirable and possible without cultural development and evolution (Salehi Amiri, 2007: 75). Cultural development leads to the self-confidence of the society, and flourishes the potential and creative abilities of humans in the cultural context (Habibi, 2015: 23), Iran as a country on the path of development, has a very high diversity of cultural, social, economic and Also, with many financial, natural and environmental opportunities, along with issues such as special and strategic geographical location, unique natural and human opportunities, etc., it demands special attention to the category of development (Bazazzadeh et al., 2014: 80). The necessity and importance of research comes from the fact that cultural spaces are one of the main pillars of cultural development. On the other hand, one of the most important goals of spatial planning, considering the limited resources, is the optimal and balanced distribution of facilities and services between different settlements (Mohammadi and Izadi, 2013: 40), hence the recognition of cultural values and The facilities of the different cities of the provinces and their level of cultural development can lead the officials and workers to adopt new policies to strengthen the cultural foundations and form cultural engineering and planning. to deal with future cultural threats (Meshkini and Ghasemi, 2012: 3-4). The main goal of the current research is the spatial analysis of cultural development in Kermanshah province, which determines the cultural development status of fourteen cities in the province in terms of cultural development indicators, so that by identifying the status of the rich and deprived cities, planning and strategies to improve the situation of the deprived cities provide according to the purpose; The research seeks to answer the question of whether there is a difference between the cities of Kermanshah province in terms of having a cultural index.

The method of this research is based on practical purpose and on the basis of descriptive-analytical nature and it tries to determine the level of prosperity of 14 cities of Kermanshah province by using multi-criteria decision making models. In order to compare and rank them, 24 variables of the cultural sector extracted from the census results of Iran Statistics Center and the statistical yearbook of Kermanshah province were used, and the weight of each criterion was determined using Shannon's entropy method and from the models SAR, ARAS and WASPAS multi-criteria decision-making and the integration of their results with the Kanderst method have been used to determine the level of enjoyment and ranking of the cities of the province. CV method was used to determine which index has the most difference and inequality. Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to draw the maps.

According to the results, it was found that the biggest difference in inequality is related to the number of cinemas, the number of cinema halls, the number of cinema seats and the number of cinema spectators with (3.742) and the lowest inequality is related to the number of government printing houses with (0.000). After unscaling the variables and weighting with entropy method, three techniques (SAR, ARAS and WASPAS) have been used to categorize the cities of the province. The findings based on the SAR model show that there is no deprived city.The cities of Qasr Shirin, Paveh and Dalaho are rich, Sahne, Ravansar, Kangavar and Songhor are relatively rich and 50% of the cities (Harsin, Gilangharb, Kermanshah, Kangavar, Islamabad Gharb, Javanrood and Sarpol Zahab) are semi-rich. The stratification of the ARAS technique shows that, like the SAR model, there are no deprived cities, three cities Dalaho, Qasr-Shirin and Paveh are blessed, six cities are Salas-Babajani, Songhor, Gilangharb, Sahne. , Harsin and Ravansar are relatively prosperous and five cities, Sarpol-Zahab, Kangavar, Kermanshah, Islamabad-Gharb and Javanrood are semi-prosperous. In the WASPAS technique, there are no relatively prosperous cities, four cities, Dalaho, Qasr-Shirin, Paveh and Salas-Babajani, respectively, are ranked one to four and semi-efficient, and the rest of the cities are Songor, Sahneh, Gilangharb, Harsin, Ravansar, Sarpol-Zahab, Islamabad-Gharb, Kermanshah, Kangavar and Javanrood are among the deprived cities of the province, although the development coefficient of the cities of the province is not much different. Finally, based on the contrast technique that integrates the results of three models (SAR, ARAS, WASPAS) and provides a single result, According to the results of the Kandrst model, 21.43% of the cities are privileged, 21.43% of the cities are relatively well-off, 28.57%. The percentage of the cities is semi-provided and 28.57 percent of the cities are deprived, which shows that there is inequality in the distribution of cultural indicators at the province level. Kermanshah city, as the capital of the province, ranks first to second and is among the cities with the most benefits, but according to the results obtained from the Kandrst method, it is ranked 10th and in the group of semi-sufficient cities.One of the reasons for this is the high population of this city and the low per capita of each of the mentioned variables in Kermanshah city. Although the facilities and the amount of cultural variables in this city may be more than other cities, but the population of this city is much more than other cities and when it is per capita, it is less per capita than other cities. A city may have a smaller population, but when it is made per capita, it causes more per capita than the cities with a larger population, and when it is leveled and ranked, except for the cities with the status and Better rank.

