fatemeh dorreh

Montelukast as an anti-inflammatory agent may have been useful in cystitis, so the aim of the present research was to investigate the effect of montelukast in the management of cystitis in children.

The present clinical trial study was conducted on pediatric asthmatic cases with cystitis. Fifty-six cases in Amir Kabir Hospital, with informed consent and inclusion criteria, were considered as the study group. All cases received the standard cystitis treatment method for 10 days; furthermore, the montelukast group received oral montelukast 5 mg daily for 10 days. Then the clinical symptoms of cystitis were investigated after 10 days. Statistical analyses of acquired data were performed using SPSS.26, based on chi-square and t -test.

Most of the participants in this study were girls, but the gender distribution of the children in the two groups was not statistically different. The children examined in this study were 6.75 ± 2.51 years old on average. The mean improvement days in the symptoms of hematuria, urinary frequency, and scrotum pain in the montelukast group did not show a significant difference from the control group, but urinary urgency in the montelukast cases was significantly lower than in the control cases (P = 0.005).

In asthmatic pediatric cases, a 10-day treatment of cystitis with montelukast reduced the duration of urinary urgency in children but had no effect on urinary burning, urinary frequency, or suprapubic pain in children.

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by persistent thrombocytopenia and mucocutaneous bleeding. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects and side effects of rituximab and romiplostim in children with ITP.

The present prospective cohort was conducted on children with ITP who met the inclusion criteria. Romiplostim and rituximab were prescribed for these children by the physician. For each child, follow-up for side effects and the effectiveness of the medication continued for six months. The criterion for treatment response in patients was an increase in the platelet count of >30,000 per cubic millimeter of peripheral blood. To evaluate the possible side effects of the drugs, patients were evaluated monthly for fever, skin rashes, respiratory infections, and peripheral edema. Finally, the data obtained from the patients were statistically analyzed using SPSS software, version 26.

In the current study, 140 children were included and divided into the rituximab and romiplostim groups consisting of 70 children. The average age of the children participating in the study ranged from 8 to 9 years. There was no significant difference between the two study groups in terms of age. Changes in the average platelet count during the nine measurement periods were significantly higher in the romiplostim group compared to the rituximab group (P<0.001). In addition, the treatment response rate was significantly higher in the romiplostim group than in the rituximab group (71.4% vs. 48.6%, respectively; P=0.006). None of the children taking two drugs experienced peripheral edema. Regarding the examination of other side effects related to the use of these two drugs, it should be noted that the rates of fever, skin rashes, and respiratory infections, although there was no significant difference between the two study groups during the nine repeated measurements (P>0.05), were generally lower in the romiplostim group than in the rituximab group during the second to fourth weeks of the study.

Romiplostim demonstrates better performance than rituximab in increasing the number of peripheral blood platelets in children with immune thrombocytopenia purpura, and the response rate to treatment is also higher with romiplostim compared to rituximab. Additionally, Romiplostim is associated with fewer complications.

Survival of infants admitted to the NICU does not depend exclusively on birth weight and gestational age, but on other perinatal factors and physiological conditions of individual infants, especially the severity of their illness. Therefore, scoring systems are needed to assess the risk of adverse outcomes for each premature infant. In this study, the accuracy of Crib-II was investigated to predict the mortality of premature babies admitted to the NICU. 140 babies admitted to the NICU, meeting the selection criteria (gestational age less than 32 weeks or weight less than 1500 grams) were included in the study. The required data for the Crib-II tool (gender, gestational age, birth weight, initial temperature of the baby, and base excess) were collected and analyzed using SPSS software version 23. In this study, 45% (63 infants) were female and 55% (77 infants) were male, with a mortality rate of 30.7%. The average gestational age was 30.17±2.14 weeks, the average birth weight was 1856.52±583.18 grams, the average initial rectal temperature was 36.92±0.52 °C, the average base excess was -8.54±7.09 mmol/L, the average Crib-II score was 5.15±4.43, and the area under the roc curve with a cut point of 6.5 was 0.96. Also, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, positive likelihood ratio, and negative likelihood ratio were 96%, 93%, 98%, 95%, 97%, 46.5, and 0.07, respectively. Based on our observations in this study, the Crib-II index has a high value in predicting the mortality of premature babies. It was able to correctly predict 96% of the deaths of premature babies, which indicates the high value of this index.

