esmail nabizadeh

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of water stress on the physiological, biochemical, and antioxidant properties of wheat lines in the form of split plots in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that the water stress in the spike stage of wheat lines had significant effects on the studied traits, and there were genetic differences between the lines in terms of the studied traits except for carotenoid and soluble carbohydrates content. Water deficit stress significantly reduced grain yield (24.8%), and among the studied lines, line 5 had the highest grain yield. Lines 2, 5, and 8 showed the highest chlorophyll a, and b content under stress conditions. Increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and total protein accumulation in leaves of wheat lines were observed during water deficit stress, which was accompanied by increased antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) activity, and the highest activity of antioxidant enzymes was observed in line 9. Also, potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) uptake by wheat lines decreased in water deficit conditions, and there was a difference between wheat lines in terms of the amount of these elements uptake under stress conditions. In general, a decrease in chlorophyll content and nutrient uptake under water deficit stress can lead to loss of grain yield, and wheat lines can increase their tolerance to stress conditions by increasing antioxidant activity and reducing MDA accumulation.

Drought, one of the major ecological limiting factors, has a significant effect on the growth and secondary metabolic process of medicinal plants. Water stress reduces the size, density, leaf surface of the plant and reduces the biomass, and not only changes the plant structurally, but also leads to fluctuations in their secondary chemical compounds. The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of using brassinolides and surfactant on drought stress tolerance on Sarkhargol medicinal plant at Islamic Azad University of Mahabad during 2016 - 2017. The studied factors include dryness at three irrigation levels of 70, 120 and 170 mm, evaporation from class A pan as the main factor, surfactant consumption at two levels (0 and 0.5 liters per hectare) and 24-epibrassinolide at three levels (0, 0.01 and 0.1 μmol) were as secondary factors. According to the results of the present study, drought stress had a decisive role in reducing the properties of Sarhargol medicinal plant, as well as the main effects of brassinolide, surfactant solution and drought stress according to the content of soluble sugars, proline, glycine betaine, amino acids, lysine and methionine. They had Due to the limitation of water resources, irrigation after 120 mm, use of brassinolide and surfactant can have a positive role in removing the damages of drought stress. In addition, brassinolide and surfactant led to increased tolerance to drought stress in Sarhargol medicinal plant, which led to relative resistance to drought and stability of the yield of dry matter of the plant and its essential oil.

To investigate the effect of different levels of Mycort fungus, nitrogen fertilizer and cytokinin hormone on yield and yield components of wheat, an experiment was conducted in 2018-19 crop year. The experimental design was a factorial based on randomized complete block with three replications. The first factor was organic fertilizer of mycorrhizal fungus (2, 4 and 6 kg/100 kg seeds), the second factor was nitrogen fertilizer (zero, 25 and 50 kg/ha) and the third factor was cytokinin foliar application (control, foliar application at flowering and grain filling). The results of mean comparisons showed that levels of 25 and 50 kg/ha of nitrogen fertilizer increased the number of grains compared to the control treatment by 44.23 and 32.69%, respectively.resultsshowed that inoculation with 2 and 4 kg/100 kg of seeds along with the application of 25 kg / ha of nitrogen had the highest spike length and number of fertile spikes. The highest number of fertile spikes, number of grains per spike, 1000-kernal weight, grain yield and harvest index were assigned to seed inoculation treatment with 4 kg of mycorta and cytokinin foliar application at grainclosure stage. Also, foliar application of cytokinin in the graining stage along with the application of 25 kg / ha of nitrogenfertilizer had the highest number of spikes, 1000-kernal weight, biological yield and grain yield.

In order to identify the agrotechnological features on sugar yield and determine the cause and effect relationships between them, 13 different domestic and foreign monogerm varieties of sugar beet were evaluated in a completely randomized design with four replications in terms of 11 important quantitative and qualitative traits in the station Miandoab Agricultural Research Station during three different harvest dates (October 15, October 30, and November 15) in the crop year 2017. The results of analysis of variance showed that the differences between the studied cultivars in terms of all evaluated traits were significant at p≤0.01. Phenotypic and genotypic diversity coefficients were high for most of the traits, which indicates relatively high diversity in the studied cultivars for the evaluated traits. The genetic correlation coefficients between the traits showed that the highest positive and significant correlation was between the sugar yield trait and the pure sugar yield traits (0.88), gross sugar percentage (0.71), and pure sugar percentage (0.65) in this order while there was a negative and significant correlation between the sugar yield trait and the traits of molasses sugar content (-0.62), alkalinity coefficient (-0.58), and root potassium content (-0.52). In the step-by-step multiple regression analysis, sugar percentage traits, gross sugar percentage, harmful nitrogen content and root yield were entered into the regression model in that order, which justified 84% of the total sugar yield. Based on the results of causality analysis, the traits of gross sugar percentage (1.12) and root yield (1.03) respectively had the most direct effect on sugar yield, so selection based on these traits can help us achieve the genotypes with high sugar yields.

