gholamreza maghami moghim

Salt karsts are formed when salt formations are dissolved in water. Despite the diverse forms of salt karst in Iran and their significance in civil engineering projects, a paucity of studies in this field is felt. Investigating these karsts is essential to mitigate potential hazards and improve scientific knowledge about salt karsts. The primary goal of this research is to identify the areas of salt karst in the northern part of Meyami County in Semnan Province. In this study, field surveys and satellite imagery were used to explore the processes and diverse forms of salt karsts in the northern part of Meyami County. The results suggest that, influenced by salt diapirism, unique landforms have emerged in this region, with an approximate age dating back to the Miocene period. These landforms, and tectonic and erosional processes have given rise to various salt karst features such as salt karrens, closed depressions, underground cavities, and hydrological forms. Salt karrens are the most abundant and diverse karst features observed in most parts of the region. Poljes are the widest, and dolines are the most typical forms of closed depressions, which have formed in the Gilan anticline in the central part of the region. Among the underground cavities, caves are the least known, while ponors are the most prevalent forms. Salt valleys and springs are hydrological features that have developed along the Kalshour River. Given the diversity of karst features and the predominance of evaporative formations, the salt karsts in this region can be classified as mature karsts. These karsts have shaped a unique topography in the area, characterized by thousands of valleys and badlands, distinguishing its morphology from the surrounding landscapes.

Today, soil erosion is considered one of the most important problems in the world, and due to the long period of soil formation in Iran, the importance of this problem is more prominent in this country. This annual process causes the destruction of land, the reduction of soil fertility and the filling of reservoirs of dams. The best place for erosion control is catchment areas. It is necessary to pay attention to watersheds in the process of erosion, especially the basins whose rivers play an important role in providing drinking water for residential areas, agriculture and river treatment projects. In this research, using hydrophysical models (CSY), the sedimentation potential of the sub-basins of the Ruain River catchment area in the southern slopes of Aladagh Mountains in northeastern Iran was calculated. The results of this research showed that factors such as size, topography, erodibility, precipitation and vegetation cover in the sub-basins of this river basin have the greatest effect on the sedimentation potential of the sub-basins of this river, and the erosion and sedimentation potential is the same in all the sub-basins of this river. is not. Based on this, the sedimentation potential for Ruin sub-basin was 390.05 tons equivalent to 47.84%, for Mahmoudi sub-basin 182.04 tons equivalent to 22.32%, for Kalat sub-basin 143.91 tons equivalent to 17.65% and for Shiravieh sub-basin 99.27 equivalent to 12.17%. Therefore, the Ruin and Mahmoudi sub-basins are more sensitive to erosion processes than the other two sub-basins and should be properly managed by implementing soil protection plans and proper management of the erosion process.Erosion is the movement of soil from one place to another and in any possible way, the natural process of this process is necessary for nature, but a large amount of it will lead to unfortunate consequences such as the filling of lakes and dams, the reduction of soil fertility, the increase of the sediment load of rivers and the destruction of ecosystems. had Erosion occurs under the influence of various factors, and knowledge of these factors will have a significant effect on reducing erosion and sediment load of rivers. Today, the increase of sediment measuring stations in river catchment areas has made it easy to measure their sediment load, and most of the world's rivers are equipped with these stations, with all the possible improvements in this field, some catchment areas still lack this device. In addition, these stations cannot predict the amount of erosion in the future, and it is not possible to install measuring devices for all basins and their sub-basins, so estimating the amount of erosion and sedimentation of the watershed using the model Experimental studies can be considered as a suitable program to protect the soil and prevent the harmful effects of erosion and help to obtain reliable data in the stations.Due to the high rate of erosion and the slowness of soil formation, the study of this process gained more speed. With the presentation of the cycle of erosion by Morris Davis in 1884, the process of erosion attracted the attention of more researchers (Shahdad, 2009). With the passage of time and the increase of agricultural activities, erosion became more intense and the need for scientific studies in this field increased and became academic and many experimental methods such as USLE, MPSIAC, WEPP, EPM, SWAT, MUSLE, geomorphology, Hydrophysics, Musgrave and... were presented and researchers such as Gavrilovich (1988), Weiss Kamir and Smith (1978), Musgrave (1947), Gab Hart and Johnson (1982) (1982), Zonta in Italy and... in this field conducted studies (Maqami Moghim et al. 1402). In Iran, due to the long time of formation, the high rate of soil erosion and the lack of equipment and hydrometric stations, experimental methods of estimating sedimentation and erosion have attracted the attention of researchers, and researchers such as Mahmoud Abadi (1384), Naderi (1389), Khosravi 1390), Qadzavi (1391), Ahmadi (1396) and Haghi Abhi (1398). Conducted studies in this field. One of the new methods of experimental estimation of erosion among the methods proposed in Iran that has attracted the attention of Iranian researchers is The hydrophysical method is CSY, which has been used by researchers in Iran due to its ease. In a study conducted in the Nozhian watershed in Lorestan province, a jury concluded that the hydrophysical model is more accurate compared to the EPM and MPSIAC models. (Davari et al., 2014). In another study in the Kesilian basin of Mazandaran, compared to the geomorphological method, the results of the hydrophysical method had a greater distance with the statistics recorded at the hydrometric station of this basin (Mohsani et al., 2015). Damghan River used this method to estimate erosion potentials and considered it a suitable method to estimate sediment in a relative manner in this basin (Maqami Moghim et al., 1402). With this method, it is possible to identify the erodible points of the basin more easily, as a result, planning for high-risk points is done with more precision (Ahmadi, 2016). Ruin River is one of the watersheds of the southern slopes of Aladagh highlands in the northeast of Iran, which has received less attention from researchers. . The abundant accumulation of sediment in the alluvial cone of this river indicates severe erosion in its catchment area (Figure 1). Despite severe erosion, its sedimentation and erosion potential has not been studied. The only information related to the sediment measurement of this river is its hydrometric station, which is located in the southwest of Iraqi village which records the sedimentation of this river in general. For this reason, the information about the erosion potential in the sub-basins of this river is still unknown. This can cause many problems for the people living in this area, especially the industrial complex in the south of this basin as the largest industrial complex in northeastern Iran. For this reason, it is necessary to calculate its sedimentation potential for the principled exploitation of natural resources and reducing the harm of erosion.

