farah lotfi kashani

The unique problems and needs of end-of-life cancer patients make it difficult for these patients to adjust to their new living conditions. Examining these problems and needs can provide invaluable information about coping with and adjusting to terminal cancer. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the lived experiences of end-of-life cancer patients.

A phenomenological qualitative method was used to conduct this study. The study population included all end-of-life cancer patients admitted to Emam Reza Clinic in Shiraz City, Iran, who were aware of their disease status and had a life expectancy of at least six months (based on the doctor’s prognosis). Participants were selected using purposive sampling and the data were theoretically saturated after 14 semi-structured interviews. The data were analyzed using Colaizzi’s seven-step approach.

Based on the phenomenological analysis results, five parameters, including family-related factors, culture and economy, the self, the physician and the treatment process, and religion and spirituality, were identified as the main themes of the present study.

Considering the adjustment problems faced by end-of-life cancer patients and the multidimensional nature of cancer-related factors and components, multifaceted interventions can facilitate the adjustment of these patients to their new living conditions.

The purpose of the present study was to study the mediating role of the transdiagnostic factors in the relationship between stressful events and panic disorders.. The present study was conducted through the casual non-experimental method. The students of the public universities in Tehran affiliated with the Ministry of Science and Technology was research population.This research conducted in 2020. The number of 700 students were selected by a convenience sampling method. To gather the data the Severity Measure for Panic Disorder of APA (2013), Freestone et al.’s distress intolerance scale (1994), the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire of Garnefski and Kraaij (2006), the Acceptance and Action questionnaire of Bond et al. (2011), Paykel‘s stressful life events (1971) and Cartwright-Hatton and Wells’s Meta-Cognitive Beliefs Questionnaire Wales and Carteret-Hawton (2004). The analyzing the data was done using the Amos software and the structural equation modeling. The results showed that the indirect effect of stress events on the symptoms of panic disorder is significant by mediating role of transdiagnostic factors (p<0.05). According to the findings obtained from the data analysis, it can be said that transdiagnostic factors has a mediating role in the relationship between stressful events and panic disorder. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to transdiagnostic factors in the treatment of patients suffering from panic disorder.

The goal of treatments should not only be the absence of disease but also the improvement of the patient's life satisfaction.

The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of interpersonal and social rhythm therapy combined with motivational interviewing on increasing the life satisfaction of visually impaired students with major depression.

The research was a quasi-experimental study with a single-subject design including multiple baseline measurments. The statistical population consisted of members of the WhatsApp group of Mashhad welfare students in September 2022 (110 members); among them, 2 visually impaired participants suffering from major depression (one woman and one man) were selected using the purpose-based available sampling method. Beck's depression inventory, and the short form of the quality-of-life enjoyment and satisfaction questionnaire were used for the outcome evaluation. Participants received the intervention for 12 sessions, 1 hour per week; and were followed up for 3 months. Considering the index of stable change, effect size and visual analysis of graphs the data were analyzed.

The results showed that interpersonal and social rhythm therapy combined with motivational interviewing significantly increased the participants' life satisfaction after the treatment.

The findings indicated that combined interpersonal and social rhythm therapy with motivational interviewing can be an appropriate method for increasing life satisfaction in visually impaired students with major depression. Therefore, it is suggested that the intervention be used to improve the quality of life of these people

 The aim of this study is to qualitatively analyze the consequences of online extramarital relationships from the perspective of men.

 This research was conducted using a qualitative approach, employing content analysis. Based on the principle of theoretical saturation, twelve men participated in this study. Semi-structured interviews were used for data collection, and MAXQDA software was used for coding and categorizing the data.

 The consequences of online extramarital relationships among men can be classified into two main categories and five subcategories. The results indicate that hiding the relationship while maintaining marital life, public disclosure, divorce, and separation are among the consequences of online extramarital relationships from the men's perspective.

 In conclusion, this study highlights the complex dynamics of online infidelity among men in Mashhad, Iran, revealing key themes such as relationship concealment, marital dissatisfaction, and the impact on trust and family stability. The findings underscore the importance of understanding cultural and individual factors in the context of extramarital relationships and provide a foundation for future research on the psychological and relational consequences of online infidelity.