Infrequent voiding is two or lower than two micturitions per day and has not any organic causes; the etiology of this condition has not been found correctly; based on this, we evaluated developmental factors as a probable etiology for infrequent voiding.

In the present study, we enrolled 200 children six to seven years of age (100 cases with infrequent voiding and 100 healthy ones). Heightandweight were measured, compatible with genderandage, andrelated information, including personaland social development, problem-solving, fine motor, gross motor, communication, and defining words, were obtained by the Nelson development table and ages and stages questionnaires.

Based on personal-social (P = 0.009), problem-solving (P = 0.006), communication (P = 0.008), and language development (P = 0.006), there are statistically significant differences. However, fine motor (P = 0.557) and gross motor (P = 0.607) do not differ statistically. On the other hand, in terms of growth indices, in the evaluation of girls’ height (P = 0.001), boys’ height (P = 0.012), girls’ weight (P = 0.014), and boys’ weight (P = 0.016), there is a statistically significant difference between two groups.

Based on the measured odds ratio, children with infrequent voiding have a higher risk of developmental disorders; developmental disorders can also increase the prevalence of infrequent voiding.

Fragmented QRS (fQRS) on electrocardiography is a marker of myocardial fibrosis and scar formation. We aimed to investigate whether the fQRS complex in children with and without obesity correlates with Body Mass Index (BMI). In this cross-sectional study, 104 children (5 to 17 years) referred to the pediatric clinic were studied. We divided participants into normal and obese groups. Standard 12-lead ECGs, anthropometric data, and blood pressure were recorded. All ECGs were analyzed blindly by two independent clinicians. Surveyed parameters of the ECG included heart rate, QRS duration, QT interval, presence of Q waves, and fQRS. Among 104 participants, 52 patients had normal BMI and 52 cases were obese. Systolic blood pressure (p=0.001), pulse pressure (p=0.007), mean blood pressure (p=0.006), and heart rate (p=0.009) were meaningfully different between the two groups. We found fQRS in four children with obesity. The frequency of fQRS was significantly different between children with obesity and children in the control group (p=0.041). We have found that each unit change of weight and BMI at 1.07 and 1.45, respectively, could be useful in prediction of the occurrence of fQRS complex in children. This study suggested a significant association between the fQRS in children’s ECG and their weight and BMI. It would appear that each unit increasing weight and BMI predicts an increasing the occurrence of fQRS. The ECG may consider using fQRS as a cardiac risk marker in children with obesity.

 As the most prevalent noncontagious neurologic condition, epilepsy is an important cause of mortality and disability in children, and its etiology is an important issue.

 Epilepsy may be induced by different risk factors, some of which may be unclear; therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the risk factors of seizures in children.

 Children with seizures admitted to the Pediatric Clinic of Amir-Kabir Hospital were enrolled in this study. First, accurate biography of the parents was taken to rule out other differential diagnoses of seizures. After the diagnosis of seizures, based on the diagnosis of a pediatric neurologist, demographic information, detailed history of seizure, neurologic examination, and process of growth and development were recorded. Then, we take electroencephalogram (EEG), magnetic resonance imaging, and computed tomography scans from study cases.

 Of the 291 evaluated cases, 54.6% were male. Variables associated with seizure and epilepsy evaluation showed that generalized tonic-clonic seizure was the most prevalent seizure in 134 children (46%). The duration of seizures was lower than 15 minutes in 266 cases; in addition, 191 children (55.5%) had a fever before seizures. Regarding underlying diseases, 268 children (92.2%) had no disease. Cerebral palsy (CP) was the most common underlying disease in 10 cases (3.4%).