Diapir is a process in which material with a lower specific weight rises from the upper layers, breaks them and appears on the surface of the earth. In this process, the type of salt's response to the applied stresses creates specific geomorphological forms, which study is important due to the presence of oil resources, the establishment of human settlements, and the passage of communication routes.Failure to pay attention to salt diapirism studies in construction projects can cause their failure.In this research, which was conducted with the aim of investigating the geomorphology caused by salt diapirs, in the south of Semnan privance and with field, library and Remote Sensing methods, it was found that salt deposits cause the creation of specific geomorphological structures and shapes through the creation of tension. local cracks, surface dislocations and tensile fractures.Also, the fluidity of salt has been created on the surface structures and their dimensions are effective, and these structures, in turn, create local forces and control the morpho-geo-structural situation of the region.In addition, the dissolution process has played an important role in the formation of salt karsts in the region and has created significant shapes.Based on this, the geomorphological forms resulting from the Salt diapirismof the region were identified and in three groups of building forms including salt domes, salt anticlines and salt walls, salt karsts including dolines, ponors, karns and forms resulting from hydrological processes including valleys, springs, salt fluxes and salt glaciers were classified.

In this project, we are looking for a solution to identify the driving performance of drivers and check the driving ethics of a person, through which we can analyze the driving of high-risk drivers and novice drivers in the first stage.In this project, which has been implemented in North Khorasan province, a number of 14 cars were examined (of which 4 are given in this article) and using the control device installed on them, the car's movement information, including the location (length and latitude), speed, time and date and acceleration have been taken.And then, the information collected in the application developed using the MATLAB programming environment has been analyzed and the driving behavior of the person has been checked using the defined parameters

The extended breadth, brilliant historical background and powerful ancient empires lead researchers to conclude that Iran must have been powerful enough in those eras in scientific domains especially in terms of geographical knowledge. But the remaining scientific works in geographical arena isn’t considerable enough. In the present study, using the literature review method, an attempt has been made to reveal few geographical references about Iran prior to the advent of Islam. These references are books, manuscripts, inscription and epopee forms. Among the books, the Avesta, Bundahišn, Dēnkart, and Menog-i Khrad have a significant importance. Moreover, Šahrestānīhā ī Ērānšahr, The wonder and remarkability of Sagastān, History of Karkā ḏe Bēṯ Selōḵ, The Chronicle of Arbela, Parthian Stations and Movses Khorenatsi are geography books that too discuss geographical issues of ancient Iran. The letters of ancient kings such as Ardashir-e Babakan, Tansar and Artabanus to Susa citizens also contain information about geography. Some inscriptions from ancient Iran have geographic concepts such as Darius, Persepolis, Susa, Xerxes I and Shapur I. There is a lack of geographers’ name in ancient Iran same as scientific references about geography. Only two people named Isidore Charax and Movses Khorenatsi could be found who studied the Iranian geography, directly.

