fardin ali malayeri

 Regarding the increasing resistance of bacteria against antibiotics and the existence of antibacterial compounds in plants, we here investigated the antimicrobial effects of the methanolic extracts of several plants on pathogenic bacteria.

 Ten grams of the dry ingredients of Eryngium caucasicum trautv (leaf), Saponaria officinalis (flower), Froriepia subpinnata (leaf), Malva sylvestris (leaf), and Urtica dioica (leaf) was poured in 100 mL of methanol and shaken for 24 hours. After 24 hours, the extracts were strained and dried in the oven, and their antimicrobial activity at the 100 mg/mL concentration was evaluated against the mentioned bacteria using the sinkhole method.

 The plant extracts inhibited the growth of all bacteria in various degrees. Among all the plant extracts used, that of F. subpinnata delivered the largest diameter of growth inhibition zone (6 mm) against S. dysenteriae, and the extracts of E. caucasicum and F. subpinnata showed the largest diameter of inhibition zone against Xanthomonas translucens. Also, the extract of M. sylvestris delivered the largest inhibition zone diameter (8 mm) against E. coli.

 Our results showed that the methanolic extract of E. caucasicum was the most effective plant extract against S. dysenteriae, Rathayibacter tritici, and L. monocytogenes, but M. sylvestris extract revealed the greatest impact on E. coli. It is recommended to further investigate the antibacterial compounds of these plants as potential treatments for bacterial infections.

A healthy diet provides the body with essential nutrition that includes fluids, macronutrients, and micronutrients and calories. The liver is one of the most important organs in the body that has the function of detoxification and cleansing, and smoking causes an additional burden for the detoxification function of the liver, which can lead to inflammation and fatty liver. This study was designed to investigate the effects of smoking on liver function.

This is a cross-sectional descriptive analytical study in which the relationship between smoking and the type of nutrition of liver enzymes in healthy people and people who smoke was investigated in Zabol. In this study, 150 people were selected who were divided into two groups of healthy people without smoking (75 people) and people with smoking with liver problems (75 people).

There was no statistical relationship between age and levels of AST and ALT liver enzymes (P> 0.05), but there was a relationship between weight and levels of liver enzymes AST and ALT. Hepatitis also increased (P <0.05). There was a statistical relationship between alcohol consumption with AST and ALT liver enzymes, ie the more alcohol consumption, the higher the amount of liver enzymes (P <0.05). There was no statistically significant relationship between fruit and vegetable consumption, rice consumption, meat consumption and water consumption (P> 0.05). Discussion and

This relationship is positive and direct, in other words, the higher the consumption of tobacco, the higher the activity of liver enzymes ALT and AST.

Extraction by conventional methods such as Soxhlet requires a long time and the possibility of damage to heatsensitive compounds.

In this study, modern ultrasoundmethods used to perform and investigate the antibacterial properties of plant extracts were compared.

The extracts of Mentha piperita, Rosmarinus officinalis, and Withania somnifera were prepared by an ultrasound device. Ten Escherichia coli strains were isolated from poultry stool samples. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) plant extracts against E. coli were determined using the microdilution method.

The results showed that the lowest inhibitory concentrations of rosemary, peppermint, and wind cheese extracts prepared by ultrasound were equal to 3.1 mg/mL, while the highest inhibitory concentrations of these extracts were equal to 25, 25, and 50 mg/mL, respectively. The lowest lethal concentrations of rosemary, peppermint, and wind cheese extracts were 6.25 mg/mL, while the highest inhibitory concentrations of these extracts were 25, 25, and 50 mg/mL, respectively. The lowest bactericidal concentrations of rosemary, peppermint, and wind cheese extracts prepared by ultrasonic waves were equal to 6.25 mg/mL, while the highest lethal concentrations of these extracts were equal to 50, 25, and 100 mg/mL, respectively.

According to the findings of the study, it can be concluded that the use of ultrasonic waves is a fast, effective, and economical method for extracting plant components. In addition, the methanolic extract of peppermint has the most inhibitory and lethal properties.

