gholamreza dehshiri

The rapid and increasing growth of cancer disease in developed and developing countries and its multi-factorial and destructive personal, social and economic consequences have drawn this disease as a deliberate problem that threatens people's mental health, drawing special attention from specialists and researchers in the health field.. theaim of this research is to analyze the relationship between deficits in "executive function" and "processing speed" with "PTSD symptoms" in cancer patients, by examining the mediating role of fatigue and attention bias.

This research was conducted by the path analysis-correlation method. Its statistical universe was all patients with gastrointestinal cancers (esophagus, stomach, colon, liver, and pancreas) referring to Tehran hospitals and medical centers (Iran) in the first six months of 2022. The statistical sample of this research was 158 men and women referring to two referal hospitals, who were selected for convenience sampling and participated in this research after obtaining informed consent. The research has used the post-traumatic stress disorder checklist (PCL-5), the Barkley Deficit in Executive Functioning Scale (BDEFS), Cancer Fatigue Scale (CFS), the Attention to Positive and Negative Information Scale (APNIS), and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). The research data was tested using structural equation modeling method (path analysis); SPSS version 21 statistical software and Lisrel software were used to analyze the data.

According to the results of the path analysis, the direct path of the "executive function" ( β=-0.249, T=-3.328), the direct path of the "cancer fatigue (CRF)" (β=0.31, T=64.979), and the direct path of "positive attention bias"(β=-0.341, T=-4.648), " to the "PTSD symptom" is significant. However, the direct path of the "processing speed"(β=-0.024, T=-0.501) and the direct path of "negative attention bias" (β=-0.104, T=-1.774) to the "PTSD symptom" are not significant.The direct path of "executive function" to "cancer fatigue" (β=0.623, T=10.081) is significant, but, the direct path of the "processing speed" to "cancer fatigue" (β=0.119, T=1.932), direct path of "processing speed" to "positive attention bias" (β =-0.008, T=-0.132) and direct path of "executive function" to (β=-0.367, T=-4.782) to "negative attention bias" is insignificant.Moreover, according to the results, the indirect effect of the "executive functions" on the "PTSD symptoms" through "positive attention bias" is significant (b=0.077, P<0.05); but, the indirect effect of the "executive functions" on the "PTSD symptoms" through "negative attention bias" is not significant (b=0.013, P>0.05). The indirect effect of the "processing speed" to the "PTSD symptoms" through " cancer fatigue"(b=0.066, P>0.05), the indirect effect of the "processing speed" to the "PTSD symptoms" through "positive attention bias"(b=0.005, P>0.05), and the indirect effect of the "processing speed" to the "PTSD symptoms" through "negative attention bias" is not significant (b=-0.001, p>0.05).

According to the existing research evidence, people show different reactions after being diagnosed with cancer, and during the treatment process, as a traumatic event.Considering the research results, it can be concluded that the experience of cancer-related stress disorder is influenced by cancer fatigue (CRF), information processing speed, and positive and negative attention bias. These results can be the basis for designing an intervention program to reduce symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in people with cancer, especially gastrointestinal cancers.

The phenomenon of parental burnout is a condition that causes mental, physical, and emotional exhaustion in parents. Various studies in recent years have confirmed the negative consequences of burnout on parents, children, families, and even the whole society. The present study was conducted with the aim of systematically reviewing the etiology of parental burnout by searching for articles indexed in Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar, ProQuest, and PubMed databases between 2017 and 2023 in order to clarify the direction of the research from VOSviewer 1.6.19 bibliometric software was also used. In general, the keywords parental burnout, parental exhaustion, maternal burnout, antecedents of parental burnout, and etiology of parental burnout were searched and based on the data obtained from the VOSviewer software and based on the Inclusion and exclusion criteria and using the Prisma checklist from Among the 110 searched articles, 14 articles were included in the research. The results of the analysis and evaluations showed that perfectionism, lack of emotion regulation, and personality traits (low agreeableness conscientiousness, and high neuroticism) which are fundamental factors related to parents, are effective in creating parental burnout. are. In the case of timely and correct identification of the effective factors causing parental burnout, it will be possible to prevent, modify, and manage it. It is hoped that by paying more attention to the concept of parental burnout and examining the role of antecedent factors and its consequences, the field of further research will be provided.