Bidvaz dam drainage basin is located in the northwest of Esfarayen, which is geologically a part of Aladagh-Binaloud structural zone. For managing water resources and optimal use of these resources, a dam has been built on the main branch of this river. By pouring water into this dam, it became clear that water escape from this dam is more than the existing standards. The subsequent measures for reducing water leakage from this dam did nor result in positive consequences. Although the construction of this dam has had many benefits to the region, the increase in water leakage made the people living downstream worry. The high leakage of water from this dam evokes the assumption that the escape of water may be caused by tectonic activities. Because the lives of more than 70,000 people, including the people of Esfarayen city and several populated villages, are closely related to the water of this dam, it was necessary to study the tectonic activities under its basins. In this research, which was conducted using morphotectonic indicators and with the aim of identifying tectonic activities in this dam, it was determined that the region is tectonically in the ranks of active regions. Evidences such as the activity of faults, the study of earthquakes in the region, the results of morphotectonic indicators, and the study of profiles of the sub-basins of this river all indicate that this basin is tectonically active. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the operation, maintenance, and technical aspects of this dam.

The morphology of each region is related to its landforms, the morphology of flat areas is related to inselbergs. The presence of inselbergs in desert and dry areas gives a special appearance to the morphology of these areas. The study of these landforms and the effective factors in their formation is considered a necessity in terms of regional development. According to the studies, various factors play a role in the formation of inselbergs, and the role of lithology seems to be more prominent. In this research, which was conducted with the method of field and library studies, we identified 18 inselbergs in Safi Abad plain and by studying them, we came to the conclusion that the inselbergs of this plain are mainly formed in sedimentary rocks such as limestone, conglomerate and sandstone. Among the geological formations, the largest and most diverse inselbergs in the Safiabad plain are formed in the mass conglomerate formation with good hardening because this formation is the most widespread in this plain. But the most typical inselbergs of this plain are formed in thick layered limestone. Because this formation is more resistant to erosion. Lar Formations including Limestone and Thick Limestone’s to Mass Dolomite and Delichai Formations have also played an important role in the formation of inselbergs in this plain. Although the extent of these formations is not significant, but due to their significant resistance to erosion and being far from these processes, they have caused the formation of evolved inselbergs in this plain

Today, soil erosion is one of the important problems in catchments, lakes behind the dam, various agricultural areas and natural resources, which also causes land degradation, reduced soil fertility and filling the reservoir of dams. Due to climatic conditions, the erosion process in Iran requires more attention because in this country, soil formation occurs in the long run and its destruction in the short term. The best place to control soil erosion is catchments. It is necessary to pay attention to catchments in the erosion process, especially catchments whose rivers flow into lakes behind dams or play an important role in providing drinking water to a city or region. In this study, using the hydrophysical model (CSY), the sedimentation potential of Damghan River watershed in the southern slopes of Alborz was calculated. The results of this study showed that the Namakeh sub-basin has the highest and the Dibaj sub-basin has the lowest sedimentation potential. The Kalateh Rudbar basin is also in moderate conditions. Therefore, the Namakeh basin is more vulnerable to erosion and should be properly managed by implementing soil protection plans and proper management of the erosion process in this basin.

Inselbergs are special forms of desert areas that give a special face to the morphology of these areas. The study of these forms is essential in terms of tourism, climate change and regional development. Among the factors influencing the formation of inselbergs the role of tectonics seems to be important. In this study, which was conducted by field and library studies with the aim of studying the inselberg of Safi Abad plain, we identified 20 inselbergs and concluded that the activity of regional faults in the Miocene period, the heights Poshte Bahram, the primary nucleus of inselberg in this plain Has created. In this plain, there were six thrust faults along the northwest-southeast and a slope between 30 and 50 degrees. These faults have provided the initial conditions for the formation of inselberg by moving and giving height to geological formations. The effect of faults in the formation of inselberg of this plain is not the same, in the northern part due to the confrontation of faults and erosion processes, the typical inselberg has been formed. In the middle part, due to the superiority of tectonic activity, the inselbergs have a rough and unglazed state, and in the southern part, due to the superiority of erosion, polished inselbergs have formed. In addition to the faults of Safi Abad plain, the activity of Aladagh highlands faults in the northern neighborhood of this plain, by affecting the catchment area of the Grati River, has been applied to the inselberg of this plain.