The home as the oldest and closest human shelter has a direct relationship with human culture. The connection between culture and architecture is more pronounced in vernacular residential architecture. Vernacular houses are the result of choices and adaptation of humans to the environment over time. They have evolved from the evolution of human experiences against various cultural, natural, biological, and economic factors. Human beings are always in the position of choosing different subjects of their lives. But what is true is that people usually choose things in different situations that are consistent with their mental structures, and at the same time, the result of that choice can meet their needs. It can be assumed that human culture is the basis of its various choices. Choosing is, on the one hand, influenced by the environmental conditions, which, basically, the type of response to these conditions influenced by cultural variables and attitudes of individuals.Therefore, the main question is the question of what, how and why the effect of the «choice» factor, especially cultural choices, is on the formation of the vernacular house›s structure in Ardebil. The purpose of this study is to understand the semantic dimensions of the vernacular houses of Ardebil and to analyze the role of cultural choices in shaping of spatial_ physical and behavioral patterns, and in organizing the structure of houses. Accordingly, a number of houses belonging to the middle class of the city from the late Qajar and early Pahlavi periods in the traditional context of the city of Ardabil were chosen as a case study. Then the physical dimensions and cultural and behavioral components related to their inhabitants were extracted. The methodology of this research is qualitative. The method of data collection is field studies, documentary studies, and semi-structured interviews. The method of analyzing data is descriptive-analytic based on the rational reasoning method and qualitative content. The research steps are pursued in four steps: in the first step, the «basis of choice», which consists of two sections: «environmental factors» and «basic assumptions of culture» or the third level of culture, are explained; In the second step, the «Indicators of choice», which include the second-level variables of culture, such as do›s and don›ts, norms, rules, expectations, and valuations, were analyzed; In the third step, the «manifestation of choice», which are examples of the Indicators of choice as «meanings», were examined; And in the final step, «Impressions of choice» or Patterns of space and patterns of current behaviors related to housing were analyzed. Following the above process in the formation of the structure of vernacular Ardebil houses in the late Qajar and early Pahlavi, the results were as follows: Environmental factors such as economic bottlenecks and cold climates formed meanings such as courtesy, self-sufficiency, foresight for the winter and ... as examples of choice indicators. These factors have had a great influence on the physical structure and discipline of the residential spaces of vernacular Ardebil houses in all three macro, middle, and small scales. For example, the orientation of the building, the establishment of the kitchen inside the house, the use of thick walls of brickwork and double-glazed windows, the presence of minimal spaces (consisting of a linear extension of a two-part pattern of the atrial chamber), simplicity in the components of the building, the use of indigenous materials and ... . Social and cultural commonalities such as worldview, religion, values, and beliefs, and ideals in the homogeneous and traditional Ardebil community of the time have shaped such meanings as the need to preserve kinship and neighborliness, the importance of the structure and position of the family, and norms and values such as religiosity, traditionalism, veil, Empathy with the people was in the minds of the people. The physical implications of these meanings are building houses of the same spatial pattern, without indicating superiority and isolation from other buildings, observing Islamic norms in the construction of houses, adopting solutions to privacy in houses, and so on. On the other hand, the behavior settings, the type of use of spaces, spatial divisions, territories and spatial boundaries, the relations of spaces, the use of communal spaces, etc. have also been influenced by valuations, norms, requirements, and the necessities of cultural factors. In sum, it can be said that culture in two stages affects human choices in relation to the issue of housing: 1) The basic assumptions or variables of the third level of culture (Figure 1), determine and explain the range of choice options for individuals. 2) Indicators of choice or second-level variables of culture (Figure 1), by defining a set of values, requirements, and necessities, generate meanings and orientations for the basis of choice, including environmental factors. This will prioritize some options against other options. Hence, human choices can be considered «cultural choices». Cultural differences are one of the most important factors influencing people›s choices. This means that differences in the culture of different societies create different meanings in people›s minds that create different behavioral and physical- spatial patterns. The research process of this paper for the recognition of vernacular Ardebil houses can be used as a model for understanding the structure of other houses in other regions and cultures. However, the method used in this research will have different results for different climates and cultures. However, given the fact that many variables of the basis of choices, such as climatic conditions and some of the basic assumptions of culture in different societies, have remained constant over time, one can use the results of the analysis of the structure of vernacular houses to improve the housing situation today in order to help make the house more consistent with the ecosystem, climate, and culture of societies.