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is one of the important commercial crops that supply approximately 35% of the world’s sugar and is widely cultivated in arid and semi-arid regions. Drought is one of the most important growth restricting environmental factors for crop species in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Crop losses resulting from abiotic stresses such as drought or salinity can reduce crop yield by as much as 50%.

to investigate the evaluation of different genotypes of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris l.) in terms of biochemical and antioxidant properties under normal conditions and water deficit conditions excrement was conducted in split-plot design based on complete random blocks with three replications in Miandoab Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station at 2017-18 Crop seasons. Irrigation regimes at two levels, (normal Irrigation after 90 mm of evaporation and drought stress after the 10-leaf stage of sugar beet based on 200 mm of evaporation from the Class A evaporation pan) signed to the main plot, and 18 sugar beet genotypes were assigned to sub-plots. In this research root yield, coefficient of sugar extraction, Guaiacol peroxidase, Polyphenol oxidase, Superoxide dismutase, and proline content were measured. After collecting the data, the data were analyzed using SAS software version 9.1 and the comparison of the average of the studied characteristics was performed using LSD test at the probability level of five percent.

In the present study, the effect of the irrigation regime on all studied traits was significant except for the sugar extraction coefficient at the level of probability of 1%. Among the genotypes studied significant difference was observed in terms of all the studied traits, at the probability level of 1% Interaction of irrigation regime with genotypes on root yield, sugar extraction coefficient, guaiacol peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and proline content at 1% probability level and superoxide dismutase at 5% probability level was significant. The results showed that water deficit stress reduced root yield by 17.38% compared to normal irrigation conditions, while the content of glycol peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, superoxide dismutase, and proline under water deficit conditions was an increase compared to normal irrigation conditions by 118.86, 82.1, 103.61 and 113.92 percent respectively. genotypes Mean comparison in terms of root yield showed that genotype No. 10 with an average of 85.77 t / ha under normal irrigation and 72.14 t / ha under water deficit stress had the highest root yield. Under normal irrigation conditions, the highest guaiacol peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, superoxide dismutase activity, and proline content were belonged to genotypes 21, 15, 4, and 13, respectively. While underwater stress conditions, the highest values of these traits were recorded in cultivars 10, 20, 19, and 3, respectively. Based on the results of regression analysis under normal irrigation conditions, the Sugar Extraction Coefficient and proline content with the explanation of 80 percent of root yield variation were identified as the most important traits. Based on the results of path analysis, the two traits, directly and indirectly, showed a positive effect on root yield. Underwater deficit stress proline content, guaiacol peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase with 66.3% explanation of changes in root yield Were identified as the most effective traits on root yield. Besides, the mentioned traits had a positive effect on root yield based on the results of path analysis both directly and indirectly.

Among the studied genotypes, cultivar F-20851 had the highest root yield in both irrigation conditions compared to other cultivars, so it can be concluded that the genotype has a high genetic potential for root yield production in different environmental conditions. Among Iranian cultivars, except for Paya cultivar, other cultivars had low ranks of root yield in both environmental conditions. It can be concluded that in addition to root yield, other enzymatic and biochemical properties of Iranian cultivars should be worked on to be competitive with foreign cultivars. In this study, proline content had a positive effect on root yield in both environmental conditions, so improving proline content could be a way to increase root yield in different environmental conditions.