 Infectious diseases (such as gastroenteritis and pneumonia) were observed as the most important possible risk factors in this study.

The clinical features of early repolarization in children are important to prevent cardiac complications and sudden death. The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics, clinical manifestations and frequency of early repolarization and the frequency of ventricular and atrial arrhythmias in children.

The present retrospective, cross-sectional study took in to account the files of 78 children between the ages of 5 and 18 with atrial or ventricular arrhythmia. Based on the ST segment pattern, the early repolarization was divided into malignant and benign categories, and according to the involvement of the lower and lateral leads, it was divided into three categories of low, medium and high risk.

Among the 78 investigated cases, the frequency of early repolarization was 21.8% (95% CI: 13-32) and 56.25% of the patients were in the benign group. Around 75% of the children with early repolarization had clinical symptoms, the most common symptom being palpitations (12.78%). The most common arrhythmias were ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation amounted to 87.21% and 25.6%. The most common arrhythmias with atrial origin were supraventricular tachycardia (50%), atrial flutter (37.9%), atrial tachycardia (25.6 %) and atrial fibrillation (12.3%) respectively. There was a significant relationship between the type of arrhythmias and repolarization.

The presence of early repolarization in children's ECG should be taken into consideration for the occurrence of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. Also, in patients with palpitations, it can be important to check early repolarization even with a benign pattern.

Gastroenteritis, as a rare and heterogeneous condition, is characterized by patchy or diffuse infiltration of gastrointestinal tissue. Induced azotemia in humans following gastroenteritis has been evaluated in some studies.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of montelukast on induced azotemia in humans following gastroenteritis.

This study examined children with gastroenteritis with moderate dehydration and more than 3 years of age. The cases had a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of less than 90 and were evaluated in 2 groups of control (n = 20) and intervention (n = 20). Montelukast (5-mg tablets) was given to patients in the intervention group for 5 days. Normal saline at a rate of 20 cc/kg was given to both groups within 20 minutes until clinical symptoms improved. Finally, the improvement of renal function was evaluated and compared between the 2 groups using SPSS.

Out of 40 evaluated patients, the mean age of the control and intervention groups was 5.52 and 5.15 years, respectively. Also, 13 cases (65.0%) in the control group and 9 cases (45.0%) in the control group were males. The mean creatinine (Cr) was significantly reduced after treatment in the intervention group (P = 0.001). Also, the mean GFR after treatment was significantly higher in the intervention group (P = 0.001), and GFR improvement duration was significantly lower in the intervention group (P = 0.002).

Montelukast as an add-on drug was effective in reducing the time of GFR enhancement; thus, we can consider it as an add-on drug in azotemia.

Montelukast, as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, could reduce inflammation in nephrotic syndrome (NS). This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of montelukast as adjunctive therapy in pediatric NS.

This clinical trial study was conducted on patients with NS. The patients were assigned into two equal groups (N = 25 in each) of intervention (steroid + montelukast) and control and treated for one month. One month later, in the follow-up stage, their proteinuria was measured. The results before and after treatment were statistically analyzed by SPSS software version 21, and the final report of the project was presented.

The age of participants in the intervention and control groups was 7.26 ± 4.23 and 6.79 ± 3.91 years, respectively (P = 0.68), and there were 10 female participants in both groups (P = 1.0). Albumin levels in 96% of the control group and 76% of the intervention group were 1.5 - 2.5 μg/dL (P = 0.037). Also, 48% of participants in the control group were corticosteroid dependent, and 60% of participants in the intervention group responded to corticosteroids (P = 0.194). The severity of nephrotic syndrome was moderate in 60% of participants in the control group and mild in 60% of participants in the intervention group (P = 0.138).

The results of this study showed that recovery rate was higher in the intervention group, but the difference was not statistically significant.