Pregnancy and being mother has been taken into account as an enjoyable and evolutionary event in the women's life, however, due to Physiological and Psychological changes; it can be associated with Anxiety and Depression. This study aimed to investigate the Mediating Role of Self-Compassion in the Relationship between Body Image and Severity of Anxiety and Depression in Pregnant Women. The research method was Non-Experimental and Correlational. The research population consisted of all pregnant women who were in their third trimester of pregnancy and referred to health centers of Tehran hospital for pregnancy care. A sample of 140 pregnant women was selected using convenience sampling from three Hospitals of Quds, Hedayat and Alghadir. To collect data, Neff Self-Compassion scale (2003), Pregnancy Related Anxiety Questionnaire (1990), Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (1987) and Body Image in Pregnancy Scale (2017) were used. Pearson's correlation coefficient and Hayes PROCESS procedure extension in Regression analysis were used to analyze the data. The results of Pearson's correlation showed that Body image had a significant positive correlation with the severity of Anxiety and Depression and self-compassion had a significant negative correlation with body image, anxiety and depression (P<0.01). The results of Multiple Linear Regression confirmed the mediating role of self-compassion in the relationship between body image and the severity of anxiety and depression in pregnant women (R2=0/33, P<0.01). According to the finding, it's recommended to pay serious attention to increasing self-compassion and reducing body image dissatisfaction in health care planning to improve the mental health of pregnant women.

Death anxiety comprises emotional, cognitive, physical, and motivational components and is related to the level of development of individuals, their religious beliefs, source of social control and support, as well as their sociocultural experiences and basic life choices. Although some people cope well with the issue of death, for others, death anxiety becomes a crippling fear that leads to inefficient coping strategies and endangers their mental health. According to the results of some studies, spirituality and social support have an effective role in coping with stressful life events and reducing anxiety. Although the relationship between death anxiety and spirituality and social support has been studied separately among the elderly or people with incurable diseases, the relationship between these variables has not been studied in young populations without specific diseases. So, this study aimed to evaluate the correlation between death anxiety and mental well–being, spiritual well–being, and social support in students of the Faculty of Architecture of Islamic Azad University.

This analytical descriptive research was a correlational study. The study's statistical population consisted of all students of the Faculty of Architecture, Islamic Azad University, Robat Karim Branch, Tehran, Iran. Of whom, 272 students were selected using Krejcie and Morgan's table (1970) and voluntary sampling method. The inclusion criteria were as follows: male and female students studying in the second semester of 2014–15 in the Faculty and willingness to participate in the research. The exclusion criterion was the incomplete completion or non–return of the questionnaire. The required data were collected using the Death Anxiety Scale (Templer,1970), World Health Organization Well–Being Index (WHO–5) (World Health Organization, 1998), Spiritual Well–Being Scale (Peplau & Ellison, 1982), and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (Zimet et al., 1988). In this research, descriptive statistics indicators such as mean and standard deviation were used to describe the variables. Also, the relationship between the study variables was evaluated through the Pearson correlation coefficient and the prediction of death anxiety through multiple linear regression analysis in SPSS version 20 software. A significance level of 0.05 was considered for all tests.

According to the results, there was a negative and significant relationship between death anxiety and mental health (r=–0.676, p≤0.001), spiritual health (r=–0.673, p≤0.001), and social support (r=–0.542, p≤0.001). Among the predictor variables, mental health (β=–0.457, p≤0.001), spiritual health (β=–0.311, p≤0.001), and social support (β=–0.261, p≤0.001) could significantly predict death anxiety score. Mental health, spiritual health, and social support could explain 64% of death anxiety scores.