Herbs and their products have been used for the prevention and treatment of various diseases for a long time. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that more than 80 percent of the world's population, especially in developing or low-income countries, treat their illnesses with herbs and traditional methods. The Capparis plant is one of the thousands of plants that is thousands of years old in herbal and traditional medicine and is important in many parts of the world, especially in West and Central Asia. The name of this plant is mentioned in various books of medicinal plants. According to ancient scholars and modern scientists, all parts of this plant such as leaves, roots, stems, fruits and seeds of this plant have different benefits. The study tries to introduce this plant and its properties and applications in traditional and modern medicine. The root bark of this plant is used to increase appetite, heal wounds, diarrhea, treat hemorrhoids and even spleen diseases. The bark of this plant has been used to treat rheumatism and gout and as a sputum-satisfying medicine in lung diseases. Stem and root bark extract has been used as an anti-diarrheal and anti-tuberculosis drug. The fresh fruits of this plant are used to treat sciatica and joint swelling. The dried and powdered fruit of this plant in combination with honey is used to treat colds, rheumatism, gout and back pain. The seeds of this plant are used to relieve toothache as well as regulate women's menstruation. This research was conducted through a library study method in which valid medical and pharmacy books and reference of traditional medicine as well as new botanical books in the sections related to this plant, including its nature, botanical characteristics, actions and medicinal and therapeutic properties were studied. Also, searches in valid domestic and foreign databases in the period 2010 to 2020 such as pubmed, scholar, sid have been done and the background and conclusions of the contents are included in this review. In books and articles about the effect of this plant, its therapeutic properties have been mentioned, especially liver diseases, spleen and rheumatism. Has been studied; And its effects have been confirmed in the laboratory. Research has shown that the extract extracted from different parts of this plant works well against a variety of bacteria. The results showed that the extract of this plant has a high ability to fight Staphylococcus and Streptococcus bacteria. Regarding inflammation, it was shown that the extract of this plant has a powerful inhibitory effect on the inflammatory process. The venomeric protein in this plant inhibits the translation of hiv-1 and lectin extracted from this plant can fight the spread of hiv, breast cancer and hepatitis. In addition to laboratory conditions, the anti-inflammatory effect of this plant extract in mice showed that the extract of this plant has high anti-inflammatory properties, but its pain relieving properties were not very strong. The vitamins in the Capparis plant are also the new known antioxidant caparizide in this plant, which has an anti-cancer role. In a more detailed study of plant components, root extract and aerial parts of Capparis were obtained by different solvents. Ethyl acetate extract of the aerial part of the plant has the highest concentration of flavonoids and phenolic compounds, followed by chloroform extract of this plant has the highest concentration of these substances. High antioxidant activity was observed in different parts of this plant. The results of the effect of the extract of the fruit of this plant on wound healing showed that the extract of this plant had an extraordinary antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect on the wound and therefore could cause more healing with flavonoids, phenolic acid. Epidermal, angiogenesis, collagen, TGF-B and VEGF. Regarding the effect of this plant in improving diabetes, it was found that Capparis improves the activity of hypoglycemia and hypolipidemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. On the other hand, researchers studied the effect of this plant on rheumatoid arthritis and found that the aqueous extract of this plant had the greatest effect on reducing arthritis. Therefore, the chemical structure of this extract was investigated and its different sub-branches were identified. Studies on this plant have confirmed its protective effect on the liver, against the factors that cause the liver. One of the ingredients in this plant is methoxybenzonic acid. Regarding the effect of this plant on liver enzymes, the levels of alanine-aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and total serum bilirubin were significantly reduced. Methoxybenzoic acid protects the liver against the toxic effects of carbon tetrachloride and paracetamol as inducers of hepatotoxicity in vitro as well as anti-hepatotoxic activity against thioacetamide and galactosamine in rat liver cells. Capparis plant has different species and is distributed in different regions, especially in Asia and around the Mediterranean and North Africa. Today's sages and scientists use this plant to treat various diseases. This plant has different parts of leaves, roots, stems, seeds and fruits. This plant has been used to treat many diseases, including liver and spleen diseases, as well as wound healing and rheumatism and gout. In recent laboratory studies, the consumption of different parts of this plant has been studied and scientists have confirmed its benefits on the body's defense system, blood clotting, prevention of diabetes and arthritis. Its antimicrobial effects have been proven by its function in killing stomach worms and viscera and its antioxidant effects in the external environment of the body and in animal experiments. This plant is also anti-cancer due to its antioxidant properties. The dressing of the seeds of this plant has a tremendous effect on the healing of skin wounds. Given the importance of traditional medicine in Iran and the antiquity of this plant for several thousand years, as well as its widespread distribution in Iran, its cheap price and availability, it seems necessary to know the beneficial effects and even possible harms of this plant. On the other hand, based on previous research and the history of this plant in the treatment of various diseases, the design of new studies, especially on human specimens, seems necessary.

In order to investigate the effect of glycine betaine and zinc and boron elements on yield and nutrient uptake of chickpea seeds under dryland conditions, a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design was conducted during growing season 2019 with three replications in Mahabad, Iran. Experimental treatments include: soil application of zinc sulfate at two levels (non-use of zinc and use 40 kg per hectare of zinc), boric acid spraying at three levels (Non-consumption, consumption of 3 kg per 1000 liters of water in two stages before and after flowering) and foliar application of glycine betaine were at three levels (Non-consumption, consumption of 1.88 g per liter in two stages before and after flowering). The results showed that boron and glycine betaine in the pre-and post-flowering stage had an increasing effect on seed weight in a pod, 100-seed weight, soluble sugar, grain nitrogen and grain protein. The highest grain yield with 1489 kg/ha was related to the non-consumption of zinc and simultaneous application of glycine betaine and boron in the post-flowering stage. The highest zinc uptake with 54.17% was related to glycine betaine consumption after flowering and no consumption of zinc and boron. In this study, the effect of boron on increasing soluble sugar to modulate dry rainfed conditions was more effective than glycine betaine. Based on the general results, with the optimal use of boron and in combination with glycine betaine, the effect of dehydration in the reproductive stage in rainfed areas can be moderated.