One of the most important bacterial species transmitted through the use of aquatic products is Escherichia coli. The main aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial effects of ethanolic, methanolic, and ethyl acetate extracts of green tea on Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes.
 

The samples of Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes were purchased from the company and an antibiotic resistance pattern was determined. Finally, the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of ethanolic, methanolic, and ethyl acetate extracts of green tea were investigated.
 

The results of this study showed that the lowest inhibitory concentration is related to ethyl acetate extract of green tea against E. coli, while the highest inhibitory concentration is related to methanolic extract of green tea against Listeria monocytogenes.
 

It is worth mentioning that high concentrations of ethanolic, methanolic, and ethyl acetate can be used as a natural antibacterial in fish products.

Context: 

Infectious diseases are the cause of death worldwide. As antibiotic resistance is rising, researchers are looking for new therapies. The Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli, causes acquired hospital infections and results in intestinal infections and many infections out of the intestine, like urinary tract infections (UTI), cholecystitis, wound infections, meningitis, septicemia, pulmonary infections, etc. Plants are a good source of bioactive compounds; hence, they can be effective in treating several illnesses. The purpose of this research was to peruse the antibacterial activity of various herbal extracts on E. coli. Evidence Acquisition: This research was obtained from various articles published from 2000 to 2017 from the PubMed, ScienceDirect, Springer, Islamic Science Citation, and Magiran databases. The keywords used were E. coli, herbs, natural antibiotics, and antimicrobial activity.

The results showed that the ethanolic extracts of medicinal plants showed better inhibitory function against E. coli than other solvents.

The obtained results showed that medicinal herbs can be considered as the main medicinal agents capable of affecting infections caused by E. coli.

H. pylori infection has a strong association with prevalence of iron deficiency and gastric cancer (GC). Cancer cells reprogram the iron metabolism in order to provide required iron. H. pylori is also need iron for its own growth and reproduction. SLC11A2 encodes a member of the solute carrier family 11 protein family which involved in transportation of divalent metals and iron absorption. We evaluated the relative expression of SLC11A2 in patients with GC and its relation to H. pylori infection and pathological characteristics of tumor.

Forty-five patients with GC were involved in this research of whom 24 patients have been infected with H. pylori. Relative expression of SLC11A2 gene was estimated by quantitative real-time PCR. The relationship of SLC11A2 expression change with Pathological characteristics such as size and grade of tumor cells, lympho-vascular and perineural invasion and clinical stage of disease were evaluated in both infected and uninfected patients.

SLC11A2 relative expression was significantly higher (P =0.026) in GC patients infected with H. pylori (11.33 ± 5.22) in comparison to those without infection (2.56 ± 0.65). Although it was not statistically significant, the expression of SLC11A2 in all participants was higher at higher stages (III &IV) of disease (9.84 ± 4.35) in comparison to those with lower stages (2.54 ± 0.75). However, among the patients infected with H. pylori, SLC11A2 expression was significantly (P= 0.027) upregulated in the higher stages of disease (16 ± 7.6) compare to the lower stages (1.8 ± 1.06).

SLC11A2 is probably a target gene for H. pylori in order to supply its need to iron. The relative expression changes of SLC11A2 in GC patients were associated with the infection of H. pylori, and pattern of its association with the prognosis of the disease changes in the presence and absence of infection with H. pylori.

Antifungals have always been considered as one of the astonishing discoveries of the 20th century. This is correct, but the real marvel is the development of antifungal resistance in hospitals, communities, and the environment concomitant with their use. Fungal infections have emerged as an important clinical threat, with significant associated morbidity and mortality.  This study is designed to provide a comprehensive view of antifungal agents and related agents. Information was based on the expertise of some literatures. Over the past decades, the incidence and diversity of fungal infection has grown in association with an increasing number of immunocompromised patients. An understanding of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics properties of the classes of antifungal compounds is vital for the effective management of invasive fungal infections. This review provides a summary of the pharmacologic principles involved in treatment of fungal diseases.  Clinical needs for novel antifungal agents have altered steadily with the rise and fall of AIDS-related mycoses, and the change in spectrum of fatal disseminated fungal infections that has accompanied change in therapeutic immunosuppressive therapies.