gholamali afrouz

The purpose of this research was to determine the effectiveness of the educational program based on psychological well-being in improving positive thinking and marital satisfaction in infertile women. The current research was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group and a three-month follow-up period. The statistical population of the study included all infertile women who received donated eggs and were treated at the Mam Infertility Treatment Center in Tehran in 2023, who were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. All of them completed the automatic positive recognition questionnaire of Ingram et al. (1988, APAC) and the consent of Afrooz wives (2019, AMSS) before the intervention. After that, the experimental group received the educational program based on psychological well-being in 8 sessions of 90 minutes and once a week. The research data was analyzed by variance analysis with repeated measurements. The results showed a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test among the groups (p<0.05). Also, the results showed that there is a substantial difference in the variables of positive thinking and marital satisfaction between the two groups in the post-test and follow-up stages (p<0.05). Based on this, it can be said that using an educational program based on psychological well-being can be effective in increasing positivity and marital satisfaction in infertile women.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of teaching the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) on mothers’ stress and its effectiveness on the child-parent relationship, communication and social skills of slow-paced non-speaking children. The current study was a single-subject quasi-experimental type with an A-B design. The statistical population of the present study was made up of all slow-paced non-speaking students in Shahrood city studying in the academic year 2021-2022 which was obtained using available sampling method, and finally 3 children were selected (one male and two female students). The sample group was subjected to the educational program of the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) for 18 sessions. The tools of this research included Age and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ-3), Gilliam Autism Rating Scale (GARS-3), Child-Parent Relationship Questionnaire (CPRQ) and Parental Stress Questionnaire (PSS). The data were presented in the form of tables, graphs and descriptive reports. The findings showed that in the stages of post-test 1, post-test 2 and follow-up (one month apart), the educational program was effective on the child-parent relationship, communication and social skills of slow-paced non-speaking children and their mothers’ stress level. It can be concluded that the educational program of the Picture exchange communication system is effective on social and communication skills, so it is necessary that the educational program of the Picture exchange communication system receives the attention of therapists and researchers.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of family-centered musical computer rehabilitation on repetitive movements of children with autism spectrum disorder. The research method was quasi-experimental with pretest, posttest and control group design and a two-month follow-up period. The statistical population included children with autism spectrum disorder in the center of Khurshid Shahr Amol in the first six months of 2022. 30 student with autism spectrum disorder were selected through random sampling method and randomly accommodated into experimental and control groups (each group of 15 children). The experimental group received ten minute sessions of family-centered musical computer rehabilitation during ten weeks. The applied questionnaire included Autism Rating Questionnaire (Gilliam, 2014) (ARS). The data from the study were analyzed through mixed analysis of Variance and post hoc Bonferroni test via SPSS23 software. The results showed that family-centered musical computer rehabilitation has significant effect on the repetitive movements (F=44.92; Eta=0.61; P<0001) of children with autism spectrum disorder. According to the findings of the present study it can be concluded that family-centered musical computer rehabilitation can be used as an efficient method to decreace repetitive movements of children with autism spectrum disorder by using music and its therapeutic properties as well as using the family to deepen learning and communicate effectively with a child with autism spectrum disorder.

Adolescence is a critical period of life, and delinquent adolescents are exposed to many psychological traumas. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of solution-based treatment on adjustment and mental health of juvenile delinquents in Tehran. The research method was quasi-experimental with a pre-test post-test design with the control group. The study's statistical population included juvenile delinquents aged 14-18 years in Tehran Correction and Rehabilitation Center in 2018-2019; so 24 were selected by available sampling method and then randomly in two experimental and control groups (12 people in each group) were replaced. Mental health, adjustment, and delinquency attitude questionnaires were used to collect information. The experimental group underwent a solution-oriented group consultation for eight sessions of 90 minutes once a week, and the control group did not receive any intervention. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance. The results showed that solution-oriented treatment significantly affects delinquent adolescents' adjustment and mental health. Present study results can be used theoretically and practically by counselors, psychologists, and relevant organizations.

