farzaneh sheikholeslami

In the 21st century, the deadly viral disease rabies continues to claim victims. After entering the cell, the rabies virus (RABV) utilizes growth and transcription factors or certain cell proteins to evade the immune system. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is an essential intracellular kinase that positively interacts with the rabies phosphoprotein, which is not only a multifunctional protein with transcription and replication activity but also an interferon (IFN) antagonist, benefiting the RABV. It has been proven that heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), a crucial cellular chaperone, along with cell division cycle 37 (Cdc37), a co-chaperone of Hsp90 that can function independently, are involved in the maturation, stabilization, and activation of the RABV. When the RABV infects the cell, it exploits FAK, Hsp90, and Cdc37 for its survival and replication.

This study aims to eliminate the positive effects of FAK, Hsp90, and Cdc37 on the RABV to increase the survival time of RABV-infected cells.

We investigated the effect of FAK inhibition with PF-573,228 and the prevention of Hsp90 or Cdc37 protein expression with shRNAs on the rabies P protein in infected cells. Techniques used in our research included MTT assay, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and Western blot analysis.

The results showed a robust decrease in P protein and the titer of the RABV in cells treated with PF-573,228 or transfected with Hsp90 and Cdc37 ShRNAs. However, this did not lead to the complete elimination of P protein expression, indicating that FAK, Hsp90, and Cdc37 are not the only factors the RABV uses for reproduction and survival.

According to our results, FAK has the most significant association with rabies P protein during replication, followed by Hsp90 and Cdc37, respectively.

Self-harm is a serious health concern, and is relatively common among adolescents. The quality-of-service delivery to self-harming patients is related to the knowledge and attitude of nurses.

This study aimed to determine the knowledge and attitude of emergency department (ED) nurses from northern Iran regarding the care of self-harming adolescents and find the related factors.

This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on 208 ED nurses with over 6 months of work experience in the ED of hospitals in Rasht, Iran. They were selected using a census sampling method. The data collection tool was a three-part questionnaire including a sociodemographic form, the attitudes towards deliberate self-harm questionnaire (ADSHQ), and Letho et al.’s knowledge scale. The collected data were analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Shapiro-Wilks test, Mann-Whitney U test, multiple linear regression analysis, and the Spearman correlation test.

The mean age of the nurses was 34.8±7.8 years, and the majority of them were female (90.9%) with a bachelor’s degree (88.5%). The mean total score of knowledge was 0.67±0.12. Nurses’ attitudes were mostly positive, and the total ADSHQ score was 3.59±0.28. The ADSHQ score was significantly different based on nurses’ age (P=0.03) and experience in caring for self-harming adolescents (P=0.033). The ADSHQ score had a positive correlation with the knowledge score (r=0.252, P=0.001). The knowledge score was significantly different based on marital status (P=0.042) and experience in caring for self-harming adolescents (P=0.016). The significant factors for the ADSHQ score in the multiple regression model were the risk factors domain of the knowledge (β=0.334, 95%CI; 1.527%, 3.367%, P=0.001), age (β=0.184, 95% CI; 0.061%, 0.323%, P=0.004) and experience in caring for self-harming adolescents (β=2.4, 95% CI; 0.340%, 4.595%, P=0.023).

Nurses’ knowledge in caring of the intentional self-harm adolescents was moderate and their attitude towards these adolescents was positive. In the EDs, it is recommended that nurses with experience dealing with self-harming adolescents be employed. Also, retraining programs should be provided to ED nurses to improve their knowledge and positive attitudes towards caring for self-harming adolescents, focusing on increasing empathy and perceived confidence.

Rabies is a deadly viral disease that persists in many countries, causing mortality in both humans and animals. Raising public awareness is crucial for rabies control, and World Rabies Day serves as an annual platform to educate communities and promote strategies for the prevention and eventual elimination of this disease globally. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of the World Rabies Day conference, held on September 28, 2024, which adopted a One Health approach to coordinate the activities of the Ministry of Health, the Veterinary Organization, and the WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Rabies. The conference aimed to disseminate information and enhance the capacity of targeted health professionals across Iran to implement effectively rabies control strategies.