Based on the research findings, mental health, spiritual health, and social support are significantly associated with death anxiety and can predict it.

The World Health Organization recently released the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases with the inclusion of Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (CPTSD). ICD-11 construed CPTSD as a disorder comprising of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and disturbance of self-organization (DSO) domains. Despite the growing research on the study of this diagnostic class, to date no research has been done on the symptoms and risk factors for this disorder in Iran. The present study was conducted to identify the signs and risk factors in the form of mediating variables (mentalization and emotional processing). In this study, cross-sectional descriptive research design and correlational research modeling with path analysis were used. Sampling was done from 17 to 60 years traumatized women and girls and the International Trauma Questionnaire, Checklist of Traumatic Experiences, Mentalization Scale and Emotional Processing Scale were completed. Data were analyzed using SPSS-26 and AMOS-24 software. The results showed that mentalization and emotional processing have a significant mediating role in the relationship between traumatic experiences and PTSD and CPTSD. As a result given the role of mentalization and emotional processing in the relationship between traumatic experiences and PTSD and CPTSD, training in emotion regulation processes and strengthening mentalization skills can be effective in preventing these two disorders and raising the level of adjustment.

The World Health Organization recently released the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases with the inclusion of Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (CPTSD). ICD-11 construed CPTSD as a disorder comprising of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and disturbance of self-organization (DSO) domains. In order to have a CPTSD diagnosis, PTSD subdomains (reexperiencing, avoidance, and threat) and DSO subdomains (affective dysregulation, negative self-concept, and interpersonal relationship difficulties) need to be satisfied. Despite the emerging research examining the symptom structure of CPTSD, to date, none so far have reached consensus on what best represents CPTSD.

The purpose of this study was to prepare a Persian version of the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) and to examine its psychometric properties among Iranian women.

259 people were selected using the convenience sampling method and completed the Persian version of International Trauma Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Cronbach's alpha indices, composite reliability and confirmatory factor analysis.

Cronbach's alpha coefficient for PTSD was 0.83 and for DSO was 0.81 and the combined reliability of the test was more than 0.8. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the factor load of the items is more than 0.4 and the scale has good construct validity.

Given the desirable psychometric properties of the Persian version of the International Trauma Questionnaire, its use can be recommended to experts in the field of psychology in research and diagnostic situations.

This study was designed to explore the role of gender, parental raring behavior, friendship quality and shyness in the feeling of loneliness during adolescence through the ecological model of human development and the contextual-developmental perspective. ‎‎211 adolescents’ students (‎133 females, 78 males‎) from five high ‎schools in Tehran (Iran) participated in correlational research design (a non-experimental study) and ‎completed the self-report scales including: Loneliness Scale, Short EMBU, Revised Cheek–Buss ‎Shyness Scale, and Friendship–Unfriendship Attachment Inventory ‎‎(SACRAL)‎. The results showed that parenting behavior, shyness, and friendship quality were correlated with loneliness. Moreover, the findings indicated that the low level of friendship quality and high level of parenting behavior in both rejection and over-controlling had a positive correlation with the high level of loneliness in adolescents. In addition, the result showed that male adolescents feel lonelier than female adolescents. The results obtained from the current study provide a number of implications, which can be beneficial in proposing intervention efforts directed toward promoting ideal development and growth during teenage years.

Social media sites have provided facilities. However, these networks have also been associated with adverse effects including social media addiction. The present study explored the effects of mothers’ social media addiction on marital satisfaction.

This qualitative study was conducted based on the grounded theory and the data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The research sample consisted of mothers who completed the Social Media Harmful Use Scale and were dependent on social networks. The participants in the research sample were selected using purposive sampling.