Education in the field of disease in people with chronic disease is a fundamental and important issue in achieving empowerment and optimal compliance of the patient, so this research aims to compare the effectiveness of treatment based on acceptance and commitment and reality therapy on compliance with treatment in women. He was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. 

Research Methods:

 This research was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a 2-month follow-up with a control group. The research population consisted of all married women with multiple sclerosis in Hamadan city in 2023. From this number, 3 groups of 15 people were selected using available sampling method and were randomly divided into test groups and control groups, and were administered the Madanlo Chronic Disease Treatment Compliance Questionnaire in three pre-test-post-test sessions and followed up on the answers. they gave the subjects of the experimental group were treated with the approach of treatment based on acceptance and commitment and reality therapy, during 8 sessions, 1 session of 60 minutes per week, but no training was given to the control group. The data were statistically analyzed with SPSS software and using t-test of mixed analysis of variance and significant level of p < 0.05.

The results showed that there is a significant difference between the average scores of the pre-test, post-test and follow-up treatment compliance in the three groups; And for the between-group factor, the F value calculated at a level smaller than 0.05 is not significant (Eta = 0.125, P < 0.05, F = 2.990) as a result, between the overall average of treatment adherence in the three experimental groups and There is no evidence of a significant difference.

According to the results of this research, it can be said that treatment based on acceptance and commitment and treatment based on reality therapy led to adherence to treatment in women.

 This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of cognitive therapy and mindfulness on depression in women with gestational diabetes.

 This study was quasi-experimental. The statistical population consisted of women with gestational diabetes who referred to the Rey Health and Treatment Network. Using convenience sampling, 45 individuals were selected and randomly assigned to three groups: mindfulness, cognitive therapy, and control. The pre-test included the administration of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. The mindfulness and cognitive therapy groups each received eight 60-minute sessions, held twice a week. The post-test was conducted immediately after the interventions, followed by a one-month follow-up test. The inclusion criteria were: age between 18 and 35 years, pregnancy term of 24 to 28 weeks, and a minimum ability to read and write. The exclusion criteria included: absence from more than two therapy sessions, use of psychotropic medication, simultaneous or recent (within one year) psychotherapy, and exposure to significant and unpredictable stressors. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with SPSS 25 software.

 The results of ANOVA indicated a significant difference between the three groups in the post-test and follow-up phases (p < 0.01). Bonferroni post-hoc analysis revealed that cognitive therapy was more effective in reducing depression compared to mindfulness (p < 0.01). Additionally, both mindfulness (p < 0.01) and cognitive therapy (p < 0.01) were effective in improving depression, and these effects persisted in the follow-up phase (p < 0.01).

 Cognitive therapy demonstrated greater effectiveness in improving depression in women with gestational diabetes compared to mindfulness. However, both approaches were effective in reducing depression.

University students are a vulnerable group mental health problems. The aim of this study to design, develop and validate a training self-esteem by McKay and Fanning and its effectiveness on emotional repression in students

The present research was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, cognitive techniques of McKay and Fanning (2016), self-esteem sessions were developed. Then, 8 psychology experts determined the content validity of the sessions. In the second stage, a semi-experimental design with pre-test, post-testand with a control group and follow-up 2 months was used. The statistical population was female students at Hadith College of Tehran City in the winter of 2024 and was evaluated by twostage sampling. In the first stage, screening was done based on subjective sampling. In the second stage, based on the simple random method, 30 people were selected from among female students with the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study and were randomly replaced in an experimental group (15 people) and a control group (15 people). The self-esteem sessions were administered to the experimental group for 16 sessions, and after 2 months, was followed up. The self-esteem sessions was administered to the experimental group for 16 sessions, and after 2 month, was followed up. Data was collected using Weinberger adjustment inventory short form (WAI-SF) of Weinberger & Schwartz (1990). Data analysis was performed using SPSS-28 software with analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni.

The results indicated that self-esteem sessions have acceptable content validity. Furthermore, the results of training intervention showed that tarning self-esteem significantly reduced the distress (F=18.306 and p-value =0.001), inhibition (F=0.46 and p-value=0.001), defensiveness (F=11.89 and p-value =0.001) and total score emotional repression (F=93.90 and p-value =0.001) and this effect was significant in the follow-up phase.

Tarning self-esteem can be considered as a valid and effective program for reduced the symptoms of emotional repression by university counseling centers and psychological services for female students.