This conference was conducted in a hybrid format, featuring both in-person and online sessions. Participants could attend either in person or virtually via webinar. Key topics discussed included rabies virology and pathogenesis, epidemiology, the roles of veterinary organizations and the Iranian CDC, education and prevention strategies, treatment protocols, and virus detection methods. The insights gained from this scientific event are expected to inform policy decisions and guide the efforts of health authorities and relevant organizations in effectively controlling rabies in Iran. 

Raising awareness about rabies virus virulence and the importance of rabies control within both medical and veterinary fields is crucial for achieving elimination goals. By providing targeted training to health professionals and educating the public, the conference and the broader One Health approach can contribute to significant progress towards rabies control and eventual elimination in Iran. This integrated approach fosters collaboration and strengthens the capacity for effective rabies prevention and control measures.

Cellular stress, induced by diverse factors including viral infection, reactive oxygen species (ROS), hypoxia, and toxin exposure, disrupts normal cellular function. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is pivotal in managing cellular stress, notably through the unfolded protein response (UPR) and ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathways. This intricate process involves a complex interplay of transcription factors and signaling molecules. During viral infection, cells activate a multifaceted antiviral response, which is specifically modulated by both the virus type and the molecular mechanisms of the host's immune system. For instance, certain viruses like Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) exploit multiple cellular pathways for replication and propagation. Viral infection can significantly impact cellular processes like autophagy and apoptosis, either promoting or suppressing these pathways. Thus, the cellular response to viral infection represents a dynamic interplay that can either benefit the host or be exploited by the virus for its propagation. For instance, viruses within the Flaviviridae family often preserve host cell viability during early infection to enhance replication, subsequently triggering apoptosis or other cell death mechanisms to facilitate viral dissemination. This review explores the diverse responses of infected cells to various viruses, highlighting the complex molecular strategies employed by both host and pathogen.

During the COVID-19 epidemic, the mental status of nurses and other healthcare workers was strongly influenced by environmental conditions. 

This study aimed to determine the association between social support and resilience with the mediating role of self-efficacy in nurses working in public hospitals.

In this cross-sectional study, 220 nurses working in the educational and medical centers of Rasht City, Iran, in 2021 were recruited by simple random sampling. The general self-efficacy scale, multidimensional scale of perceived social support questionnaire, and Connor and Davidson resilience scale were used to collect data. The Pearson correlation coefficient test was used to investigate the linear relationship of the variables. To evaluate the fit of the proposed model, the chi-square test, degrees of freedom, goodness of fit index, Tucker-Lewis index, comparative fit index, and root mean square error of approximation were calculated. Bootstrap test was used to investigate the role of self-efficacy in the middle of social support and resilience and to assess the direct effects of variables.  

The results showed that 201 women (91.4%) and 19 men (8.6%), with a mean age of 36±8.43 years, participated in this study. Moreover, 25.5% and 74.5% of participants worked in COVID-19 or non-COVID-19 wards, respectively. Data analysis using the Bootstrap test showed that self-efficacy mediated between social support and resilience (P=0.001). Also, the study findings have shown that the direct effects of social support on resilience are significant, with a path coefficient of 0.203 (P=0.004), so when social support increases, resilience increases, too. Also, in this research, the direct path of self-efficacy on resilience was significant with a path coefficient of 0.595 (P=0.001), so when self-efficacy increases, resilience increases, too.

Findings of this study have shown that nurses’ self-efficacy serves as a mediator in the relationship between social support and productivity. Empirical evidence suggests that individuals who receive greater social support exhibit heightened levels of self-efficacy.