The collected data were analyzed using theoretical coding including open, axial, and selective coding. Accordingly, 4 main categories, 9 subcategories, and 34 themes were identified in the data. The results of the study showed that the dependence on social media is the core category in this study. Other categories included the interference of the use of social media with the relationships with family members, the quality of the relationship with family members (spouse and child), and children's behavioral problems (externalizing problems, internalizing problems, and communication problems).

The present study showed that the mothers’ dependence on social media is associated with low marital satisfaction as well as an adverse relationship with their husband and children, which is related to their children's behavioral problems. According to the findings, dependence on social media paves the way for problems such as interference of the use of social media with the relationship with the spouse and children, the quality of the relationships, and children's behavioral problems.

The impact of family function, especially cohesion and adaptability in the regulation of children’s emotion, can have significant implications for the development of their next relationships, including intimate relationships in early youth. The aim of this study was to determine the role of family cohesion and flexibility and emotions regulation in predicting social intimacy. For this purpose, 216 female students of Shiraz University and Al-Zahra University were selected by convenience sampling method and they respond to the family cohesion and adaptability scale, affective style questionnaire and social intimacy scale. The results showed that social intimacy has a significant positive correlation with the family cohesion and adaptability and with the all subscales of affective regulation. Also, regression analysis showed that family adaptability and affective regulation have a significant role in predicting social intimacy. In general, in cohesive and adaptive families, children are equipped with tools for rearranging or balancing emotions which help them succeed in managing their daily lives and establish intimate relationships with others.

Although social networking sites made several facilities, they have brought damages like addiction to use them. In this research the correlation of pathological use of these sites by mothers with their marital satisfaction, The relationship with their children and the behavioral Problems of their children was assessed by mixed method. In quantitative part 323 mothers who had preschool children were chosen by convenience sampling. The method of research was correlation. SPSS 16 and Amos were used to analysis data. The method in qualitative method was grounded theory and The instrument was semi-structured interview. The sample in this part was 17 mothers who were SNS addictive and were chosen by purposeful sampling and extreme case sampling. In order to analyze data theoretical coding was used by researcher. In whole the results of this research showed the relationship of pathological use of these networks specially dependence to them with low marital satisfaction, undesirable relationship with child and behavioral problems in children.

The increasing emphasis on the link between ethics and psychology, in the context of marital interactions, has led researcher of this field to concentrate on quantifying ethical constructs.

The current study aimed to assess martial virtues and construct and validate a scale to evaluate these virtues in Iranian families.

The present research was a descriptive-correlational and factor analysis design. The sampling method was convenient which was performed in a number of survey stages on 302 married men and women, pilot implementation on 100 married men and women, and the final implementation on 298 people from five regions of the city of Tehran. Participants completed Hendrick relationship assessment scale (1988), Hills & Argyle (2002) oxford happiness scale-short form, Blom and et al WHO psychological well-being scale (2012), Pines marital burnout scale (1996),  and the researcher-made marital virtue scale (2017).

Results showed that four factors including generosity, tolerance, guarding privacy, and tactics together explained 50% of the total variance. The reliability of each of these factors were 0/85, 0/70, 0/70 and 0/69, respectively. Also, results showed that the scale of marital virtues had an appropriate convergent validity with the constructs of happiness, well-being, and marital satisfaction as well as a favorable divergent validity with marital burnout (p<0/01). Results also showed that women and men had significant differences regarding the virtues of generosity and tolerance.

this scale had an appropriate reliability and validity for use in clinical-counseling and research programs on the couple.

Interpersonal relationships and emotions are two factors which affected mental health, and can play an important role in the formatting or continuing of maladaptive personality traits. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between friendship quality and affective style with obsessive-compulsive, avoidant and dependent personality disorder. For this purpose, 400 female students of Al-Zahra University were selected by using a sampling method and they responded to the International Personality Disorder Examination Questionnaire screening, friendliness-unfriendliness questionnaire  and affective style questionnaire. The results showed that all three disorders have a significant negative correlation with a total score of friendship quality and adjusting component of affective style. Also, regression analysis showed that the components of friendship quality and affective style play a significant role in predicting personality disorder. Commonly, all three disorders have a significant negative relationship with alienation component of friendship quality and have a significant positive relationship with concealing component of affective style. In general, people with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, avoidant and dependent have a experience low quality on different aspects of friendship and they use maladaptive style for affective regulation.