The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between Mathematical Self-Efficacy and Academic Motivation with emphasis on the role of gender in students. The research method was descriptive correlation. The statistical population included all undergraduate students of Islamic Azad Universities of Tehran province in the academic year 1398-1399. 300 participants were selected as a sample by multi-stage cluster random sampling method. Instruments included self-made Mathematical Self-efficacy Questionnaire and Academic Motivation Scale (AMS) (Vallerand et.al, 1992). The results showed that all four components of The self-made Questionnaire were positively correlated with the Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation components in Vallerand Questionnaire and negatively correlated with Amotivation at the %1 level. The results of fisher test showed that gender significantly moderated the relationship between the components of Mathematical Self-Efficacy and Mathematical Self-Efficacy Stress and Extrinsic Academic Motivation. The type of academic discipline significantly modulated the link between the components of Mathematical Stress, General Mathematical Self-Efficacy, and Mathematical Anxiety with Extrinsic Academic Motivation

The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of the written emotional expression strategy and rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) on the health of infertile women.

 Methods and Materials: 

The research method is quasi-experimental, and data collection was conducted using a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design (three groups), with two experimental groups and one control group. The statistical population of this study consisted of all infertile women living in Tehran in 2023, who had visited infertility centers due to fertility problems and had been classified as infertile by obstetricians and gynecologists. From this population, 45 women were selected using a convenience sampling method and were randomly assigned to two experimental groups (15 participants in each group) and one control group (15 participants). The experimental group undergoing the written emotional expression strategy received eight sessions of 15 to 30 minutes each, while the experimental group undergoing rational emotive behavior therapy received 12 sessions of 60 minutes each. The control group remained on the waiting list. The tools used in the present study included the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ; Goldberg, 1972). Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 24, through both descriptive and inferential statistics (repeated measures ANOVA). 

The results indicated that both interventions (the written emotional expression strategy and rational emotive behavior therapy, in comparison to the control group) had an impact on the components of somatic symptoms, social dysfunction, depression, and anxiety/insomnia. Further, the amount of change in the written emotional expression group regarding the components of anxiety, insomnia, and depression was greater than in the rational emotive behavior therapy group. 

Therefore, considering the effectiveness of the interventions, it can be concluded that both educational interventions, by employing their specific techniques, improved the health of infertile women.

 Academic underperformance in mathematics is widespread across all educational levels. To comprehend its causes, it is crucial to analyze various factors that impact academic advancement in mathematics through their interplay. The present study aimed to develop and validate a mathematics self-efficacy scale for university students.

 The research method was correlational and of instrument development type. The statistical population included all undergraduate students of Islamic Azad Universities in Tehran in 2021, of which 300 were selected as a sample using a multi-stage cluster random sampling method. In the process of scale construction, a set of items was initially selected based on a review of the research literature in the field of mathematics self-efficacy and the identification of valid tests in this area. Then, a preliminary version of the questionnaire was administered to a sample of 300 students. Factor analysis, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, and Pearson correlation coefficient were used to analyze the data.

 Based on the results of the exploratory factor analysis, the mathematics self-efficacy scale consisted of four components: mathematical achievement and success, general mathematical self-efficacy, mathematical anxiety, and mathematical stress. Cronbach’s alpha for the four components were 0.97, 0.95, 0.95, and 0.93, respectively. The results of the convergent validity evaluation showed that all four components of the mathematics self-efficacy scale were positively correlated with the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation components of the Academic Motivation Scale and negatively correlated with academic motivation.

 The components of the mathematics self-efficacy scale had acceptable internal consistency and convergent validity. Therefore, it can be concluded that the designed scale can be used as a valid tool to measure the level of mathematics self-efficacy in university students.

Education regarding illness in individuals with chronic diseases is a critical factor in fostering empowerment and enhancing patients' understanding of their conditions. Therefore, this study was designed to compare the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Reality Therapy (RT) in improving illness perception among women with multiple sclerosis (MS).

This quasi-experimental research was conducted using a pretest-posttest design and a 2-month follow-up with a control group. The research population included all married women with MS in Hamedan in 2023. Of these, 3 groups of 15 people were selected using the convenience sampling method and randomly divided into experimental and control groups and responded to Broadbent et al.'s Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire in three stages of pre-test, post-test, and follow-up. The subjects in the experimental group were treated with the ACT and RT approaches for a total of eight sessions, with each session lasting 60 minutes and held weekly as a group. In contrast, the control group did not receive any educational intervention. The data were statistically analyzed in SPSS software using a covariance test and a significant level of p<0.05.