Precise diagnosis is crucial for implementing suitable and timely treatment strategies, especially when dealing with life-threatening infections like rabies. Rapid diagnosis of rabies is crucial for preventing transmission to the patient’s immediate contacts and medical staff, thereby controlling the further spread of the virus. Conventional methods for detecting rabies are either time-consuming or necessitate expensive equipment operated by trained professionals. This paper presents a novel rapid diagnostic method for rabies. This innovative approach leverages an isothermal reaction within a single platform, offering results within an hour and eliminating the need for specialized equipment. This method uses Cas13a enzyme, buffer, three guide RNAs, and a probe to detect rabies virus RNA using a lateral flow chromatography technique in samples suspected of rabies virus. After doing the test, the results are indicated by the presence of the control (C) and test (T) lines on the strip. Preliminary evaluations demonstrate that this rapid method correlates well with established diagnostic standards, showing promising sensitivity and specificity values.

The spread of COVID-19 can cause anxiety and depression and lead to adverse outcomes in perinatal period. This study aimed to evaluate anxiety and depression symptoms and associated factors in pregnant and breast feeding women during the COVID-19 pandemic.

This cross-sectional study included 450 pregnant and breast feeding women in Rasht, Iran during the second and third wave of COVID-19 (June-November 2020). Data were collected using convenience and multi-stage sampling in a teaching hospital and six healthcare centers. Anxiety and depression were evaluated by Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 and Patient Health Questionnaire-9, respectively. Descriptive statistics and analytical statistics, including independent t-test, Chi-square test, and logistic regression were used to analyze the data.

Generalized anxiety was seen in 16.9% of pregnant women and 10.7% of breast feeding women (P=0.057). Expectant mothers were 6.64 times more likely to have depressive symptoms compared with breast feeding women (ORAdj=6.64, 95% CI: 2.08-21.15). Comorbid anxiety-depressive symptoms were higher in pregnant women than breast feeding women (6.2% vs. 0.9%, P=0.002). Anxiety was found to be significantly associated with an unemployed husband, having chronic diseases, thinking about COVID-19, and high-risk individuals in the family (P<0.05). Also, there was a significant relationship between depression and pregnancy, less educated husband, and high-risk individuals in the family (P< 0.05).

In this study, pregnant and breast feeding women showed more anxiety symptoms than depression symptoms during COVID-19. Expectant mothers were more likely to have depressive symptoms than breast feeding women. These results emphasize the importance of mental health monitoring to improve perinatal-care quality during epidemics/social crises.

Most people who suffer from chronic pain are exposed to major physical and mental problems and general health disorders throughout their lives. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment group therapy based on pain in patients with chronic low back pain.

This study was a clinical trial and statistical population of 116 patients with chronic low back pain referred to Razi clinic pain clinic. The McGill Pain Questionnaire was used for data collection that its aim to assess people's perception of different dimensions (Sensory perception of pain, Emotional perception of pain, perception of pain Assessment and Various pains). 28 out of 116 patients they have been divided randomly in to a test-group and a control-group each 14 members. Intervention based on ACT has been done on test group for 8 sessions, each 1 hour and half. Finally, quantitative and qualitative tests for descriptive variables and Mann Whitney test Chi-squared test, Fisher exact test and Wilcoxon test with significant level P < 0.05.

A high percentage were female with average age of 40.25 ± 8.10 and there was not any significant statistical difference in their pain score and various dimensions. There was not any statistically significant difference between the pain score and its different dimensions before the intervention. The results of pain score in terms of sensory perception, pain assessment perception and in general before and after the intervention in the test group (P = 0.039) and the overall score between the two groups were statistically significant (P = 0.035). However, there were not any meaningful statistical changes in pain score and its different dimension before, after and three months after intervention in experimental group.

Based on the findings of this study, it seems that acceptance and commitment therapy has been able to affect sensory perception, pain assessment and total score, and may represent new horizons in clinical treatment and can be used as an effective intervention method.

This study aimed to determine prevalence of anxiety and depression and associated factors in the general population of Iran during the COVID-19 pandemic.

We conducted this web-based cross-sectional study on 5328 individuals in Iran between 17th and 29th of April 2020. Data were collected using the convenience sampling method through an anonymous online questionnaire via social media like WhatsApp and Telegram. The online survey collected data on demographic variables, COVID-19-related variables, and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Anxiety and depression were assessed using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), respectively. Simple and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to determine independent predictors of anxiety and depression.