 Urine volume less than 1 mL/kg/h is called oliguria. The treatment of these patients is very important.

 This study aimed to compare dopamine and drip Lasix in children with oliguria.

 This study was performed as a clinical trial in the NICU, PICU, neonatal and pediatric wards of Amirkabir hospital in Arak. Children with oliguria with less than 1 mL/kg/h during treatment were considered the study group. Sixty children who met the inclusion criteria were selected and randomly divided into two groups, including 30 children in the dopamine group and 30 children in the Lasix group. In the dopamine group, the drug was administered at a dose of 3 µg/kg/min, in the second group, drip Lasix was administered at a dose of 0.05 mg/kg/h.

 In this evaluation, after evaluating the patients in both groups, it was observed that mean ± SD of age was 2.76 ± 1.85 years, and 51.7% of children have female gender (P = 0.438). The mean ± SD of creatinine in children after receiving dopamine and drip Lasix was 0.87 ± 0.2 mg/dl (P = 0.0001) and 0.84 ± 0.17 mg/dl (P = 0.000), respectively.

 Both drip Lasix and dopamine improved the condition of patients with oliguria. In addition, there was no statistically significant difference between these two drugs, so both drugs could improve the condition of patients.

 Hematuria is a symptom with a prevalence of 0.5% to 2% in those aged 5 - 12 years. Different factors can influence the severity of hematuria, including vitamin A (as a micronutrient).

 The current study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of vitamin A on hematuria in children.

 In this clinical trial study, 156 children aged 5 - 12 years with Idiopathic Microscopic Hematuria are studied. Participants were divided into two groups of treatment and control (each with 76 subjects). Those in the treatment group received vitamin A as a pearl of 25000 in 14 days, in addition to the routine treatment. The control group only received routine handling. The basic information of patients were recorded using an author-develop form by the supervisor and intern. Urine samples were collected on 14, 28, and 42 days. Data were analyzed using SPSS. Statistical significance was considered when P-value < 0.05.

 There was no significant difference between the two groups concerning gender (P = 0.202), age (P = 0.330), father's education (P = 0.152), mother's education (P = 0.392), father's occupation (P = 0.125), mother's occupation (P = 0.265), and numbers of children in the family (P = 0.209) variables. Hematuria status on days 14 (P = 0.014), 28 (P = 0.001), and 42 after treatment (P = 0.001) was statistically more positive in the vitamin A group. Hence, there was a significant difference between the two groups.

 Vitamin A can reduce idiopathic microscopic hematuria. Hence, vitamin can be used as an alternative treatment to treat idiopathic hematuria in children.

The antiepileptic Valproic acid (VPA) changes the oxidative/ anti-oxidative balance that results in oxidative stress and maybe an increased risk of cardiac dysfunction. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of VPA on ventricular function in epileptic children. We designed a study to evaluate ventricular function in epileptic children who had received VPA for at least one year. All subjects were evaluated using standard echocardiography, pulsed wave Doppler (PWD), and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI). This study consisted of 60 patients with epilepsy (mean age 10.30±3.21 years) and 60 healthy subjects in the control group (mean age 10.28±3.18 years). The duration of antiepilepsy medication ranged from 1.4 to 10 years, and the dose of VPA was 5-30 mg/kg. The ejection fraction and fractional shortening (P=0.841 and 0.064, respectively) were not significantly different between the two groups. The present study reports subclinical right and left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction along with longitudinal ventricular motion disorder. It is recommended the evaluation of subclinical cardiac dysfunction in children treated by VPA.

Pulmonary problem is one of the non-cardiac causes of exertional chest pain in children. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare pulmonary function in children with exertional chest pain during rest.

This descriptive analytical cross sectional study was conducted in 200 children aged 10-15 years old in Arak, Iran 2018. The case group (n=100) included children with exertional chest pain and control group (n=100) were healthy children (without exertional chest pain). Respiratory function was assessed using spirometry after complete training and one test session. Data analysis was done in Stata 11.