The role of post-traumatic growth has been approved in cancer patients, which can have a positive psychological effect in cancer patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between post-traumatic growth with spiritual well-being, subjective well-being, psychological well-being, and hope in cancer patients. The sample of this research consisted of 225 patients with cancer who were selected by convenience sampling method. The assessment tools have been including the silver lining questionnaire, spiritual well-being scale, well-being index WHO-5 Satisfaction with Life Scale and positive affect and negative affect schedule and hope scale. The results showed that post-traumatic growth has a positive and significant relationship with the variables of psychological well-being, spiritual well-being, subjective well-being and hope. The variables of psychological well-being and existential well-being and the pathway component of hope have a significant role in predicting post-traumatic growth. In general, the results of this study indicate the importance of the post-traumatic growth dimensions in improving the mental status of cancer patients.

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the reasons for continuation common life with the strategies for maintaining marital relationship. It was a descriptive study of correlational type. The population was all 17 to 55 years old couples in Semnan and Esfahan city that have lived together 1 to 35 years and have continue to common life in 1395 year. A sample included 175 individual (100 women and 75 men) who were selected with available sampling method. The data were collected from the reasons for continuation common life scale and the marital relationship maintaining strategies questionnaire. Data were analyzed using correlation test and independent t-test. The results of the study showed that there is a significant and positive relationship between the rewarding factors and the number of rewarding factors with the type of marital relationship maintaining strategies. On the other side, there is a significant and negative relationship between the restricted factors and the number of restricted factors with the type of marital relationship maintaining strategies. Also, there was no obvious difference in the restricted and rewarding reasons for continuation common life between the two genders. In general, the result of the study showed that the rewarding factors play a very important role in the strategies that individuals use to maintain their common life. Also, the result of this study can be used to increase and improve the quality, satisfaction, and stability of the couple’s common life.

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of positive psychotherapy and Self-Review on well-being and resilience among students as mothers. The study sample was consisted of twenty seven students of Alzahra University, who were mothers as well..They were selected through convenience sampling, and were randomly assigned to three self-review, positive psychotherapy and control groups. The data were measured using two questionnaires: Subjective Well-Being Questionnaire (RSPWB-SF) and Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA) in three phases of pretest, posttest and follow up. For the first group experimental,the positive psychotherapy was administered in seven sessions and for the second group, self-reviewtherapy was provided in six sessions. The control group has received no intervention. The data was analyzed by descriptive statistic and multivariate covariance method. The results indicated that mean scores of subjective well-being in post-test and follow-up were significantly increased in self- review and Positive Psychotherapy groups compared to control group. But resilience was not significant. Accordingly, the findings suggested that self-review and positive psychotherapy interventions had a significant effect on increasing the well-being of mothers. However, there was no significant difference between the two methods in terms of effectiveness on subjective well-being. These results can be construed as an evidence for using positive psychotherapy or self-review in psychological well-being for students as mothers.

the aim of current study was to compare eating habits of early years of life and attachment styles of obese girls with normal weight girls.One hundred and fifty students with normal weight and 150 obese students were selected from Rafsanjan, Iran using purposive sampling method. The participants’ age range was between 9 and 11 years. The participants completed the Demographic Questionnaire, the Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire (Musher-Eizenman, 2007), and the Inventory of Parent Attachment (Gullone & Robinson, 2005). The results of independent-samples t test indicated significant differences between the two groups in scores of the Feeding Practices subscales (such as child control, emotion regulation with food, encourage balance/ variety, food as a reward, involvement, pressure to eat, restriction for health, restriction for weight). No differences were found between the groups in the scores of attachment styles. The two groups had different birth weight. The obese girls’ parents had higher BMI than normal girls’ parents. The findings can be used in understanding childhood obesity, obesity prevention, and designing therapeutic interventions. The findings suggested that certain eating habit can be modified through culturally appropriate training.