The mean GAD-7 and PHQ-9 total scores were 7.17 (SD = 5.42) and 7.80 (SD = 6.68), respectively. Prevalence of anxiety, depression, and comorbid anxiety-depression were 30.1%, 33.4%, and 22.1%, respectively. According to the adjusted analysis, anxiety was significantly associated with female gender, being young and middle-aged, being unemployed or a housewife, having chronic diseases, spending considerable time thinking about COVID-19, having family members, friends, and/or relatives infected with COVID-19, and death of family members, relatives or friends due to COVID-19. Same results were also found for depression. Furthermore, depression was associated with being single, being resident in urban area, and having high risk individual in family.

Prevalence of anxiety and depression were considerably higher in the general population of Iran during the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, the findings suggest that more attention needs to be paid to vulnerable groups such as women, young/middle-aged adults, the unemployed, and people with chronic disease.

 Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMSs) are emotional and cognitive self-harming patterns formed at the beginning of growth and evolution in mind, and they are repeated and stabilized on the path of life; also, they have a lot of improper functions. This study examined the relationship between communication skills and EMSs in undergraduate students.

In this descriptive-analytical and correlatinal study, using stratified random sampling, 366 participants were selected from students of Islamic Azad University of Rasht in 2019, completed a communication skills questionnaire, demographic questions, as well as the Young Schemas Questionnaire (Early Maladaptive Schemas Questionnaire-short version). Data were then analyzed by SPSS software, t-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient methods.

The majority of participants were female (79%), single (86.9%), and studying in humanities (73.8%). They aged 18 to 43 years (79.5%). Also, the results indicate a negative relationship between communication skills and EMS, which is statistically significant (P≤ 0.01).

Based on the findings, it is concluded that the university students who had more early maladaptive schemas showed poor communication skills.

Family-related factors play an important role in adolescent’s addiction to the Internet.

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between Internet addiction and family functioning in high school students.

This is an analytical  study with a cross-sectional design conducted on 796 high school students in Rasht city, Iran who were selected using multi-stage cluster random sampling method. Data collection tools were a demographic form, the Young’s Internet Addiction Test, and the Family Assessment Device. Chi-Square test and rank-ordered logistic regression analysis were used for data analysis.

The response rate of of students was 86.81%; 85.7% had at least two family members who were using the Internet; 71.2% of students had no addiction, 27.5% were exposed to Internet addiction and 1.3% had Internet addiction. The majority (65.0%) of studnets had unhealthy family functioning. The relationship between Internet addiction and family functioning was statistically significant (P=0,001). There was a significant statistical relationship between Internet addiction and family income (P= 0.003), fatherchr('39')s job (P=0.001), and duartion of internet usage per day (P=0.001). Logistic regression model showed that the family functioning score (OR=1.02, 95% CI;1.01-1.04, P=0.001), duration of Internet usage per day (OR=1.02, 95% CI;1.11-1.20, P=0.0001), and gender (male) (OR=1.02, 95% CI;1.26-2.58, P=0.001) significantly affected Internet addiction.

Due to the direct statistical relationship between Internet addiction and family functioning, it is necessary to pay serious attention to the phenomenon of Internet addiction and make appropriate plans for adolescents and their families to use the Internet properly.

Apoptosis is a programmed cell death in which certain cellular components are packed into small membrane vacuoles by immune cells. Different strains of rabies virus (RABV) have their own biological features, but their effects on apoptosis have been little known. The aim of current research was to evaluate Beclin 1 effect on apoptosis in the mouse infected with the street rabies virus.

 Exogenous Beclin1 overexpressed by the pIRES2-EGFP-Beclin1 vector in the cortex of NMRI mice. To evaluate the apoptosis, TUNEL assay was done on brain tissues of the rabid mice.

 TUNEL assay data showed that small apoptotic cells were seen in the four groups that received the vector alone or with the SRABV, but no significant changes were observed. There are no signs of apoptosis in mouse normal brain cells.