In order to identify traits affecting sugar yield and determine cause and effect relationships between them, 13 different domestic and foreign sugar beet monogerm cultivars were evaluated at three different harvest time (7 October, 22 October, and 6 November) in a RCB design with four replications in terms of 11 important quantitative and qualitative traits in 2018 crop season in Miandoab Agricultural Research Station. The ANOVA results showed that the difference between studied cultivars was significant for all evaluated traits at 0.01 probability level. Phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were high for most traits, indicating relatively high variability in the studied cultivars for evaluated traits. Genetic correlation coefficients between traits showed that the highest positive and significant correlations were observed between sugar yield trait on the one hand and white sugar yield (0.88**), impure sugar content (0.71**) and white sugar content (0.65**) traits in that order, and the highest negative and significant correlation was found between sugar yield trait on the one hand and molasses sugar (-0.62**), alkalinity coefficient (-0.58**), and root potassium (-0.52**) traits, in that order. In multiple regression analysis by stepwise method, sugar content, white sugar content, α-amino nitrogen, and root yield traits were entered into the regression model, respectively, that explained %84 of the total sugar yield variations. Based on path analysis results, sugar content (1.12) and root yield (1.03) traits had the highest positive direct effect on sugar yield and thus, selection based on these traits can help us to achieve high-yielding genotypes.

This study was conducted to evaluate 18 different native and foreign sugar beet cultivars in terms of some important quantitative and qualitative traits under optimal and limited irrigation conditions in 2017 crop season in as a strip split plot design (normal and stress conditions) as main plots and cultivar factor as sub plots based on RCB design with six replications. The results of combined ANOVA of the obtained data showed that the interaction effect of the environment × cultivar was significant on sugar yield, white sugar yield, alkalinity coefficient, molasses sugar (p≤0.05), and root potassium content (p≤0.01) traits while it had no effect on other traits. Based on the obtained results from ANOVA, the effect of cultivar was not significant on α-amino nitrogen trait while it was significant on other assessed traits under normal condition. Also, under stress condition, the cultivar effect was significant at p≤0.01 on all of the assessed traits. In terms of root yield trait, Merak and Dorthea foreign cultivars had the highest value with 86.5 and 70.4 t ha-1 and Sharif native cultivar had the lowest value with 14.3 and 17.2 t ha-1 under normal and stress conditions, respectively. Under normal and stress conditions, the mean sugar contents were calculated 19.88 and 20.15%, respectively. Although the difference was not significant, the increase in sugar content (about 1.34%) under stress condition was as expected. Given that the decreasing and increasing effects of water deficit stress on most measured traits were not significant, it can be found that sugar beet crop has a good tolerance threshold for water deficit and, surely the finding should always be considered by beet farmers in West Azarbaijan province, especially in the current situation in which there are attempts to revive the drying Urmia lake.

In order to study and compare the correlation between the quantitative and qualitative traits of sugar beet genotypes, using multivariate methods under Rhizoctonia disease a trial was carried out at Miandoab Agricultural and Natural Resources Station in 2014.The experimental design was randomized complete block design with four replications. The experimental materials were sixteen sugar beet genotypes. Analysis of variance showed significant differences among the genotypes for all traits, except root sodium content. Based on stepwise regression analysis, gross sugar yield, molasses sugar content and gross sugar content by justifying %89.99 of changes in white sugar yield were considered as the most effective traits in justification of white sugar yield. Factor analysis identified five factors by justifying 81.62% of total data variances. Finally, the three groups were set up in the cluster analysis at similarity distance of 10. The cluster 2 was subjected to groups a (the highest rate) for yellowing score, uniformity score, growth score, healthy plant number, root yield, gross sugar yield, white sugar content, white sugar yield and extract percentage, and was placed in group b (the lowest rate) for root potassium content and alkalinity. Eventually, based on path analysis and regression analysis, the gross sugar yield was determined as the most effective trait on the white sugar yield and the genotypes in cluster 2 were identified suitable for cultivation under the conditions of Rhizoctonia infestation.