Fear of disease progression is common problems and the main causes of distress in chronic disease. This fear can have destructive effect, including emotional problems of patients with chronic physical diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between fear of disease progression with anxiety, stress and depression among multiple sclerosis and cancer patients. The sample of this research consisted of 212 female patients with multiple sclerosis and 102 cancer who were selected by convenience sampling method. The assessment tools have been include fear of progression questionnaire and depression, anxiety and stress scale. The results showed that significant positive relationships were found for fear of progression and anxiety, stress and depression. All in all, the result of this analysis showed that the tested model explain 48 percentage of the variance of emotional problems. Another finding of this study was that the fear of disease progression in patients with cancer was much more than in patients with multiple sclerosis. Thus, due to administration and planning health care of chronic diseases, including multiple sclerosis and cancer, the consideration of fear of disease progression in these patients is important.

One of the most important components of social interaction and interpersonal relationship is multifaceted construct of empathy which makes people able to understand others feeling, predict their behavior and respond emotionally in a proper way.

As empathy is cultural-related construct, structural equation of empathy among normal Iranian adults, was one of the purposes of this study. Empathy quotation (EQ), Reading mind in eyes (RMET) and Face emotion recognition (TFR) were instruments of study that 304 participates had answered them.

Results showed that 4-factor model of empathy have best fitness contained cognitive empathy, affective empathy, social skills and based-performance test (CFI=.91, TLI=.90). Additionally, women reported higher score in affective empathy (t=2.67) and emotion recognition (t=2.95). Also, Explored finding showed age had negative relation with mindreading (p

To conclude, this study confirms 4-factor empathy model among Iranian population and shows that performance-based task is independent factor related with cognitive empathy.

The purpose of present study was to investigate the relationship between curiosity and intimacy and marital satisfaction in married women's subjective well-being. For this purpose 265 married women in Tehran were selected using voluntary sampling. Research instruments were Curiosity and exploration inventory, Intimacy Scale, Relationship Assessment Scale, Satisfaction with life Scale and Positive and Negative Affect Scale. Results of path analysis showed that curiosity has a direct effect on marital satisfaction, positive affect and life satisfaction. Also curiosity through intimacy has significant indirect effects on marital satisfaction, life satisfaction and positive affect. intimacy Direct effect on marital satisfaction and intimacy indirect effect on life satisfaction and positive affect was also significant. Overall, the result demonstrates the importance of mediation Role of intimacy and marital satisfaction in the process relationship between curiosity and subjective well-being of womens.

This study was aimed at predicting internalizing and externalizing problems based on Cloninger temperament and character model. Cloninger proposed a solid theoretical framework on character with emphasis on biological parameters that pertains for both normal and abnormal personalities. This model includes four dimensions (novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence and persistence) for temperament and three dimensions (self-directedness, self-transcendence and cooperativeness) for character. To achieve this goal, 500 male and female students were selected from high schools of Mahallat using cluster sampling method. Achenbach Behavioral Problems and Cloninger Temperament and Character Inventory were administered. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling via AMOS software. The results showed that %42 of internalizing problems and %36 of externalizing problems can be explained by temperament and character. Harm avoidance could positively, and persistence, self-directedness and cooperativeness could negatively predict internalizing problems. On the other hand, novelty seeking positively and harm avoidance, reward dependence, self-directedness and cooperativeness could negatively predict externalizing problems. These findings can be applied in etiology of behavioral problems and preventive strategies.