 It was previously proven that overexpression of exogenous Beclin1 could induce autophagy but this study showed that overexpression of Beclin 1 does not cause apoptosis in rabies-infected cells.

In nursing, the communication between the nurse and the child is the core of child care. Some barriers can affect the nurse-patient relationship to have proper communication skills for child care.

This study aimed to examine the correlation between communication skills and early maladaptive schemas in nurses working in pediatric wards.

This is an analytical and correlational study. The participants were 178 nurses working in a children’s hospital in Rasht City, Iran in 2016. The data collection tool was a three-part questionnaire: A demographic form, the interpersonal communication skills scale (ASMA), and the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-SF). The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Friedman and Spearman tests.

The majority of nurses were younger than 30 years (80.8%), had a bachelor’s degree in nursing (89.0%), were married (65.1%), had children (54.8%), were living in urban areas (95.2%), had employment status (63.3%) and less than 15 years of work experience (46.5%). The highest mean scores of ASMA (44.12±0.53) and YSQ-SF tools (2.65±1.04) were related to general communication skills and then disconnection and rejection, respectively. The results of the Spearman correlation test showed that the overall ASMA score had significant negative correlations with early maladaptive schemas of impaired autonomy and performance (r= -0.283), impaired limits (r= -0.421), other-directedness (r= -0.303), and disconnection and rejection (r= -0.302) (P=0.0001).

Nurses who have a higher level of early maladaptive schemas showed poorer communication skills. Examining maladaptive schemas in nurses may provide appropriate strategies to improve their communication skills.

Limited health literacy is a major concern among the elderly because they often need more health information and services to maintain their well-being.

This study was conducted to determine the level of health literacy of elderly members of the National Retirement Fund of Rasht City, Iran.

The present study was an analytical cross-sectional study conducted on 290 retirees of the National Retirement Fund of Rasht City using the convenience sampling method in 2017. The data collection tool was a questionnaire consisting of two sections: personal profile and functional health literacy of adults (TOFHLA: Test of Functional Health Literacy of Adults). TOFHLA consists of two sections: reading comprehension and numeracy, which includes 67 questions (50 questions related to reading comprehension and 17 questions related to numeracy). The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (Chi-square test, Fisher exact-test, analysis of variance, and Independent t-test).

The mean±SD age of the participants was 65.38±4.96 years. About 52.1% of the subjects were men and the rest were women. Also, 54.8% had adequate health literacy. The highest mean±SD score of health literacy was in the field of reading comprehension (36.30±7.90) and the field of numeracy (36.11±11.60). A statistically significant relationship was observed between the level of health literacy and the level of education (P=0.001) and between the level of education of the spouse (P=0.0001) and the history of cancer (P=0.008).

This study showed that about half of the elderly studied had poor health literacy. Providing appropriate training programs may be effective in improving the health of the elderly.

Potency evaluation of rabies vaccine is a cheap, fast, high precision and consistent with ethical values is critical, so researchers have modified a variety of methods such as: National Institute of Health (NIH) method, Single Radial Immunodiffusion (SRID) and so on. The purpose of the present study was to replace an in vitro method consistent with medical ethics criteria instead of an in vivo method. By recognizing that the potency of the rabies vaccine depends on the amount of glycoprotein antigen content and the monoclonal antibody detect the correct folding of antigen of the rabies virus, then the glycoprotein content could be represent of vaccine potency.

In this study, we designed an immune-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with three antibodies (capture, primary and secondary) to determine the existent amount of viral glycoprotein in different rabies vaccines, and compared the results at the same time with measuring potency of those vaccines using the NIH method. This applied study was conducted from September 2016 to September 2018 at the Research Laboratory of the World Health Organization Collaborating Center for reference and research on rabies at the Pasteur Institute of Iran in Tehran.