The results showed that there was no significant difference between the mean scores of pre-test, post-test, and follow-up illness perception in the three groups. Regarding the between-group factor, the calculated F value was not significant at a level smaller than 0.05 (Eta=0.048, P<0.05, F=1.052). As a result, there was no significant difference between the overall mean illness perception in the three experimental and control groups.

According to the results of this study, it can be said that ACT and RT lead to improved disease perception in women with MS; however, the effect of RT was greater than that of ACT.

The present study was to investigate the efficacy of acceptance and commitment therapy in the context of infertile women’s emotional expression and sexual function. The study was a quasi-experimental design with pretest-posttest and control group design, with a two-month follow-up period. The statistical population included infertile women who submitted referrals to the infertility clinics at Mother and Child Hospital and Samar infertility clinic in Shiraz during the winter of 2021. The experimental and control groups were randomly assigned to 36 infertile women who were selected through the voluntary sampling procedure. Over the course of two and a half months, the experimental group was subjected to ten sessions of acceptance and commitment therapy. In this study, the Emotional Expression Questionnaire (EEQ) (King, Emmons, 1990) and the Sexual Function Questionnaire (Keraskian, Mojembari, and Kaiballah, 2014) were implemented. The SPSS23 software was used to analyze the collected data using mixed ANOVA. The findings indicated that acceptance and commitment therapy has a substantial impact on the emotional expression and sexual function of infertile women (p<0.001). Through the development of psychological resilience and mental acceptance, acceptance and commitment therapy can be employed as an effective approach to enhance the emotional expression and sexual function of infertile women, as indicated by the study’s results.

Interventions based on mindfulness are considered to be one of the cognitive-behavioral treatments, the inclusion of which in patients reduces the psychological stress resulting from such diseases as breast cancer in patients. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction training on the catastrophizing of cancer pain and the tolerance of helplessness caused by the treatment of breast cancer patients.

The present research was an interventional study. The statistical population included all patients with breast cancer treated at Shahada Tajrish Hospital Cancer Center in 2023. A total of 30 patients were selected based on the inclusion criteria and randomly assigned to two groups: experimental (n=15) and control (n=15). Based on Ashrafi's training package, the experimental group received eight 120-minute sessions of stress reduction training based on mindfulness; nonetheless, the control group did not receive any intervention. The standard questionnaires on pain catastrophizing by Sullivan, Bishop, and Pewick and tolerance of helplessness by Simmons and Gaher were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using multivariate covariance analysis in SPSS software (version 26).

The mean age scores of subjects in the experimental and control groups were 36.26±6.04 and 47.5±7.59 years, respectively, and there was no significant relationship between the two groups in terms of age (P=0.689). The findings pointed out that a mindfulness-based stress reduction program was effective in reducing pain catastrophizing and tolerance of helplessness among women with breast cancer (P<0.05). Therefore,  mindfulness-based stress reduction training reduced pain catastrophizing and increased tolerance of helplessness in women with breast cancer in the experimental group.

As evidenced by the results of this study, the use of cognitive behavioral therapy integrated with mindfulness can be an effective treatment in reducing perceived pain and catastrophizing and increasing pain self-efficacy. Therefore, it is suggested that this treatment method be taught to psychologists by experts in different hospital centers.

The present study was conducted to analyze the focal relationship of the contribution of mental adaptation to cancer, health literacy, and perceived threat in predicting the early diagnosis of breast cancer.

This study was a descriptive correlational research. The statistical population of the present study included all women with breast cancer under treatment at Shohadaye Tajrish Hospital Cancer Treatment Center in 2023, and 310 people were determined to participate in the research using G*Power software and the available sampling method. They responded to Williams, Templin, and Hines's breast cancer literacy questionnaires, Champion's perceived threat questionnaire, Watson's mental adaptation to cancer and early diagnosis questionnaire. The data were also analyzed using a focal correlation test and multiple regression.

