fatemeh ahmadvand

Spragens's theory of crisis is presented to understand political ideas in the form of dividing the text of thought into propositions focused on the crisis, the causes of the crisis, the solution to the crisis, and an ideal society without crisis. The present study, by utilizing this theory, attempts to understand the dominant thought in the book The Ideology of the Iranian Constitutional Movement written by Fereydoun Adamiyat, using a library method and the method of content analysis. The assumption of this study is that the historian of thought and society, which carries the changes in thought, practically acts as a political theorist by analyzing and selecting reports. Therefore, by relying on the commonality of both fields of political thought and history in relying on the text, it is possible to reread the Adamiyat's The Ideology from the perspective of Spragens' theory. The achievement of this study shows that Adamiyat, like a political thinker, also believed in the existence of a crisis in the society he narrated in his work. This crisis had manifested itself in political, social, and economic forms, and Iranian society was suffering from it on the eve of constitutionalism. Adamiyat considers the causes of this crisis to be Absolutism, i.e., the absence of the rule of law and the Iranian society's lack of a legislative assembly and an efficient government based on the law, and he considers constitutionalism to be the way out of it, relying on the creation of a legislative assembly and the establishment of a government based on the spirit of Iranian nationality. An analysis of the work's themes shows that Adamiyat's ideal society is a modernized Iranian society in the Western style, in which the concepts of people, rights, and freedom are given authority and a structure based on law, a parliament, and an efficient government are put into practice.

Tha`alibi was one of the most prolific Arabic authors of Iran. He has been associated with the political leaders of Iranian governments, and has written two works, Tuhfatu-l-Wuzara and Adaabu-l-Muluk, with many cases of Quranic adaptations in political thought. The present research by studying and categorizing the Quranic adaptations of these two works, based on the communication ability approach of Dell Hymes, which relies on the importance of the discourse space of each text, and with the historical-cultural understanding of Azartash Azarnoosh's researches on the challenge between Persian and Arabic in the era of Tha`alibi, has shown that the function of the Quranic adaptations by Tha`alibi was not to interpret and promote religious ideas, but in the context of the culture of Arab-side political figures, he used the Quranic adaptation as a literary tool for the function of communication and creating The maximum communication with the audience and facilitation of dialogue in the benefit of this communication. The method of this research was library and descriptive-analytical, and historical analysis was also used to understand the context of discussion.

Abu Bakr Al-Turtushi, the Maliki jurist of the 6th century AH, in his Siraj al-Muluk, has put forward his theory about the ideal Islamic society and sovereignty, especially with regard to his conceptions of the Sunni society of Egypt during the transition era from the Ismaili Fatimids. This research has tried to recognize the role of each social class in al-Taurtushi's thought using desk study method, historical analysis and themic analysis methods, as well as benefiting from the model by Thomas Spragens for understanding crisis. Al-Turtushi took the formulation of the four classes of ancient Iran as his general framework; however, he made some changes in terms of content and function and tried to theoretically incorporate the situation of his own era, including the society during transition from the Fatimids in a new way. By empowering the class of Ulama (i.e. scholars), he placed them in the position of advisors to the rulers to help the authority of the Sunnis during the transition period. He also redefined the agents for the sake of efficiency of the government in a structured and task-oriented way. Moreover, by classifying Christian and Jewish religious minorities, he undermined their social authority for the benefit of the cohesion of the Sunni society.

Attitude toward child-rearing is one of the factors that is very effective on the mental, emotional, and behavioral efforts of parents especially mothers in adapting strategies for children-rearing.

The goal of this research is to standardize the questionnaire for mothers’ attitudes toward child-rearing.

In this descriptive research the methodology is of standardizing type. The statistical population herein were mothers in Tehran in 2018-19. 599 mothers from Tehran were randomly selected using the multistage cluster sampling method and were placed in the sample group. In this research, data analysis was done in two descriptive and inferential levels, and abundance, percentage, percentage rating, Z & T score, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, correlation coefficient, index of fit, Cronbach's alpha, and retest were used.

Fundamental factors of the questionnaire, three cognitive, behavioral, and emotional realms were determined and 27 questions have the necessary factor loading. Found data demonstrate that the questionnaire for mothers’ attitudes toward children rearing has structural validity, convergent validity, internal consistency, and content validity, and using Cronbach’s Alpha, questionnaire reliability is higher than 0.84. The content validity of this questionnaire was approved by experts. IFI, TLI, CFI, NFI, GFI, and RMSEA indexes approve the desirable and appropriate validity.

Results show that the questionnaire for mothers’ attitudes toward children rearing has appropriate validity, reliability, and norms. In addition, as education is increased, a more favorable attitude toward child rearing is seen in the sample group but employment and age did not make any difference.