The slope of the standard line was calculated to R2=0.98 (P=0.0013). In the humans’ vaccines, the mean lied between 5.554-7.336 (SD=0.0463-0.1039) and the coefficient of variation was 0.778-2.436 (SD=0.0041-0.2724), at the same time in the animals’ vaccines the mean were 2.293-5.993 (SD=0.0041-0.2724) and the coefficient of variation was calculated 0.182-4.546. For animal vaccines the Pearson correlation coefficient is 0.99 and for the human vaccines this coefficient was 0.95. Also, the concordance correlation coefficient for animal vaccines was 0.98 and for human vaccines is 0.95, indicating a moderate to high concordance in both animals and humans vaccines.

The designed Immuno-capture ELISA kit had a proper acceptance criterion, intermediate precision, good linearity and robustness for measuring the glycoprotein level of the vaccine, which was directly related to the vaccine potency.

Lower levels of health literacy have been associated with adverse health outcomes, especially for elderly. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 290 retired elder from the Retirement Centers in Rasht city by Convenient sampling during the year 2017. Data collection tools included, Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults(TOFHLA) and general health standard questionnaire (GHQ-28). The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS. More than half of the participants (54.8%) had adequate health literacy. The highest mean of the health literacy was in the domain of reading comprehension (36.30±7.90) and then in the domain of numeracy (36.11±11.60). There was a significant relationship between the level of health literacy and the level of education, the level of education of the spouse and the history of cancer(P<0.05), the mean of the general health of the subjects was 20.67±8.27. by adjusting the effects of demographic variables, there was a significant relationship between the health literacy and the general health (P=0.04), such that by improving each level in the health literacy status, the chance of a favorable general health status, increases by 1.4 times (Odds Ratio=1.4).The findings, show a 0.95 confidence interval for variables related to general health. This study approved that the level of education was the most important determinant of health literacy and general health, identifying elderly with poor health literacy and providing them with appropriate education can play a major role in promoting community health.

Aggression is a major trait that occurs in adolescence. Family is the first institution in which a person joins, therefore family functioning is a significant factors in the development of aggressive behaviors in adolescents.
The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between family functioning and aggression in students aged 14-18 years in Rasht.
The present research is a cross-sectional analytical study. The research population consisted of 500 students aged between 14 and 18 years, studying in the first to the third grade of high school in public and non-public schools in Districts 1 and 2 of Rasht, who were selected using random cluster sampling. Data were collected using demographic questionnaires, the Buss–Perry Aggression Questionnaire, Family Assessment Device (FAD) Scale, and analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics including Kruskal Wallis, Mann Whitney, and Spearman correlation test.
The results showed that there was a significant relationship between family functioning score and total aggression score (P= 0.0001). There was also a significant relationship between aggression and role, control of behavior, emotional response and emotional involvement (P= 0.001) as well as communication dimensions (P= 0.05). Also, there was a significant relationship between aggression and having a separate room (P= 0.011), father's education (P= 0/007), father's occupation (p = 0.04), and family income status (p = 0.041).
The findings of this research showed that children of families functioning appropriately are more likely to develop aggression than those in families functioning properly.

The basic needs of a patient and his/her family members are to be supported during health care and especially during critical situations. One such support is required during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).Hence knowing the perspective of medical persons about “Family member’s Presence during Resuscitation” (FPDR) in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is important.
Methods and Materials: This research was a descriptive-analytic cross-sectional study. The population consisted of 360 members of the medical team in the ICUs of educational hospitals in Rasht during 2014–2015. Data were collected by means of census sampling using a two-part questionnaire, which included demographic information and the medical team’s perspective. Fischer exact test, spearman’s coefficient, logistic regression, and the Kruskal Wallis test were used to analyze the results of the study.
The findings showed that 156 (43%) medical team members had experience of FPDR. Only 71 (19.7%) stated that they would invite family members to be present during the resuscitation process. The Fisher test showed a significant difference between the medical team’s perspective of FPDR (P=0.033), with the majority of the emergency specialists 40%) and anesthesiology (4.2%) showing the highest and lowest agreement respectively about FPDR. The logistic regression model showed that the perspective of the medical team with a Bacheler's Degree (BS). In nursing degree (OR=4.3, p Considering the medical team’s perspective of the importance of FPDR, it is necessary to formulate an instruction in ICUs to provide the grounds for it.