The results showed that there is a significant relationship between the contribution variables of mental adaptation, perceived threat, and health literacy with the components of early cancer diagnosis (knowledge, attitude, and actions) (P ≤ 0.01). Also, the results showed that health literacy was 4.8%, mental compatibility was 3.4 percent and perceived threat 18.7% alone predicted the variance of early diagnosis of breast cancer. The perceived threat share is 38.9%, higher than all other variables.

Based on the statistical results, it can be said that increasing mental adaptability, perceived threat, and health literacy play a role in early disease diagnosis, and the importance of perceived threat is more significant than mental adaptability and health literacy, which should be considered.

Mental health issues are not new phenomena; throughout history, they have been examined from various perspectives. Today, there are hundreds of psychotherapy approaches, each addressing different aspects of psychological problems with its own philosophy and methods. The diversity of psychotherapies demonstrates that psychotherapy is effective for many psychological conditions, and various forms have similar effectiveness. Not only is there no substantial and meaningful difference in outcomes between different therapies, but there is also limited evidence to suggest that any one treatment consistently outperforms the others. This broad range of efficacy indicates that human experience is multidimensional, with the dynamic interaction of biological, cognitive-behavioral, unconscious, and existential factors playing an undeniable role in shaping mental health. It appears that any approach that focuses solely on one dimension will fail to offer a comprehensive understanding and treatment. Our concept of integrative therapy involves the dynamic understanding of the interaction among the four main dimensions of human psychology: the role of the brain and neurotransmitters, genetics, and physiological processes in the psychological experience; the impact of internal conflicts, early experiences, and unconscious motivations; the role of perception, cognition, emotions, external and internal behaviors, and habitual patterns; and, finally, meaning, self-awareness, free will, and individual responsibility. We believe that while single-paradigm approaches cannot tell the whole story, together, they can function within a larger system known as dynamic integrative psychotherapy, addressing many of the ambiguities in psychotherapy.

Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT) is a type of psychotherapy that was initially designed to improve the mood and prevent the relapse of people with bipolar disorder, and for this purpose, understanding and working with biological and social rhythms and training interpersonal skills It is focused. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of IPSRT in combination with motivational interviewing (MI) on reducing the symptoms of major depression with anxiety distress, which is one of the most common and debilitating mental disorders.

In this study, IPSRT was combined with MI in the form of a single-case study design with multiple baselines. The subjects included 2 people (one male and one female) with low vision suffering from major depressive disorder with anxiety distress who were selected by the purpose-based accessible sampling method in September 2022 from among the members of the Mashhad welfare student WhatsApp group. After the stability of the research variables in the baseline, the subjects underwent 12 weekly 1-hour therapy sessions with a follow-up period of 2, 1, and 3 months. Beck's depression and anxiety questionnaires were used to evaluate changes in baseline, treatment and follow-up. Data analysis was done with the help of stable change index, effect size, improvement percentage and visual analysis of the graph.

The results showed that this treatment has made clinically and statistically significant changes (P<0.005) in reducing symptoms of depression and accompanying anxiety.

Findings support that IPSRT in combination with MI is effective in reducing symptoms of major depression and associated anxiety.

The impact of cultural context on the psychological adaptation of women to breast cancer (BC) has been recognized as significant. Consequently, the primary objective of this study was to gain insight into women's life experiences, taking into account the role of culture in forming BC-related experiences.

This research was conducted with a qualitative phenomenological design to detect the experiences of women living with BC. The statistical population of this research included Iranian women with BC who referred to educational and oncology centers affiliated with the medical sciences universities in Iran and were members of the Tehran BC virtual group. The samples were selected using purposeful and snowball sampling methods. The required data were collected by holding semi-structured and in-depth interviews with 11 women in stages 1, 2, and 3 of BC in the age range of 29 to 51 years. The interview guide was semi-structured questions.

The main concepts indicating cultural factors affecting BC adaptation were extracted. In this regard, the challenges of women with BC were as follows: fear of cancer, financial and occupational problems, changes in motherhood role, perceived concerns about the unpredictability of social conditions, unhealthy sympathy from relatives and community members, and the issue of cancer as a taboo. Moreover, some strategies were adopted to cope with the threatening conditions of this disease: Spirituality, perceived support, maintaining individual abilities, and emotional expression.

Individuals' culture affects the formation of their experiences and adaptation to BC. Interventions culturally tailored to individuals’ needs can play a more effective role by using a common language (i.e., culture).