Schools are one of the most important pillars of development in every country because they train specialized and efficient human resources for each country, but the coronavirus epidemic has also affected all organizations and the mission of schools and the education system. The purpose of this study was to investigate the components and dimensions of the mission of schools in post-corona conditions in order to propose a written program for managing post-corona conditions in schools.

The qualitative research approach is based on the grounded theory. The statistical population included all principals and deputies of elementary schools in Kermanshah province. The statistical population included specialists in the field of educational management. In order to collect qualitative data, 14 experts in the field of educational management were interviewed. In this study, purposive sampling method was used. The sampling method purposefully continued until the researcher reached a theoretical saturation using semi-structured interviews with sample members.

Using the results of the theoretical foundations and research background, reviewing the documents and analyzing the content of the interviews, the components and dimensions of the school mission were identified. During these three phases, 148 open codes, 2 pivotal codes and 5 elective codes were identified. The mission of schools in the post-corona conditions included five missions of maintaining mental and physical health, improving financial and economic status, promoting education and culture, providing counseling and the mission of continuous evaluation.

The results showed that schools in post-corona era have missions that must first be identified and then acted upon to advance the goals of education.

Sadegh Hedayat is one of the most important figures of the westernist intellectual current in twentieth-century Iran and one of the most famous modern Iranian novelists. Among his many works, historical writings have a significant place and, more importantly, the historical attitudes of this author who has been the motivation and motivation for writing many of his works. This research has tried to provide an analysis of the historically valuable works of this author, to recognize the historiographical understanding and historical attitudes of Hedayat and seeks to find answers to these questions: What is the place of history in Hedayat's works? And what are the most important components in their historical attitudes?; Therefore, these works are classified in three main forms of historical dramas with the theme of ancient frustration of Iranians subjugated against non-Iranian attacks, correction, and translation of Pahlavi historical texts from the Sassanid era and works with the anthropological theme. Analytical knowledge of these works, which is provided by the descriptive-analytical method and conceptual study of his literary works, shows that nationalist attitude, historical antiquity, and Zoroastrianism, and racist enmity with non-Iranian elements are the main components of historical attitudes. Make up the lead.

This article studies the main geographical features of Khuzestan province, especially populations and migrants, the density of cities and the complexity of roads related to them, including land and water roads, in order to show the underlying role of these elements in the flourishing agriculture and industry in this land. By these geographical capacities, the economic formation based on the export of products such as sugar and textiles and the impact of commercial cities, traders, markets and communication routes of this land to neighboring areas came into being. Then, the article by studying tax statistics of Khuzestan and comparing these statistics with other provinces of Iran during the period under study, i.e., the first to fifth centuries AH, the wealth of Khuzestan province compared to other provinces has been explained. One of the features of this research has been the use of a large volume of reports of geographical and historical sources about the wealth of Khuzestan and the density of its cities. In order for this large amount of data not to deviate the volume of the article from the ideal form of a research paper, an attempt has been made to present these data in a concise form in the form of tables: five tables of cities and homogeneity, analysis of the ratio of cities, ways and taxes of Khuzestan and tax tables of other provinces of Iran are the same part of compressing historical and geographical data presented in the article and making it possible to achieve constructive analyses based on historical facts. The data collection method of this library research has been historical with the benefit of Islamic geography and its method. The basis of data analysis is the studying model of the school of annual historiography, especially the geographical feasibility approach, and for the thematic framework, the famous work of Fernan Brodel, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, has been exploited. In other words, although the study area of Brodel’s work was much wider than the geography studied in this article and on the other hand, the range of some statistical sources in Mediterranean geography in Khuzestan geography studied in this article did not exist, but the research model is similar to each of the two regions. By emphasizing the commercial similarities between the Mediterranean and the Persian Gulf, the authors of this article have tried to present an Oriental model of Mediterranean study in much shorter dimensions than the work of Brodel. However, it should be acknowledged that the nature of many research sources on Khuzestan in the historical period in this study is different from the sources on Mediterranean life, although this article has finally been able to be a comparative model of studying to that of Brodel, but in an Eastern land. In general, this research has provided an analytical-historical narrative of the amount of wealth produced and circulated in Khuzestan in the historical period in question and has been able to read the role of geographical agency in it to a considerable extent.

Abolghasem Sahab Tafreshi was one of the intellectuals of the late Qajar period and the first Pahlavi era. Sahab's scientific and literary record includes a wide variety of works, such as the first examples is of new Iranian writings on the life history of Shiite Imams, the biography of famous Islamic historians in Persian inspired by classical biographies, the first example Is a pioneer in understanding the contemporary situation of Islamic countries. Among these various works, works with a more historical approach or nature can be seen. Abolghasem Sahab is fascinated by Iranian Islamic culture and civilization in his works. The period was popular and supported by the government, but Sahab has a different approach from other writers of his time. Despite having deep Islamic beliefs and paying attention to Islamic-Iranian culture and civilization, such as the history books of the Imams and the relevant translation of the history of Islam and Iran, which is obvious, he pays much attention to Iranian Islamic culture and civilization. Relying on library documents and sources, while examining the historical works of Abolghasem Sahab and the first category of related works, intends to study and analyze the reasons and examples of attention to his Islamic-Iranian culture and civilization.