Working in healthcare jobs and the health sector, where one has to face human communication and health-related issues every day, can cause a lot of stress. Nurses are important members of the healthcare system of a country; they play a crucial role in improving the quality of healthcare. Burnout as the main characteristic of job stress refers to a delayed reaction to chronic stressors at work.
The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between burnout dimensions and psychological symptoms (depression, anxiety and stress) among nurses.
Material and This present study was a descriptive-analytic and cross-sectional study, which was conducted on 270 nurses working in educational hospitals in Rasht (Iran), using stratified random sampling. The research instruments included demographic questionnaire, Maslach burnout inventory and depression, anxiety and stress questionnaire {Depresion Anxiety, Stress, Scale (DASS21)}. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation and regression).
The findings showed that there is a significantly positive correlation between burnout dimensions (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment) and psychological symptoms (depression, anxiety and stress) in nurses (P Considering the fact that mental health can positively affect the nursing profession and given the positive relationship between burnout dimensions and psychological symptoms, it is recommended that we must the reduce burnout rate by holding emotion regulation-training classes and promote it.

Autophagy (self-digestion) is a highly regulated process for the degradation of damaged proteins and intracellular components. Autophagy has multifunctional roles in the protection of cellular homeostasis. Beclin1 is a key regulator molecule in autophagosome formation. Inhibition of autophagy by destruction of the Beclin 1 allele creates sensitivity to metabolic stress. Inhibition of the autophagy under conditions of nutrient deprivation in tumors resistant to apoptosis can lead to necrosis, inflammation and increased tumor growth. This study aims to assess the effect of autophagy induction on the necrosis pathway of MDCK cells.
We evaluated induction of autophagy by the Beclin1 gene in MDCK cells and assessed the percentage of necrosis cell death by flow cytometry using an Annexin V Staining kit. In order to induce autophagy, the recombinant pcDNA3.1-Beclin 1 was transfected into the MDCK cell line using lipofectamine TM 3000.
Overexpression of the Beclin1 gene in MDCK cells led to induction of autophagy as seen by intracellular autophagosomal indicator LC3-II staining. There were 9.92% positive LC3 structures in transfected cells and 0.15% in untransfected cells. In the transfected and control groups, the rate of necrosis cell death was 1.66% and 0.06%, respectively.
Crosstalk between autophagy and necrosis pathways might affect the fate of the cell life span. Strategies that involve in modulation of autophagy and cell death might lead to therapeutic interventions in diseases. Therefore manipulation of cell death pathways could create new areas in therapeutic uses and interventions.