The present research is aimed at determining the effectiveness of family sensory-motor games in decrease of clinical symptoms in children with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This research is a semi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design and control group. The research population includes all the children (of 8-11 years old) in Zanjan during the academic year 2017-2018. 4 schools were selected from districts 1 and 2, Zanjan by cluster (random) sampling. 20 students were selected out of those who were affected by attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. After homogenizing the samples in terms of age, gender, and ADHD severity, they were assigned to experiment (10 people) and control (10 people) groups. ADHD diagnosis was done based on Snap and Conners’ IV parent scale. The subjects of the experimental group participated in family sensory-motor games for 8 weeks (sixteen 90-min sessions). Collected data were analyzed through covariance analysis . The results suggested that the performed interventions have significantly decreased the clinical symptoms of ADHD children (with the affect intensity of 0.88) in Experimental  group. It can be concluded that this intervention can effectively decrease the symptoms of children with ADHD.

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a consistent pattern of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and behaviors which at home and society. The main aim of this study was to evaluate of Neurofeedback on cognitive empathy and cognitive emotion regulation in adolescents with ADHD. This research is an applied study and a quasi-experimental design with pretest, posttest, and follow-up with a control group. The statistical population of this study was adolescents with ADHD who referred to counseling clinics in Tehran that were selected through a purposeful convenience sampling method in 16 adolescents and randomly were assigned to two groups  (the one experimental group and one control =8)). conducted based on the alpha/theta protocol for 8 weeks, two sessions per week (30 minutes) that was a total of 16 sessions. The instrument of this study was Conner’s Adult ADHD Rating Scale - Self report form & Subscale, Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) and the Empathy Self-assessment Scale. To analyze the data, the descriptive statistics section of the mean, frequency, and standard deviation and inferential statistical analysis were provided to test researcheschr('39') questions and in the inferential statistics, repeated measure ANOVA was used. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the group and the control group in the pre-test and post-test in cognitive empathy and Cognitive Emotion Regulation that significant stability was observed in the follow-up <0.05). According to the results, itchr('39')s recommended that the principles and concepts of the Neurofeedback which in fact this study confirmed their impact Iranian society, should be considered as a training and executive duties for school and familieschr('39') advisers in empowerment, analysis, and interpretation in workshops and meetings so that they can use these methods to help overactive students and their families through.

Research has shown that children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) lack problem-solving skills to face with problems in different situations. Different techniques have been used to treat and rehabilitate these children. This study aimed to investigate the effect of group cognitive rehabilitation therapy on problem-solving skills of students with ADHD.   

This research was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest control group design. The study population included all the students with ADHD who were studying in District 12 of Tehran during the first semester of academic year 2017-2018. A sample of 30 students was selected by convenience sampling based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and then randomly assigned to either the experimental or control group (15 per group). The experimental group underwent ten 30-45-min sessions of group cognitive rehabilitation therapy, while the control group received no intervention. Child Symptom Inventory (Sprafkin & Gadow, 1994) and London Tower Test (Shalis, 1984) were used to collect the data. Data were analyzed by ANCOVA. 

Findings showed that group cognitive rehabilitation therapy had a significant effect on improving the problem-solving skills of students with ADHD (p<0.01).

Based on the results of this study which indicated the effect of group cognitive rehabilitation therapy on problem-solving skills of students with ADHD, it can be concluded that via reinforcing the brain areas related to attention and concentration, this therapeutic method can improve the academic and behavioral performance of these children.

General health and hope of women with devotee's wife is special importance due to special circumstances and stress. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based therapy on general health and hope in women with veteran's spouse.

The research was a semi-experimental design with pretest-posttest with control group. The statistical population of the study was women with veteran's spouse from 25 to 40 percent of Tehran city in 2017. The research sample included 24 women with veteran's spouse who were randomly assigned into two groups of experimental (12) and control group (12), who responded to the Goldberg's General Health Questionnaire (9172) and Snyder's Hope Scale(1991). The experimental group received mindfulness treatment for 8 sessions and weekly sessions, and no intervention was performed in the control group. Covariance analysis was used to analyze the data.

The results of the analysis showed that there is a significant difference between the two groups in the experimental and control groups after mental-mindedness therapy based on the components of general health and hope. The level of general health and hope components in the experimental group was significantly different from the pre-test and the control group(p<0.01). Discussion and

Mindfulness-based therapy has led to the promotion of general health and hopefulness components in the female veteran's wife, and in fact, women with a veteran spouse are at risk of injury and need special attention in mental health programs.