One of the most common psychological disorders among children, adolescents and adults, is anxiety disorders. These disorders include a complex of disorders that their common features are fear, anxiety, and behavioral distress. Various causes and factors are involved in appearance of the disorder. The aim of this study was to examine the mediating role of transdiagnostic factors in relationship between stressful events and generalized anxiety.

Methods and Materials: 

The research method was non-experimental causal. The statistical population was all students of public universities of science and technology ministry in Tehran. Among them 700 students were selected by convenience sampling. And the data were gathered through internet-based questionnaires. The instruments included generalized anxiety scale (short-form) (2006), Freeston’s intolerance of ‎uncertainty (1994), cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire (short-form) (2006), acceptance and action questionnaire (2011), life events scale (1971), and meta-cognitive beliefs questionnaire. To analyze the data structural equation modeling (SEM) was used through Amos software version 26.

The results showed that the indirect effect of stressful events on generalized anxiety disorder by mediating role of transdiagnostic factors is significant (p<0.05). The estimates of the findings indicated that intolerance of uncertainty has equal coefficients in mediating of stressful events and generalized anxiety (p<0.05). Also, results revealed that compatible and incompatible emotion regulation, experiential avoidance, and metacognitive beliefs as transdiagnostic factors have significant role in mediating in relationship between stressful events and generalized anxiety (p<0.05).

Regarding the obtained findings based on analyzing data, it can be mentioned that transdiagnostic factors has a mediating role between stressful events and generalized anxiety. Therefore, it is highly important to pay attention to transdiagnostic factors in treatment of patients suffering from generalized anxiety disorder.

 Although sexual function (SF) and sexual satisfaction (SS) are the essential factors influenced negatively by infertility and may be associated with delaying or disrupting infertility treatment, no systematic review has assessed the results of these studies so far.

 The present study aimed to systematically review published interventional research regarding SF and SS among infertile individuals.

 In this systematic review, the databases of PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, PsycInfo, Google Scholar, and SID were searched to retrieve the relevant studies in Persian and English languages up to August 2021.  

 23 interventional studies were included in this systematic review, of which only 2 were low quality based on the critical appraisal skills programme checklist. The interventions of the included studies were classified into 2 main categories: educational and psychological interventions for increasing the SF and SS among infertile women or couples. 

 There was no clear evidence to understand the most effective method for increasing SF and satisfaction among couples with infertility. Based on the results of the included studies, all of them showed the effectiveness of the various interventions performed on sexual health dimensions among couples with infertility. This systematic review showed that most SF studies were educational, whereas the SS were more psychologically interventional. Conducting standardized and high-quality randomized controlled trials focusing on SF and SS is recommended.

Heart disease is one of the most common diseases in the world. The aim of the current research was the efficacy of written emotional expression training on adherence to treatment in heart patients.
The present study was practical and quasi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a two-month follow-up with a control group. The statistical population included all patients with heart problems in the west of Tehran city, 40 of whom were selected by available sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. They completed Medanlo adherence to treatment questionnaire (2013). The data was analyzed using the repeated measurement variance analysis method with the help of SPSSV19 software.
The results showed that there was a significant difference in the adherence to treatment variable and all its components (F=7.332 and P<0.01). After the intervention in the variables of interest in treatment (F=7.694 and P<0.01), willingness to participate (F=6.959 and P<0.01), ability to adapt (F=14.113 and P<0.01), integration of treatment with life (F=9.953 and P<0.01), adherence to treatment (F=6.891 and P<0.01), commitment to treatment (F=6.892 and P<0.01), doubt in implementing the treatment (F=19.877 and P<0.01) and adherence to treatment (F=43.134 and P<0.01) of the group.
Finally, it can be concluded that the use of written emotional expression training has elevated the adherence to treatment and its components in heart patients. Therefore psychologists, counselors, cardiologists, and clinical and health professionals can benefit from this training in order to improve the adherence to treatment of heart patients.

Objective (s): Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women, which seriously affects patients’ psychological wellbeing. There are many interventions to deal with psychological impact of the disease. This study aimed to review the effectiveness of spiritual therapy in breast cancer patient. The secondary aim was to review studies that compared the effectiveness of spiritual therapy with others psychological interventions.

This scoping review examined studies published in Persian language with related keywords, including ‘spiritual therapy’ and ‘breast cancer’ in Google Scholar up to July 2023. The data were extracted and tabulated to summarize evidence.