The mean values for forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), the forced vital capacity (FVC), FEV1/FVC, and peak expiratory flow (PEF) were 3.98±1.56 and 4.31±2.1 L/s, 4.81±2.16 and 5.2±2.8 L, 0.73±0.13 and 0.75±0.11, and 6.89±1.65 and 7.24±1.59 L/m in case group and healthy group, respectively. The values did not show significant differences between the two groups (P=0.209, P=0.272, P=0.242, and P=0.128, respectively).

According to current study, spirometry evaluation in children with exertional chest pain during rest does not seem to be helpful for diagnosis of exercise-induced bronchospasm.

Kawasaki disease is an acute inflammatory disorder of medium-sized arteries that predominantly affects cardiac coronary arteries and children under the age of 5 years. Cardiac involvement usually happens later than 10 days after the onset of illness. Most of cardiac complications are coronary artery abnormalities (ectasia or aneurysms) and subclinical myocarditis. Clinical myocarditis (symptomatic congestive heart failure), pericarditis, valvulitis and pericardial effusion, as well as pancarditis are rare. This paper reports a 5-year-old boy who had heart failure (ejection fraction 48%) in the acute stage of Kawasaki disease and pericarditis. He was admitted to the hospital following 3 days of continuous fever, bilateral cervical adenopathy and dominant right side neck of torticollis. The results of physical examination after 5 days showed typical Kawasaki disease. Cardiac examination also revealed cardiac murmur and gallop rhythm. In laboratory tests, mild liver dysfunction, hypoproteinemia and hyponatremia were discovered. During hospitalization, troponin levels were positive. The patient was treated with oral high dose aspirin (100 mg/kg/d), two doses of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG 2 gm/kg) and three pulses of methylprednisolone. Two weeks later, cardiac evolvements were improved without further complications. The patient exhibited dramatically clinical recovery and was healthy after 8 weeks of follow-up. This case indicates that Lymph-node-first presentation of Kawasaki disease could be examined in children with Kawasaki disease who exhibit symptoms of congestive cardiac failure, pericardial effusion and pericarditis during the acute phase of the disease.

Upper Respiratory tract infection (URTI) or common cold is very prevalent in children particularly in young children. Leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs) like montelukast are effective drugs in asthma and some other respiratory diseases. Our purpose was to study preventive effects of montelukast on pediatric URTI.

This randomized, placebo-controlled, and double blind trial was performed on 450 healthy children aged 1-5 year in Amir Kabir Hospital, Arak, Iran. Children were randomized 1:1 to placebo group or montelukast group for 12 weeks. Number of URTI episodes and duration were the primary end points and were compared at baseline and after termination of treatment.

Mean age was 28 ± 12.3 months. Mean of URTI episodes was 0.7 ± 0.57 in children treated with montelukast and 1.27 ± 0.72 in children treated with placebo, respectively. Differences were statistically significant (P =0.01). A significant difference was seen in URTI duration between two study groups (6.3 ± 6.1 vs 4.1 ± 3.9, P = 0.05). In addition, duration of fever was shorter in children receiving montelukast (P=0.001).

Our study indicates that 3 month treatment with montelukast is effective for reducing the incidence of URTI in young children. This treatment has an acceptable safety without any serious concern.

 Vitamin D may have a beneficial effect on the kidney tissue and in children with nephrotic syndrome.

 The aim of this study was evaluation the efficacy of vitamin D consumption on nephrotic syndrome condition.

 This assessment is a clinical trial study in which 30 patients with nephrotic syndrome were included in the study. In addition to the usual treatment of nephrotic syndrome, vitamin D injections were also used, in which vitamin D was administered as a 300,000 unit ampule, with a volume of one cc, dissolved in 5 cc of olive oil and injected. Two months later, the level of vitamin D and the nephrotic syndrome status was evaluated and the two indicators were compared.