The Effectiveness of Family-Centered Therapy Program on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents with Bipolar Disorder and the Marital Satisfaction of Their Parents. Method The present research is a Quasi-Experimental study with experimental and control group. The research was investigation of Effectiveness of Family-Centered Therapy Program on the Mental Health of Adolescents with Bipolar Disorder and Marital Satisfaction of their parents. Measurement of mental health symptoms was performed by Initial Adaptive Schema Tests and Strengths and Difficulties Scale. Assessing their parents' Marital Satisfaction done by Afrouz Marital Satisfaction Scale. The data of the questionnaires were extracted and analyzed by Multivariable Analyze of Covariance (MANCOVA). The results presented that Family-Centered program affects Marital Satisfaction, Strengths and Difficulties, Initial Maladaptive Schemas of Adolescents with Bipolar Disorder in the Follow-up step. It is recommended to be considered this program as a complementary treatment for patients suffering from Bipolar disorder.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a major neuropsychiatric disorder diagnosis in children and adolescents. The current study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of neurofeedback on executive functions and tendency towards high-risk behaviors in adolescents with ADHD. Patients and Methods: The current quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest, follow-up, and control group design was conducted on two experimental and control groups of eight ADHD adolescents referred to counseling clinics in Tehran, Iran. The age range of the participants (both the control and experiment groups) was 14 to 18 years. The control group did not receive any treatment and subjects just were given pre-test and post-test. The Conners ADHD rating scales-short self-report, Iranian adolescents risk-taking scale, and Wisconsin card sorting test (WCST) were used in the current study. The Levene, the Shapiro-Wilk, repeated measures, and Bonferroni tests were performed to analyze data with SPSS. Repeated measures showed that intervention had a significant effect on risky behaviors and executive functions of adolescents with ADHD (P < 0.05) and effects of neurofeedback sustained after one month. The findings of the current study showed that neurofeedback can be used to improve the executive functions and to decrease tendency towards high-risk behaviors in adolescents with ADHD.

Background and Purpose: Due to the impaired brain development and muscle hypotonia in the early development period, children with Down syndrome suffer from delay in speech and verbal skills. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of family-centered psychological interventions on the enhancement of verbal ability in primary school children with Down syndrome. This semi-experimental study was of pretest-posttest control group design. The research population consisted of all 10-11-year-old primary school children with Down syndrome in Tehran in the academic year of 2016-2017. Among them, 30 were selected by purposive sampling and then randomly assigned to either the experimental or the control group. The experimental group received 24 sessions of family-centered interventions within three months, while the control group received no intervention. The research instrument, i.e. the new version of Tehran Stanford – Binet intelligence scale (Afrooz & Kamkary, 2006), was performed for both groups at the pretest and posttest sessions. Data were analyzed by the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The findings indicated that family-centered psychological interventions can improve the verbal ability of students with Down syndrome. Also, these interventions can enhance the verbal fluid reasoning, verbal knowledge, verbal quantitative reasoning, verbal visual-special process, and verbal working memory of students with Down syndrome (p<.05). Based on the results of this research, family-centered psychological interventions can improve the performance of children with Down syndrome through training the required strategies to the families. Implications of the findings are discussed in the article.

Birth weight is a major indicator of infant health. Infants with low birth weight face high risk of disability and a number of other medical and psychological problems more than infants with normal weight birth. Given the importance and the role of low birth weight in the mortality and morbidity of neonates and the costs of care, the aim of this research was to investigate the role of biological - environmental characteristics of pregnant mothers on Birth weight. The study employed a Causal-comparative design. The study population consisted of all mothers who gave birth in Quechan-Iran from October 2015 to September 2016. The sample consisted of 70 infants, who were selected by convenience sampling from population.  Criteria for participation in this study was to give birth to infants born alive with birth weigh less than 2500 gram and exclusion criteria was incomplete questionnaires by mothers. The data was gathered by a questionnaire. A number of statistical procedures including ANOVA and Chi square tests were used to test the research hypotheses. Finding of Fisher test showed that history of abortions during pregnancy had significant difference on weight of birth in infants (P>0.001 ), The weight of infants with mothers who had not history of abortions during pregnancy were more than weight of infants whose mothers had history of abortions during pregnancy. Finding of Chi square test showed that history of high blood pressure during pregnancy had significant difference on weight of birth in infants (P>0.001). On the other hand, The weight of infants with mothers who had not a history of high blood pressure during pregnancy were more than weight of infants whose mothers had history of high blood pressure during pregnancy. The results of chi square test showed that history of trauma during pregnancy had significant effect on birth weight (P>0.001). The weight of infants with mothers who had not a history of trauma during pregnancy were more than weight of infants whose mothers had  a history of trauma during pregnancy. The results showed factors associated between low birth weights were history of high blood pressure and a history of trauma during pregnancy. Thus, the etiology and identification of biological factors associated with low birth weight is recommended.