The main purpose of this study was to explore the impact of climate on the changes made in the inselbergs of Safi Abad Plain. The ultimate aim of such a study is controlling the changes and make optimal use of geomorphological forms. The applied research used field study. After identifying 18 inselbergs it was found that Posht Bahram highlands of Safi Abad plain had been formed as a result of tectonic activities between the Devonian and the Miocene. Due the formation of the heights, the primary skeleton of the inselbergs had been created and the changes made by the weather have resulted in the current shapes of the inselbergs of the plain. Some climate elements have caused changes in the surface of the inselbergs of Safi Abad plain, among of which are the precipitation by creating rain and flood karrens, temperature through various types of weathering, and wind through creating honeycomb karrens. Moreover, geological formations of the region have also reacted differently to the climate processes. They have had different impacts on the surface of the inselbergs. The most typical inselbergs have been formed in the massive limestones of north as the geological formations more resist against the effects of climate. The inselbergs formed in the conglomerates of the south are, however, change more as their resistance is lower and their appearance is far from typical inselbergs. Moreover, the plain’s northern inselbergs, due to being located on the slopes receiving less sun, have undergone less changes against climatic factors, and the southern inselbergs of the heights have undergone more changes as they are located on the sunny slope.

The excessive usage of groundwater has led to some problems in recent years such as the salinization of wells water, drying of aqueducts and springs. Due to the importance of groundwater, some important studies have been conducted accordingly; the oldest belongs to the Greek philosophers. There are also some articles in this field of Iranian scholars such as Abourihan and Hamdollah Mostofi. Pierre Perrault and Edme Mariotte were the first who wrote about the origin of groundwater in France in a scientific way. Moreover, significant studies have been carried out in this regard including Nayak (2006) investigated the Godavari Basin in Maharashtra province (India), Zhang (2009) studied the Pear Basin in China, Potop (2011) explored a study in the Czech Republic, Jang (2012) conducted a study in the Pingtung Plain in Taiwan, Sinha (2014) investigated Valapattnam Basin (India), and Yang (2012) carried out a study in the plain of Beijing. In Iran, as well, Khosravi (2014) in the Garmsar plain and Javdanian (2016) in the plains around the city of Isfahan, have conducted important studies in this regard. Although groundwater issues are attributed to humans in most of these studies, but it seems that besides the negative effects of some human activities, they have somewhat moderated the decline in groundwater levels in recent years. Despite the fact that the usage of groundwater in the Safiabad plain dates back to a few hundred years, there has not been any significant studies conducted in terms of its groundwater. In this study carried out through field and library methods, it was attempted to investigate the changes of groundwater level in this plain, so that the human positive effects could be identified in this field whose results could be utilized in better controlling and managing groundwater.

To do the research, firstly, the studied region was determined using field studies as well as topographic and geological maps. Statistics related to the groundwater levels of 27 years (1992 -2016) were obtained from the North Khorasan Regional Water Authority, and the data on agricultural activities was collected from the Esfarayen Agricultural Jihad Department and the climatic statistics were sourced from the Safiabad Synoptic Meteorological Station.  The data regarding smart meters was obtained by interviewing with North Khorasan Regional Water Authority experts. That part of this study, which was related to cultural issues and cash penalties, was conducted through interviews with farmers. The statistical analysis, the preparation of hydrographs and figures were processed using Minitab, Excel, and SPSS software.

Safiabad plain is one of the northeastern plains of Iran, where the usage of groundwater is common there. The hydrograph consideration of this plain indicated that the its groundwater level has been decreased by about 6.9 m since 1989. In the study of changes regarding the groundwater levels, the first hypothesis which comes to the mind, is the effects of precipitation on these changes. Based on meteorological statistics, regression coefficient and histogram precipitation of this plain follows the normal distribution. Therefore, in recent years, the main cause of water table decline in this plain is the over-extraction of groundwater. The reduction of groundwater levels has led the Regional Water Authority administrations and farmers do some policies. Making concrete channels and water pipelines was the first step in this issue which causes saving 6 percent of the usage of groundwater in this plain.Also, according to the statistics, 42% of the farm lands of Safiabad plain are irrigated by modern systems, which would save 8.8% water consumption in this plain per year. The change of cultivation type was another policy that was applied since 2006. In 2017, pistachio gardens were replaced with the cultivation of grains and saffron replaced sugar beet; through these changes, about 40% were saved in the water resources of this plain. The imposition of cash penalties was another Regional Water Authority policy that saved 5% of the groundwater in the plain. Cultural issues are also other important cases that if implemented appropriately, can have a sustainable impact on the exploitation of water resources. However, no considerable action has been taken so far in this regard. The use of smart meters is one of the newest methods of groundwater control that was firstly used in 2003 in Safiabad plain. Although the effect of using this method was not significant until 2011, however, since this year, for the first time, the hydrograph of the plain showed the positive reflections to the use of this controlling method and groundwater level was matched with the data fitting line and sometimes reached to the levels higher than it.