The traditional societies of Iran have experienced different ways of solving social crises (murder, conflict and group disputes). The present research is based on a historical-analytical approach inspired by Durkheim's view (restorative and criminal justice) to analyze the mechanisms of conflict management and the degree of adaptation and differentiation of this mechanism with Durkheim's view.The results show that the four types of restorative justice approach (trust, dialogue and participation, mediation and the principle of futurism) can be identified in Iran's management mechanisms, but the principle of voluntariness in the traditional way is not very clear. This means that the traditional society of Iran, due to the norm of hierarchical culture, the collective conscience, the Sectoral structure of societies (Hive structural) and its heterogeneous texture, are not the basis for the development of Durkheim-type restorative rights (modern society based on division of labor). This type of community has used from a specific mechanism for managing of struggle, which is idiference with variety of restorative and criminal justice, an approach which has been influenced by the political and socio-cultural structure of the society and has been found in the form of traditional social rituals.

Due to the economic, social and cultural changes in recent decades and consequently alterations in the form and duties of families and expectations of individuals from marriage, the institution of the family and marriage are enormously involved with different challenges and conflicts in comparison to past years. Fragile marital relationships, conflicts and divorce are results of such situations in Iran. Accordingly, the present study, which is designed through meta-analysis and deduction based on the concept analysis and reconceptualization of recent studies, has committed to manifest a proper different paradigm to explain marital conflicts. This paradigm is relying on various theoretical approaches, particularly the theory of symbolic interactionism as the main explanatory mean, and also applying the concept of “Marital Paradigm” as the missing information in previous studies of this field. It explains the marital conflicts between couples as paradigmatic conflicts; and its main idea is that marital conflict is not the result of one or more fixed and specified factors, but it is the production of encountering the opposing (or different) paradigms.