Emotional intelligence refers to the ability of controlling one’s own emotional tendencies and understanding feelings of other individuals which results in the occurrence of calm and calculated behaviors in relation with others and continence. In fact, it is via emotional intelligence that an individual is able to keep his/her positive mood and enhance it. This ability generates a lot of positive consequences for the individuals. Thus, its investigation and evaluation in students with special needs (e.g. visually impaired, hard-of-hearing and gifted high school students) as well as their peers in normal education schools is very significant. Because of suffering from limitations and deprival, those students with special needs are deprived of a lot of experiences which can have a lot of influences on their emotional transformation and elaboration; the present study is to compare components of emotional intelligence in high school students with visual impairment, hearing impairment, as well as gifted and peers in normal education schools. The present study is a causal-comparative research. The population consisted of all male and female high school students with visual impairment, hearing impairment, and gifted and normal ones. The sample size included 120 students selected via the convenience sampling technique. As a result, 30 students with visual impairment, 30 ones with hearing impairment, 30 gifted ones, and 30 normal ones were selected. The sample groups were homogenized in terms of age, gender, and academic grades. The Bar-On EQ I® was selected for collecting data both individually and in schools. To analyze data at the descriptive level, mean and standard deviation, and at the inferential level, MANOVA and Fisher's Least Significant Difference (LSD) follow-up test were employed. There is significant differences among the four groups of participants in terms of variables of problem solving (p˂0.001), happiness (p˂0.001), independence (p˂0.001), self-actualization (p=0.003), emotional self-awareness (p=0.004), realism (p=0.044), optimism (p=0.003), flexibility (p=0.003), accountability (p˂0.001), and sympathy (p=0.030). Moreover, no significant difference was observed among the groups in terms of variables of stress tolerance (p=0.362), interpersonal relationships (p=0.105), self-esteem (p=0.548), impulse control (p=0.156), and self-instrument (p=0.073). Findings indicated that those four groups of students were significantly different in terms of components of emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence bestows this skill to individuals to manage their life pressures whose main part is the emotional aspect and solve their problems optimally. Students with special needs (high school students with visual and hearing impairments) are lacking in this skill. As a result, this issue imposes limitations on their lives and cusses them to experience a number of problems. According to the results of the present study, and since emotional intelligence should be a skill for explaining psychological problems of those groups and play an effective role in handling their social-emotional problems, by preparing educational programs for enhancing their emotional intelligence and consequently reducing their emotional-psychological-social problems, the grounds can be provided for growing their emotional intelligence and reducing their family and social problems.

Low birth weight is a major cause of infant mortality. As parents’ satisfaction is the underlying issues in couples’ relationship, the aim of this research was to investigate the relationship between marital satisfaction of the pregnant women in pregnancy period and infant birth weight in Karaj-Iran.
The study employed a descriptive correlational design. The study population consisted of all mothers who had given birth (Bahonar hospital) from October 2015 to September 2016 in Karaj-Iran. Convenient sampling was used to recruit 60 pregnant women who had given birth to babies. The research instruments was Afrooz Marital Satisfaction Scale (AMSS). Multiple Linear Regression was used to test the research hypotheses. The significance level was set at 0.01.
A total of 3.9% of infants born in Bahonar hospital in Karaj weighed less than 2500 grams. A Relationship was found between subscales of marital satisfaction, namely, good husbands thinking, parenting methods, methods of problem solving, interaction, emotional, financial and economic activities and social and communication behaviors and infant birth weight (p Emotional and mental health of the population depends on family health , which, in turn, depends on the health and continuation of relations between the husband and the wife in the family. Psychologists consider marital satisfaction as the main cause of mental peace and satisfaction. The results showed that there is a significant association between the birth weight and marital satisfaction during pregnancy. It means that the weight of the children whose mothers were satisfied during their pregnancy and who had a good relationship with their husband, were more than the weight of the children whose mothers were not satisfied during pregnancy and who had not a good relationship with their husband. In other words, the more satisfied the mother, the heavier the infant. So in the family, we can say that marital satisfaction and emotional interactions with financial indicators have an important role in the evolution of mental relaxation and family members, and lack of marital satisfaction is closely associated with low birth weight.