 Mean and standard deviation of the age was 3.05 ± 9.37 years, 16 patients (53.3%) were male and 14 cases (46.7%) were female. Regarding the response to treatment, 3 patients (20%) had mild, 10 patients (66.6%) had moderate and 2 patients (14%) had severe nephrotic syndrome. In the group with normal levels of vitamin D, 3 patients (20%) had mild, 11 (73.3%) patients moderate and 1 patient (6%) had severe nephrotic syndrome.

 Based on our results, vitamin D consumption did not have a considerable effect on improving the clinical status of patients with nephrotic syndrome.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of zinc and omega‑3 supplements as adjunctive drugs in the treatment of attention‑deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) of children.

This study is a randomized, double‑blind clinical trial conducted on 150 children aged 6–15 years old that diagnosed as new cases of ADHD. Study subjects were evaluated for 8 weeks. Besides of drug of choice (methylphenidate) for the ADHD, patients received placebo in the control group (n = 50), zinc sulfate in second group (n = 50), and omega‑3 (n = 50) in third group. Clinical improvement was checking by Conners’ Parent and Teacher Rating Scales before and in 2nd, 4th, and 8th week of treatment. Results were analyzed with SPSS version 16 software.

In this study, mean scores of Conners’ scale showed significant improvement during treatment in the zinc group compared to control group in children that affected to attention‑deficit disorder subtype of ADHD (P = 0.02). Moreover, in omega‑3 group, better clinical response was seen than other groups (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference between omega‑3 group compared to placebo group in the mean scores of Conners’ scale (P = 0.89).

Zinc supplementation accompanied by the main treatment significantly improves symptom of attention‑deficit disorder subtype of ADHD. However, omega‑3 supplementation was superior to zinc and placebo in the clinical improvement of ADHD.

Chest pain is the most prevalent reason for referral to pediatric cardiologist. The condition is mainly associated with non-cardiac disorders such as ribs and cartilaginous problems, trauma, muscle elongation, and pulmonary causes. This study was conducted to evaluate the association between low calcium and vitamin D levels and musculoskeletal chest pain in children.

This age and gender matched case-control study, was conducted in 100 children (5-15 years of age) with chest pain and 100 healthy controls in Amir Kabir Hospital, Arak, Iran 2019. Informed consent was obtained from all participants and the levels of calcium and Vitamin D were evaluated. Data analysis was done in SPSS V11.

The mean values for age, height, and weight were not significantly different between the cases and controls. The mean calcium levels in children with chest pain and healthy control were 9.39±0.83 and 9.26±0.6, respectively (P=0.206). The mean levels of Vitamin D in children with chest pain and in healthy controls were 22.51±4.96 and 40.33±9.81, respectively indicating significant differences between the two groups (P=0.002).  The Odds Ratio (OR) of association between vitamin D deficiency and chest pain was 7.63 (95% CI: 3.86-15.23).

The study suggests an association between vitamin D deficiency and chest pain in children, so, evaluation of Vitamin D is needed in children with musculoskeletal chest pain.

Kawasaki disease (KD) is described as a life-threatening vasculitis, which mostly develops in children below five years of age and is diagnosed according to clinical criteria. It is also a common rheumatologic disorder in Iran.

The present study aimed at determining the clinical and demographic characteristics of KD patients in Iran.

We retrospectively assessed 69 cases of KD in an Iranian pediatric population from March 2014 to March 2018. The Japanese Kawasaki Disease Research Committee guidelines were used as the diagnostic criteria for typical KD. Incomplete or atypical KD was diagnosed in patients with coronary artery changes, but without all the criteria for KD.

In this study, 69 patients were recruited, with a male-female ratio of 1:8. Overall, 64% (n, 44) and 36% of children met the criteria for typical and atypical KD, respectively. Also, echocardiographic abnormalities were reported in eight patients (12%). Coronary artery aneurysm was found in 2% of patients, while other cardiac abnormalities were found in 12% of patients. The male-female ratio of coronary artery anomalies and other cardiac abnormalities was 3:1. Polymorphic exanthema was the most common clinical manifestation. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate ≥ 40 mm/h was the most common laboratory finding, while skin desquamation was the most common complication in other organs.