The present study was carried out in order to examine the efficacy of sand play therapy in the treatment of children who have depressive symptoms in low socio-economic class.
Multiple baseline experimental single case study was used as the method of the present study. Three children of low socio–economic class with the mild to moderate depressive symptoms were selected via using purposeful sampling. Participants completed child depression inventory (CDI), Child symptom inventory (CSI-4), five questions scale of depression and children self-concept scale (CSCS). Treatment program was carried out for 14 sessions and twice a week, with a follow-up period of 3 months subsequent to treatment termination.
Results have showed that sand play therapy is significantly efficient on treatment's target.
this research shows that sand play therapy has appropriate efficacy in the decline of children s depressive symptoms.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the executive functions (EFs) as the mediators between coping with stress styles and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Two styles of coping with stress (problem focused coping (PFC) and emotion focused coping (EFC)) and eight executive functions (inhibition, flexibility, focusing, working memory, decision making, reasoning, problem solving, and meta-cognition) were examined during this study.
This research was administrated in 250 GAD clinical patients that were selected as available samples. SCID interview and DASS-21 applied to diagnose the moderate level of GAD as well as to quantify the data. The N-Back, Strop, Tower of London and the other tests were the software tests which measured the executive functions.
Results showed that the model of coping with stress styles with eight EF mediators to GAD contains the goodness of fit. Both inhibition and flexibility were the mediators that affected GAD. The meta-cognition was an EF that was affected from both the inhibition and working memory.
Findings generally showed that PFC is not applied by GAD patients and do not affect GAD except by meta-cognition. This is while EFC affects it by inhibition, flexibility, working memory and decision making.

This study aimed at exploring psychometric properties of the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire short form. To this end, 494 university students were randomly selected from different universities located in Tehran city. The research instruments were the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, and Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale. Results of a Confirmatory Factor Analysis indicated that the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire measures happiness as a unidimensional construct. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of the questionnaire was found to be 0.71 for whole population, 0.71 for female and 0.70 for male samples which is satisfactory. Results of a Pearson correlation revealed that there was a positive and significant relationship between the short and long form happiness questionnaire’s scores, satisfaction with life, and self-esteem. Also, the female university students’ mean score was higher than their male counterparts. The results of the research indicated that the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire Short Form has acceptable psychometric characteristics among university students and it can be used as a valid instrument in psychological research.

The present research aimed at studying the role of family function، self-esteem، self-efficacy and personality type in the prediction of academic achievement motivation. The method of this research was descriptive–correlational. The research population included all Semnan high school students in 1390 academic year. Out of this population، 400 high school students were selected by cluster random sampling. The instruments used for the purpose of data collection were Bahrani’s motivation of academic achievement questionnaire (1372)، the general self-efficacy scale of Schwarzer and Jerusalem (1981)، Rosenberg self-esteem scale (1965)، Najarian’s family function questionnaire (1374)، Eysenck personality inventory (short form) (1982). The results showed a significant positive relationship between academic achievement motivation with family function and its related components، self-esteem، extraversion and self-efficacy. Also، there was a significant negative relationship between neuroticism and academic achievement motivation. The results of step-wise regression analysis showed that family function، self-efficacy، extraversion، self-esteem and neuroticism respectively have an important and significant role in the prediction of academic achievement motivation. Generally، the variables explained 33% of motivation of academic achievement variance.

This research was conducted with the goal of studying the relation of discrepancy between expectations and reality of marital relationship and marital satisfaction. The method of research was descriptive and correlative. So، 146 married people (87 women & 59 men) from Tehran City were selected using voluntary sampling. For collecting data، the realistic experiences & the expectations of marital relation questionnaires، and the Relationship Assessment Scale were employed. Results showed that among all marital satisfaction components، there were significant correlation between difference of expectations and reality of marital Relationship & marital satisfaction. The result of stepwise regression analysis showed discrepancy between expectations and reality in components such as conflict resolution and commitment، had significant role to predict marital satisfaction. The results also showed that the difference of reality and expectations in components self-disclosure، affection، relational security، quality of communication، and conflict resolution are more significant among women than men.