People use spiritual intelligence as spiritual capacities and resources for vital decision making and critical thinking in existential subjects or trying to solve daily problems. There is not a valid and reliable scale in this area which is developed based on Islamic conceptualization. The aim of this study was defining spiritual intelligence, determining domains of it, and developing items and testing content and face validities among college students. This study was done in a quantitative and qualitative approach by having a comprehensive overview of the tools of spiritual intelligence and interviewing 67 Bachelor’s students.  According to the results, spiritual intelligence was defined as a process of search for existential being, comprehending spiritual problems, understanding the meaning of religious symbols and rituals, the ability of exhausting spiritual resources for solving problems and adaptation with the environment. In addition, the dimensions of spiritual intelligence were clarified. In the next step 106 statements have been extracted from the existing measures, and 42 statements were generated using semi structured interviews. Data indicate this scale can reliability assess spiritual intelligence in college students. Preparing a shorter form is suggested to reduce the time strain, and enhancing its applicability in spiritual as well as psychological research.

The health of family and couples’ good relations depend on their thought toward the wife, self, and universe. This research has been conducted in order to measure the effectiveness of family-oriented psychological program based on the Islamic-Iranian pattern on the couples’ positive thinking. In a quasi-experimental design, forty couples with a child studying in a school in the city of Tehran were selected by the convenience sampling and then they were randomly divided into two equal groups of test and control. The test group was trained for ten 150 minute sessions (one session per week). The respondents to the Khodayarifard et al.’s positive thinking questionnaire (2014) were analyzed during pre-test, post-test, and follow-up phases. The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and ANOVA with repeated measure tests were used for data-analyzing. The results showed that there is a meaningful difference between two groups in terms of the increase of positive thinking in post-test and follow-up phases (P

The present research was conducted with the aim of planning and formulating the program of communicational skills and emotional relationships based on religious teachings in order to increase marital satisfaction by the means of qualitative method (content analysis). For planning and formulating the educational program, this research took advantage of the external and internal books and essays, Koranic verses, Imams› Hadiths, and communicational skills based on religious teachings. These skills include the respect for each other›s rights, couples› sincerity, peace among couples, honesty, doing the moral virtues and avoiding the moral vices by couples, remembrance of God, gratitude, soft spoken, avoiding the mistrust, and so on. After analyzing the resources, the educational program of communicational skills and emotional relationships based on religious teachings, which has an appropriate content and construct validity, was formulated during eight 2 hour sessions. In these sessions, the following issues were considered: the awareness of marriage goals, verbal communication, non-verbal states and relations, emotional relationships, sexual relations, decision-making, problem-solving, religious beliefs, moral values, family management, and parenting methods. It is suggested that the program is used for preventive education before the marriage, couples education for preventing them from conflicts and increasing marital satisfaction, and problem-solving of matrimony.

Bachground and Family is a Place where different types of physical، emotional، and intellectual needs are satisfied. Having biological and psychological knowledge and understanding of how to satisfy these needs and desires. Getting equipped with biological and psychological knowledge، technique and equipments are undeniable necessity. Aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral couple therapy on functions of the family in clients of divorce applicants. in this study، 40 couples were randomly assigned in 2 groups: control and experimental groups. We utilized family assessment device scale for data collection. The experimental group participated in 9 couple therapy sessions while the control group received no treatment، besides we utilized covariance for data analysis. the result shows the effectiveness of couple therapy training on family function in subscale of problem solving، communication، roles، emotional intercourse، behavior control، all of them were significant level of 0. 05. (p =0/05) cognitive behavioral couple therapy is a combination of cognitive behavioral factors in treatment of couples which have matrimony problems and upon this results، it seems that couple therapy method is effective on family function of divorce applicant clients.