Overall, 554 article were retrieved. After excluding unrelated articles, 27 articles (18 articles reporting effectiveness of spiritual therapy and 9 articles comparing effectiveness of the spiritual therapy with others psychological interventions) were selected for final review. All studies confirmed the effectiveness of spiritual therapy on improved quality of life, resilience and hope. It also reduced anxiety, stress, depression, fear of the cancer among breast cancer patients. The findings showed that spiritual therapy is more effective than other psychological interventions except 2 studies that showed other psychological interventions are more effective.

The findings showed that spiritual therapy was effective on improving the quality of life, resilience, hope and decreasing the fear of cancer, anxiety, stress and depression.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of unified trans-diagnostic treatment on the emotional expression and sexual function of the infertile women. It was a quasi-experimental study with pretest, posttest and control group design. Two-month follow-up period was administered too. The statistical population included infertile women who referred to Infertility Clinic at Mother and Child Hospital and Samar Infertility Clinic in the city of Shiraz in the winter of 2021. Thirty six infertile women were selected through voluntary sampling method and randomly accommodated into experimental and control groups. The experimental group received ten sessions of unified trans-diagnostic treatment during two-and-a-half-months. The applied questionnaires in this study included Emotional Expression Questionnaire (EEQ) (King, Emmons, 1990) and Sexual Function Questionnaire (Keraskian, Mojembari and Kaiballah, 2014). The collected data were analyzed through mixed ANOVA via SPSS23 software. The results showed that unified trans-diagnostic treatment has significant effect on the emotional expression (F=39.82; Eta=0.54; P<0001) and sexual function (F=31.88; Eta=0.49; P<0001) in the infertile women. According to the findings of the present study it can be concluded that unified trans-diagnostic treatment can be used as an efficient therapy to improve emotional expression and sexual function in the infertile women through employing techniques such as identifying emotions, emotional awareness, cognitive reassessment, and identifying patterns of emotion avoidance.

Propose: The present study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of unified trans-diagnostic treatment on the infertility stress and Cognitive fusion in infertile women’s.

It was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest and control group design. Two-month follow-up period was administered too. The statistical population included infertile women who referred to infertility clinic at Mother and Child Hospital and Samar infertility clinic in the city of Shiraz in the winter of 2021. 36 infertile women were selected through voluntary sampling method and randomly accommodated into experimental and control groups. The experimental group received ten sessions of unified trans-diagnostic treatment during two-and-a-half-months. The applied questionnaires in this study included Infertility stress Questionnaire (Newton, Sherrard, Glavac, 1999) and Cognitive fusion Questionnaire (Gillanders et al, 2010). The collected data were analyzed through mixed ANOVA via SPSS23 software.

The results showed that unified trans-diagnostic treatment has significant effect on the infertility stress (F=50.03; Eta=0.59; P<0001) and Cognitive fusion (F=91.36; Eta=0.72; P<0001) in infertile women’s.

According to the findings of the present study it can be concluded that unified trans-diagnostic treatment can be used as an efficient intervention to improve infertility stress and Cognitive fusion in infertile women’s through employing techniques such as identify emotions, emotional awareness, cognitive reassessment, and identify patterns of emotion avoidance.

Cardiovascular disease is a part of the chronic diseases that cause of the death of many people annually. It is vital to consider different psychological treatments in these patients. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based therapy on chronic stress and disease perception in heart patients.

The current study was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design with a two-month follow-up and a control group. From among all the heart patients in West Tehran, 40 people were selected by convenience sampling and assigned in two groups (Experimental and Control). In the pre-test, post-test and follow-up stages, the participants completed Wheaton's (1991) Chronic Stress Questionnaires and Brodbent et al.'s (2006) disease Perception Questionnaires. Then the experimental group received mindfulness treatment. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance and repeated measure and with the help of SPSSV19 software.

The results illustrated that there is a significant difference between the groups in the variables of chronic stress (F=5.91) and illness perception (F=10.72) (P<0.05). In the experimental group, after the experimental intervention, a significant decrease in chronic stress and an increase in the illness perception was reported.

According to the results, mindfulness intervention has led to a reduction of chronic stress and an increase in disease perception in heart patients. Therefore, the knowledge of counselors, psychologists, cardiologists and clinical and health professionals about these variables can help in reducing chronic stress and increasing disease perception in heart patients.