A significant aspect of political thought and theoretical concept about Ideal Government in Islam, is presented in the form of advices. Siraj al-Muluk by Turtushi is one of these works written in the period of degeneration of Ismaili Fatimid Caliphate in the late 5th and early 6th century AH. The main gole of this article is the presentation of an understanding of Turtushi`s thought about the crisis of degeneration. In other word, the main question of the study is about the reasoning of the political crisis and Turtushi`s advices for making up the ideal government. In this research, the conceptual model of Thomas Spragens in Understanding of Political Theories has been used. The hypothesis is the historical studying of Turtushi`s political thought and his era when he used to think that period of Fatimid`s degeneration is a crisis. His work is coming across Spragens Thought in political understanding of crisis, its reasons, the solutions for passing it and reaching the ideal government. The methodology is content analysis of Siraj al-Muluk in order to compare the most significant concept of this work with Spragens`s model. This research shows that Turtushi used to want reform in order to solve the crisis and reaching an ideal government which has a great deal of virtualism as a policy to have pure statesmen, reform in government, justice in courts and in relationships between classes, and the improvement of clerics in government as advisers for rulers in order to reach high pure in government.

This historical research based on the study of primary and secondry sources, is studying four institutes founded by Saladin/Salah al-Ddin Ayyubi (d. 589AH), two in Cairo and two others in Jerusalem.  The research has attempted to analyse the factors of appearance of these institutions, according to the religious policies of Ayyubids. It shows also the historical influence of these institutions. In general, these subjects have been studied in the article: political factors  of appearance of Salahiyyahs like the political legitimacy; religuos factors of appearance of Salahiyyahs like the motivations on behalf of Ash`ari propaganda and the subversion aganint othor religions; military (Jihadi) factors of appearance of Salahiyyahs i.e. or the propaganda for making wars by muslims against crusaders; and the process factors of appearance of Salahiyyahs i.e. the social – historical diffusion of Madrasah and Khanqah and their cultural life from the east (Iran and Iraq) into west (Syria and Egypt).

The twenty-two years of Saladin's rule, who is the founder of Ayyubid dynasty and the first sultan of Egypt and the Levant, witnessed tens of his battles against the Crusaders. Some of his battles happened against Muslim emirs in Egypt, the Levant, and Northern Iraq. The present paper, drawing on just war theory, aims to explore the findings of its historical study of the Islamic sources and some Christian research in order to provide an answer to the question of to what extent Saladin's military conduct and policies are compatible with the principles of just war. The results of this descriptive-analytical study indicate that Saladin's military conduct is more in line with the realistic theory of war rather than with the concept and principles of just war theory because while the latter consider just war a legal war to achieve peace by avoiding cruel treatment of civilians, prisoners, and the aggressed environments, Saladin has fought wars with the aim of attaining more dominance, accompanied by revenge and unconventional invasions destructive for the civilians. Therefore, in spite of his observance of ethical rules in many wars, cruelty and seeking power is observed in his other wars.

The preparation of a new modified carbon paste electrode (CPE) to measure lead ion has been reported in this study. Lead is a highly toxic element which can have a negative impact on the environment. Therefore, measurement of lead in aquatic environments is very important. Although several methods have been developed for determination of lead ion in aquatic environments, there is no a cheap, simple, accurate and rapid method to measure this ion. Aim of this study is to develop a new method to measure the lead based on using multi walls carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and Paracetamol as an ionophore for modification of a CPE. The optimum composition of modified CPE was determined as 64% of graphite powder, 20% of paraffin oil, 12% of nanotube and 4% of ionophore. This optimum composition was shown high selectivity, with appropriate Nernestian slope (-29.73 mV/decade), linear range (from 1.0×10-1to 1.0×10-8M), low lead concentration detection limit (7.5×10-9M) and good response time (equal of 25 sec).The results of this study to introduce a cheap, accurate and simple method for determination of lead ion in aquatic environments.

Despite being a semi-arid region in the Middle East, Khuzistan holds an outstanding geographical position in the Iranian plateau. The flow of important rivers in this region had long attracted the attention of governments to this region from ancient periods until the Islamic era. This particular attention led to major construction policies in the region aimed at controlling the stream of the rivers, effectively changing their routes, and establishing and maintaining enormous hydraulic constructions. These policies, directed by royal funding and governmental control, were very useful for the reconstructive development of Khuzistan. The most prominent example was manifested in the development of its agricultural economy. Through studying the geographical grounds of this phenomenon and the process of constructing hydraulic constructions, the present study will examine and also compare the enormous hydraulic policies during Sassanid and Islamic periods.