This study was aimed at evaluating the effect of learning English on the severity of different types of stuttering in native language (Farsi) and English among monolingual Farsi-speaking subjects. In a quasi-experimental study (single group with pre-test and post-test), 15 persons with stuttering were randomly recruited from the available population of 12 to 23 year-old clients referred to speech therapy centers in Isfahan-Iran. Prior to initiation of the study, the subjects were assessed in terms of severity and type of stuttering they represent through SSI-3 test. The effect of English language learning on functional- and content-word stuttering of stalling type in English was not significant as compared to these types of stuttering in Farsi but it has a significant influence on decreasing functional- and content-word stuttering of non-stalling type in English language when compared to Farsi. Moreover, learning English significantly decreased total stuttering in English language (P = 0.05). According to the results of this study, learning English does not have any positive or negative impact on treatment and recovery of stuttering in Farsi. Also, after learning to speak in English, the severity of stuttering in English is less than that in Farsi.

The aim of this study is to assess the relationship between self-efficacy and depression, anxiety and stress amongst junior high school students of Tehran City; thus, 376 individuals (188 females and 188 males) were selected using random stage sampling and were tested with regard to self-efficacy, depression, anxiety and stress. The acquired results revealed that self-efficacy could predict 27% of the total scores of variance, 20% of the depression variance, 15% of the anxiety variance and 19% of the stress variance.

The aim of this study is to assess the relationship between attachment styles, anger management, and general health. Therefore, 200 students were randomly selected from Azad University, Kermanshah branch and tested with regard to attachment styles, anger management, and general health. Findings demonstrate that attachment and anger management styles are positively, significantly correlated with one another; furthermore, significant relationship is observed between anger management styles and general health.

The research purpose is to construct and normalize an inventory to measure marital satisfaction, therefore, a sample of 369 married students was selected using multi-stage cluster sampling among from the students of Ferdowsy and Medical Sciences Universities located in Mashhad. The researcher-made questionnaire was administered and the subjects were then tested with regard to Glasser’s five basic needs. Results concerning its reliability coefficient equaled 0/84; furthermore, the determined five factors describe 0/68 of the total variance. Moreover, normative scores have been presented regarding gender.

Low birth weight considered as an important indicator of health of each country and identifying of its causative factors is necessary. The aim of present study was to determine the relationship between the biological, psychological-cognitive and social - cultural characteristics of parents and infant’s birth weight in Isfahan province. In this study 910 recently delivered mothers of Isfahan province in 2009 were selected by stratified and cluster sampling methods. Data was collected using a self-administrated questionnaire and the Enrich marital satisfaction test. Obtained data analyzed by SPSS software in two categories of descriptive and inferential statistics by using logistic regression model. The prevalence of low birth weight infants, unwanted pregnancy and marital dissatisfaction was 9.5 %, 38.7 % and 29 % respectively. 15/6 % of pregnancies were below 20 years old and 22 % was above of 35 years old. 38.9 % mothers were exposed to cigarette smoke. Mean weight gain during pregnancies was 9 kilograms. 33 % of mothers had high blood pressure during pregnancy. 26.7 % and 31.9% had history of abortion and bleeding, respectively. 23/1 % of women were employed during pregnancy. 19.8 % gave twin birth. 21/1 % of parents were relative of each other. In 29.7 % the type of delivery was cesarean. Factors such as; severe marital dissatisfaction, abnormal blood pressure during pregnancy, being employed during pregnancy, weight gain < 5 kg during pregnancy, pregnancy below the age of 20 significantly increase the possibility of low birth weight in infant (a=0.05). The findings of current study confirm the relation between biological, psychological-cognitive and social - cultural characteristics of parents and low birth weight in infants in Isfahan, which made useful information regarding prevention of the problem.

The study evaluated the efficacy of transactional-analytical group therapy in marital satisfaction; therefore, sixteen couples were randomly selected among from those referred to psychological & counseling centers & grouped into experiment & control groups. Having been provided with transactional-analytical group therapy, the experiment group then underwent the treatment in eight two-hour sessions while the control group didnt receive any treatment. Evaluating the results verifies that experiment group's marital satisfaction has significantly increased as compared to the control group; what's more, monitoring the situation proved lasting & long-term changes.