KD is not uncommon in Markazi Province, Iran. In this study, distribution of demographic characteristics was not similar to reports from other countries. Also, clinical findings, age and gender distribution, laboratory findings, and complications in other organs were not similar to previous reports. The incidence of typical and atypical KD was different in this region, especially in terms of complications, such as cardiac and gastrointestinal complications.

Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is a prevalent disorder, which is associated with several other congenital anomalies, especially cardiac diseases. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of congenital heart disease (CHD) in the neonates with CH.
This cross-sectional study was conducted on two groups of 79 subjects to compare the type and frequency of congenital cardiac anomalies between the neonates with the confirmed diagnosis of CH (TSH≥10 mlU/ml) and healthy infants. The study was performed in Kowsar Clinic affiliated to Arak University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) was measured within days 3-7 of birth using the samples collected from the soles of the neonates. In addition, all the subjects were evaluated for the presence of CHD using echocardiography before day 30 of life.
In total, 79 neonates were enrolled in the study. The case group consisted of 34 females (43.04%) and 45 males (53.96%), and the control group consisted of 43 females (54.43%) and 36 males (45.57%). The groups were matched in terms of age and gender. Cardiac involvement was only detected in the case group (CH infants) with the prevalence of 22.7%. Among the non-cyanotic malformations observed in the case group, one infant had ventricular septal defect (1.3%), eight infants had atrial septal defect (10.1%), three infants had patent ductus arteriosus (3.8%), three neonates had endocardial cushion defect (3.8%), two neonates had pulmonary stenosis (2.5%), and one infant had dilated cardiomyopathy (1.3%). Moreover, six neonates were diagnosed with Down syndrome. All the infants with endocardial cushion defect (n=3) had Down syndrome, and no significant association was observed between TSH and thyroxine (T4) in the presence of CHD.
According to the results, the high prevalence of cardiac malformations in the neonates with CH necessitated cardiac examinations using echocardiography.

Kidney and urinary tract stones are the major health issues; in addition, proper nutrition is probably an important factor in kidney stones formation. The current study aimed at evaluating nutritional factors in kidney stones formation in children.
The current cross sectional study, using the random sampling method, was conducted on 2 - 12-year-old children reffered to Amir Kabir hospital. The data were collected by a 24-hour dietary recall; and calcium, oxalate, vitamin C, animal protein, and water contents in each food was calculated by a food processing software (Nutritionist4). Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient, independent t test, and regression logestic analysis with SPSS version 21.
Animal protein (P = 0.0001), meal water (P = 0.023) and total liquid amounts (P = 0.011) in the case group was higher than those of the control group; in addition, daily vitamin C intake was higher in the control group, but the differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.05).
The relationship between kidney stones formation and nutritional factors was approved. Therefore, it may be effective to examine and treat the stone formation by considering the nutritional factors.

Nocturnal enuresis is a symptom with probably multiple etiologic factors and a high prevalence. Conventional therapies is expensive and complicated, since the effect of calcium on voiding dysfunction was approved. Therefore, to the current study aimed at evaluating the therapeutic effect of hydrochlorothiazide on primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (PMNE).
The current study was conducted based on the interviews with patients. Morning urine test was evaluated in children with PMNE detection and specific gravity Findings: There was a statistically significant difference regarding the frequency of nocturnal enuresis between the 2 groups (P = 0.0001). Also, both groups were matched by age (P = 899) and gender (P = 607).
Hydrochlorothiazide can be used as an effective and safe therapeutic option for treatment of primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis.