Living with schizophrenic patients is stressful. Caregivers without sufficient knowledge cannot perform their responsibilities very well. This situation leads to relapse and re-hospitalization. Families experience a lot of stress facing such difficult situations which results in discomfort, tensions or despair in family members. High tensions impair family function unless the family adapt to the new situation.
This study aimed to determine effectiveness of stress coping skills training with psycho-educational approach among caregivers` of schizophrenic patients on family function and psychological well-being.
This is an experimental study with pretest-post test design and a control group comprising of main following variables; coping skills training with a psycho-educational approach(the independent variable) and family function and psychological well-being (two dependent variables).
The study population included 220 caregivers of patients with schizophrenia who had referred to psychiatric clinic and had a history of hospitalization. Since the number of members in a psychotherapy group should be very limited, the sample size was considered 30. Sampling was performed with convenience method. Data collection tools included Ryff Psychological Well-Being and Family Assessment Device questionnaires. The psychometrics of both questionnaires had been confirmed in Iran. Ryff assesses six main components of psychological well-being. Therefore, it has 6 subscales (each subscale contains 14 items) and 84 items. The subjects specified their level of agreement, "agree "to" disagree", in a 6-point Likert scale. To obtain a score for each subscale, the score of each item on the related subscale should be summed. The total score of all 84 items equals the total psychological well-being. The subscales include self-acceptance, positive relations with others, autonomy, environmental mastery, purposeful life and personal growth.
Family Assessment Device is a questionnaire with 60 items in domains of problem-solving, relationships, roles, effective response, effective involvement, behavior control, and general functioning. They were answered in a 4-Likert scale. In order to obtain the score of each subscale, all subscale scores have to be added then divided by number of items of each subscale. Higher scores show poor functioning. In this study, the mean score was used to compare the groups.
The researcher referred to the psychiatry clinic and specified the records of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and had the inclusion criteria; being main caregiver, educated and living in Rasht. The families were then contacted.30 patients were randomly selected whose psychological well-being and family function score had one SD below the mean of questionnaires scores. They were placed in two experimental and control groups (15 per group). During the intervention, six subjects (3 per group) withdrew due to family problems and the disease recurrence. Again in the last session, the questionnaires were completed by the subjects. The interventions were performed twice a week for 90 minutes in twelve consecutive sessions. Homogeneity of the two groups in terms of evaluated variables was approved using ANOVA. Then, the variance-covariance analysis was used to determine the effectiveness of stress coping skill straining with psyche-educational approach on variables of family function and psychological well-being.
Most of the subjects (58.3%) were women with mean age of 53.9±5.87. Majority of them (79.2%) had secondary education. Analysis of data showed that the mean score of family function in the experimental group in pretest was 183.42± 13.96 and 177.08±8.23 in the control group. The mean score of the psychological well-being was 224.58±27.03 in the experimental and 228.33± 12.01in the control group. In the posttest, the mean score of family function equaled121.83±15.59 and the control group 172.58±4.25. Moreover, in the post test the mean of psychological well-being of the experimental group and the control group were 373.33±23.96 and 242.67±7.27, respectively.
Analysis of variance test with Wilk's lambda to determine the effectiveness of stress coping skills training on family function and psychological well-being in combination, indicated the significant impact of education (p

Designing novel therapeutic agents has been a critical challenge for HIV disease.
In current study a DNA sequence which was encoded the Tat protein was synthesized and inserted in pET 28 vector. Vector was cloned in BL21-DE3 E. coli and cultured in TB media. After protein expression, recombinant Tat protein was purified by NTA affinity chromatography. The Tat purified protein efficiency and confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot, respectively. We were immunized the camel against HIV-1 Tat recombinant protein to made a camelid antibody library. Total RNA was extracted from camel lymphocytes and VHH fragments synthesized and amplified using RT-PCR and Nested- PCR methods by special primers.
The 350- 450 bp VHH gene fragment was produced by RT-PCR and Nested- PCR and extracted from agarose gel 1%. Then gel extraction was performed and pure fragments were inserted in HEN-4 vector by T4 DNA ligase.
The library can be applied for biopanning and isolation of nanobody against HIV-1 Tat Protein. Nanobody small size may be a useful drug for treatment of HIV disease because give them the potency of the recognizing the cryptic epitopes of tat and neutralized the virus.

Self-esteem is one of the necessities of human life and most professionals consider it as a major factor in social and emotional adjustment. Low self-esteem in students causes academic failure، loneliness، drug abuse، away from reality and self-destructive behaviors. This study aimed to determine the level of self-esteem and its related factors in high school students in Rasht city. In this descriptive-analytical study، 489 high school students in Rasht city were randomly chosen and surveyed. Method of data collection was a questionnaire consisting of two parts. Part one included standard questionnaire of Cooper Smith Self-esteem Inventory which surveyed 4 domains (general، education، familial and social) and second part was a researcher made questionnaire covering related factors to self esteem including two parts of personal and familial factors (age، gender، height، weight، order of birth، grade level، major، last year’s Great Point Average، religious activities، physical and emotional illness، apparent problems، number of family members، education، occupation and age of parents، family monthly income، place and condition of living). For data analysis descriptive statistics and Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were used. Findings indicated that only 37. 8% of cases studied had good self-esteem. Also a significant relationship was shown between self-esteem، sex P< 0. 04)، bound to religious practice (p=0. 0001) and family monthly income (p<0. 006). Considering the low level of self esteem among most cases، more attention of teachers and parents is necessary to promote adolescents’ self esteem