Autoimmune and chronic diseases cause many psychological problems by directly and indirectly affecting the nervous system. Lupus is one of the autoimmune diseases that, in addition to the problems caused by the nature of the disease itself, the side effects of its drugs also cause emotional and mental disturbances. The prevalence of lupus in women is about 9 times higher than in men, and the patients are usually between 15 and 45 years old. In Iran, according to a study conducted by the Rheumatology Research Center of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, lupus has a prevalence of 40 in 100,000, that is, 1 person per 2,500 Iranians is diagnosed with lupus. People with lupus Erythematosus experience many skin ulcers, joint pains, periodicity of the disease, side effects of medications, and stressful events. In the framework of psychological interventions for people with lupus, in recent years acceptance-based therapy (ACT) and commitment is a non-pharmacological strategy and among the effective treatment lines for patients with physical diseases. This therapeutic approach is part of the third wave of behavioral therapies, which aims to help clients achieve a more valuable and satisfying life by increasing psychological flexibility and not focusing solely on cognitive reconstructions. Research has emphasized the effectiveness of cognitive functions and attention management and executive function by ACT in patients with chronic diseases. For example, Menshi et al showed in their research in 2015 that ACT can improve people's executive function by adjusting incompatible schemas, however, no research was found regarding the effectiveness of this treatment method in people with lupus. In addition to ACT, another psychological approach and non-pharmacological strategies that have been proposed to improve psychological and functional variables such as attention and executive function in people with lupus is short-term intensive dynamic psychotherapy (ISTDP). The goal of ISTDP or psychoanalysis is to help clients achieve a full experience of repressed emotions and the fantasies and memories that are repressed by these emotions. By clarifying defenses and challenging them, ISTDP focuses on experiencing unconscious feelings and emotions to increase awareness. It is a psychological process that can help you change how you react to life's inevitable hardships. The review of the literature showed that even though several studies on the effectiveness of ACT and also the ISTDP approach have been conducted separately on different populations, no study compares these two treatment approaches in patients with lupus Erythematosus. The present study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of ACT and ISTDP on attention and executive function in lupus Erythematosus patients.

The current research was a semi-experimental single-subject type with multiple baseline designs. The participants of this study were 6 people with lupus, members of the Lupus Patients Support Association in Tehran, who were selected as available and randomly assigned to two groups of three. The tools used in the research included the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and the Stroop Test. The subjects of the first group received ACT and the subjects of the second group (ISTDP) individually in 8 sessions of 90 minutes. To analyze the data, the effect size was used.

Regarding effect size calculations in Stroop dimensions between treatment groups, the results generally showed that the ACT method had a more significant effect than ISTDP in the extent of reaction time. In terms of reducing the number of errors in the error of the first stage, the effect size in the ACT group is medium and in the ISTDP group, slightly too high, in the second and third stages, both are high, but the magnitude of the effect is higher in the second stage in the ISTDP and in the third stage in the ACT group. Regarding the calculation of effect size and index of stable change in Wisconsin dimensions between treatment groups, the results of the study also showed that the average effect size in the residual error of the first and second stages of the Wisconsin test in the ACT group is higher than the average effect of the ISTDP group. In terms of increasing the number of correct answers in the first and second stages, the effect size in the ACT group is lower than in the ISTDP group.

The results of the study showed that despite the effectiveness of ISTDP on the attention and executive function of patients with lupus Erythematosus, ACT had more effectiveness than ISTDP on the attention and executive function of patients with lupus Erythematosus, hence this approach along with other approaches The existing treatment is recommended as a suitable option to improve attention and executive function in people with lupus Erythematosus. It is also suggested that health therapists pay attention to the findings of this research and the discussion of executive functions to enrich their diagnostic formulation, and if they find a symptom in executive functions, they should use cognitive interventions in this direction. Due to the problems in collecting samples from patients with lupus Erythematosus, the available sampling method was used in this research. Therefore, the selected sample group is less representative of the entire society and the results cannot be generalized. Also, this research was considered without a control group and follow-up stage. The same researcher and therapist in ACT may also increase the possibility of bias in the results. Also, in this research, the effect of moderating variables such as gender was not investigated, which may have distorted the results.