Children with pollakiuria have extraordinary daytime urinary frequency, which means urination every 15 to 20 minutes per day, without nocturnal enuresis, urinary incontinence, dysuria, and UTIs. This can be associated with developmental disorders. Therefore, this study aimed at evaluating the effect of Pollakiuria on developmental disorders.
A total of 224 individuals were included in this study. The age range was 5 to 7 years old and 70 patients with Pollakiuria were allocated to the case group and 154 healthy individuals were included in the control group. Height, weight, and Body Mass Index (BMI) were measured and were compatible with gender and age. The following information was also recorded, personal and social development, problem solving, fine motor, gross motor, communication, defining words, understanding of contradictory words, counting numbers, names of colors, copying forms of □ and Δ, and walking on toes, which were obtained by the ages and stages questionnaires (ASQ) and nelson development table.
From a total of 224 children, factor expressing growth and development condition in the case group was significantly less than the control group (P = 0.001).
Development indicators, according to ages and stages questionnaires, in healthy children had a better status compared to children with Pollakiuria.

Infantile colic imposes a heavy financial burden on families and the healthcare system. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Pedilact on the treatment of infantile colic.
In this randomized clinical trial, 84 infant younger than 3 months with infantile colic were divided in two groups of 42 cases each- probiotic and standard treatment. This study was done in Arak city, Iran between 2013 and 2016. The population of the study consisted of breastfed infants and formula-fed infants younger than 3 months (less than 13 weeks) who referred to Amir Kabir Hospital and pediatric clinics presenting crying and restlessness symptoms consistent with the modified Wessel criteria. In the treatment group, in addition to the main treatment, five drops of Pedilact (Iran) was daily administered for 28 days. In both groups, the main treatment was instructed to the parents and they were advised to do the following techniques to pacify the infant: making relaxing sounds or vocals, applying peaceful and rhythmic rocking motion, walking, and using mild tremor-like movements.
In Pedilact and control groups, 54.75% and 28.57% of the cases were male, respectively. 23 infants (75.61%) in the Pedilact group and 33 infants (82.5%) in the control group were breastfed infants. The mean age of infants in Pedilact and control groups were 6.64 2.90 and 6.69 5.97, respectively.There was no significant difference between the Pedilact and control groups in terms of mean duration of crying time during a day (P= 0.075), and the number of crying attacks per day (P= 0.127), there was a significant decrease in both variables over time, but the mean for hours of sleep in the group receiving the standard treatment was significantly higher than that of the group receiving Pedilact (P= 0.001).
There was no significant difference between the control and Pedilact groups in terms of crying time during a day and the number of crying attacks. It should be mentioned that, in this study, sample size was relatively low; hence, a multicenter study is recommended.

Congenital hypothyroidism (CH), as one of the most common congenital endocrine disorders, may be significantly associated with congenital malformations. This study investigates urogenital abnormalities in children with primary CH (PCH).
This case-control study was conducted on 200 children aged three months to year, referred to Amir-Kabir Hospital, Arak, Iran. One hundred children with PCH, as the case group, and 100 healthy children, as the control group, were selected using convenient sampling. For all children, demographic data checklists were filled, and physical examination, abdomen and pelvic ultrasound and other diagnostic measures (if necessary) were performed to evaluate the congenital urogenital abnormalities including anomalies of the penis and urethra, and disorders and anomalies of the scrotal contents.
Among 92 (100%) urogenital anomalies diagnosed, highest frequencies with 37 40.2%), 26(28.2%) and 9 (9.7%) cases including hypospadias, Cryptorchidism, and hydrocele, respectively. The frequency of urogenital abnormalities among 32 children with PCH, with 52 cases (56.5%) was significantly higher than the frequency of abnormalities among the 21 children in the control group, with 40 cases (43.4%). (OR=2.04; 95%CI: 1.1-3.6; p=0.014).
Our study demonstrated that PCH is significantly associated with the congenital urogenital abnormalities. However, due to the lack of evidence in this area, further studies are recommended to determine the necessity of conducting screening programs for abnormalities of the urogenital system in children with CH at birth.