Tourism is a powerful force of change in the economy in both the developed and in the least developed countries. Due to the formation of the concept of sustainable development, Tourism industry as well as like other industries has been seeking ways to further alignment with the concept. Sustainable tourism as a form of alternative tourism, is seeking to improve the quality of life for local residents, promoting tourism experiences and Environmental preservation of destination. Its therefore is linked inextricably with the people and community and participation of local communities is essential to maintain and develop the basic planning for the development and management of tourism. Necessity of attention to the concept of community participation as one of the most important components of a sustainable tourism industry requires that to know the tourism industry is using the community as a resource, selling its as a product, and ultimately affects the life of each population. The pattern seems to be optimal in this relationship and in nature is also related to the sustainable development of tourism, the pattern is a community-based tourism. This pattern requires the presence of a community significant participation in sustainable tourism. Meaning that if only the local elites or foreign individual owners and or manager of land or major industries or land industries form the major players of the industry, will defeat inevitabley any participatory towards achieving sustainable development through community based tourism. However, the pattern of community participation in tourism, particularly in developing countries such as Iran has been inactive participation. So that the exception of the formal hosts or people involved in tourism activities, Local communities should be considered as a key resource for achieving sustainable tourism, not have any formal responsibility as the host of tourism activities and are always away from the axis of vision. The purpose of this study was to determine the status of community participation of Sarein, as one of the poles of the tourism industry in Iran, in sustainable tourism and from this perspective, the introduction of participatory approaches as a strategy for sustainable development of tourism in the study area.
This research in terms of target is applied research and based on a nature is survey descriptive – analytical research. In order to collect data is used the combined approach, means the combination of library and field methods such as questionnaires.The statistical population based on the research questions , including all residents of Sarein who is responsible for tourism activities are not formally and directly. The sample size (353 patients) was determined according to the formula of cochran and multi-stage cluster sampling was used as the sampling method. Two types of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. In section of descriptive statistics, for describe the research variables were utilized descriptive statistics such as frequency distributions. In section of inferential statistics, bivariate relationships Has been analyzed and interpreted using pearson correlation and multivariate relationships using multiple regression and path analysis.
Two types of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used to analyze variables. The findings descriptive statistics of the study showed that the tourism industry in Sarein has not favorable conditions in different aspects of and in particular economic, social - cultural and environmental that can be cited lack of participatory mechanisms as a major factor in explaining this situation. Despite the high tendency of Sarein local residents to participate in tourism activities, The same people actual participation rates are low in tourism activities.The findings are based on inferential statistical analysis also showed that there is a positive and stronger correlation between the level of participation of local residents and sustainable tourism industry in terms of socio- cultural compared with economic and environmental dimensions. Correlation between the level of participation and sustainability of the tourism industry from the perspective of economic and environmental being next in rank order of priority. In addition to confirming of this issue, the test of path analysis determined the exact amount effects of three variables of social-cultural, economic participation and environmental participation in sustainable tourism industry. The test showed that recent variables moreover obtainning the rank of second and third according to direct impact on the sustainable development of tourism, Also has indirect effects on its. Means through creating appropriate and correct provisions in the direction of promoting social- cultural participations of tourism, can be hoped to economic and environmental favorable conditions in terms of participation and hence achieving sustainable development of tourism.
This study aims to assess the status of Sarein local community participation in activities related to sustainable tourism Based on the survey and using field data. Therefore were studied each of the participation and sustainable tourism industry variables and the relationships between each of them in particular three aspects of economic, social - cultural and environmental. Assessments made in this regard indicated that there is willing to participate in tourism activities by the local population of Sarein and the amount is also a relatively good level but not in the direction of sustainability. Because the mechanism of the tourism industry in Sarein is such that the majority of local residents do not have a role in therein and do not participate in tourism activities objectively. However, the potential of participation to achieving sustainable development of tourism in Sarein is attainable priority order through tourism social- cultural, economic and ecological considerations. So by creating appropriate and correct provisions in the direction of promoting social- cultural participations of tourism, can be hoped to economic and environmental favorable conditions in terms of participation and hence achieving sustainable development of tourism in Sarein.

Today allocation and distribution of credits in urban areas especially in Metropolises has become a serious socio-economic issue. So, it has been part of the inequalities in different aspects of social, economic, political, and overall areas underdevelopment affected by the unfair distribution of credits. This study was conducted to assess, evaluate and compare 22 districts of Tehran metropolis in terms of the relationship between the development, the amount of funds and focused resources on each region in order to distributive justice. Therefore, this research in terms of target is applied research and based on a nature is descriptive – analytical research. The geographical area of the study is Tehran metropolitan and its Statistical population is 22-fold regions of Tehran Metropolis. The sample for this study by nature of subject and volume of the low number of statistical population was considered the 22 the region. Technique for data collection has been a library study. In order to ranking of regions based on indicators of development (indicators of land use, and urban economic and services elements) is used TOPSIS model. Also statistical methods such as ordinal bivariate correlation coefficients including gamma and cross table is used to indicate the type and how the relationship between the variables. Also analysis software such as EXCEL, SPSS, GIS are used in this regard. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between development level and the amount of credit among the 22 regions of metropolitan Tehran. So, developed areas allocate their more funds than developing or underdeveloped areas. But, this is incompatible with distributive justice and in fact the situation in 22 districts of Tehran metropolis is not satisfactory in this respect and in line justice. Therefore, credit and focused financial resources as a major parameters could have a significant role in 22 regions of metropolitan development.