Safiabad plain is one of the northern Khorasan plains, which is faced with a sharp decrease in the groundwater aquifers. Farmers and government agencies sought to control the level of water consumption in the plain by creating concrete channels and pipes for transferring water through the channels, using new methods of irrigation, changing in cultivation, cash fines, cultural actions and the installation of smart meters. The results indicated that by transferring water through the use of pipes and concrete channels, new irrigation methods, changing the cultivation type, cash penalties, cultural issues, using smart meters, respectively, 6%, 8.4%, 40%, 5%, 2% and 45% of water consumption was saved and overall, 105.4% of the water consumption has been saved in this plain.  However, the hydrograph consideration of this plain showed that the groundwater level is still decreasing. More detailed studies indicated that some causes of this decrease were due to the high thickness of the unsaturated soil, causing a large amount of water not to reach into the saturation zone; however, the main reason for this issue is the increase of cultivation area in this plain. In other words, farmers in this plain have been saving water by taking some activities, but having increased the area under cultivation, the amount of groundwater consumption has continued as much as the past. Furthermore, the results of the research showed that among human actions, only the installation of smart meters has had a significant effect on the hydrograph of this plain, so that since 2011, for the first time, the level of groundwater has passed the fitting line.

  Based on human needs, the usage of underground is increasing. By the time of the 12th century, the use of these waters was carried out in traditional ways, but at the beginning of this century, the technique of exploitation is developed which is caused to be water withdrawal and made many problems such as the drying of the Qanats and springs. Because of the importance, the study of these resources has been chosen. The oldest studies in this regard are related to Greek philosophers. AbouiryhanBeiruni and HamdollahMostofi also conducted studies in this regard in Iran, also in this field Nayak (2006), Zang (2009) by Plutp (2011), Jang (2012), Sins (2014), Yang (2012), Zaho (2015) have been studied in recent years. In spite of the fact that nearly one century passes from the usage of underground water through Safi Abad plain, but its underground water has not studied. In this research, it is attempted to identify the factors which are affecting the level of underground water changing in the Safi Abad plain that its results can be used to control and manage its groundwater For doing this research, was first determined the scope of the study. Then Statistics data which are related to groundwater was obtained from the Regional Water Authority of North Khorasan province. The climate studies were performed by using Safi Abad and Esfarayen weather stations statistics. The information of smart meters was obtained through experts from the Regional Water Authority. The issues which are related to draw the diagrams and plans were done by using the mini-tab, Excel, spss and Adobe Illustrator software. Safi Abad plain is located in the eastern part of Iran, in coordinates between 57-39˚ and 58˚ 06˚eastern longitude, and 35˚36 to 36˚55 northern longitude. The hydrographs study of groundwater of this plain indicates that the groundwater levels were reduced significantly. In the early studies, it was assumed that in the reduction of groundwater of this plain were affected because of the factors such as rainfall, increasing in population, political issues, irrigation systems, and Installing smart meters. On the basis of assumptions, the effect of rainfall was first studied. The average rainfall is 259 mm in this plain. The correlation between precipitation and groundwater level by SPSS software indicated that there is not the significant relationship between rainfall and groundwater. Also, the rainfall magnitude of 40 years was normal in this plain., In addition, water withdrawal is considered as another effective factor in this area, which is related with increasing population. The population of SafiAbad has doubled from 1335 to 1395. Moreover, with conversion Safi Abad to city, the population immigration from surrounding villages was led to an increase of in groundwater withdrawal of the plain.  Fines for unauthorized water withdrawal also do not have a positive effect on controlling of groundwater in this plain because fines which are considered for these issues were not deterrent. Some researchers consider new irrigation techniques are useful to reduce water withdrawal. Although the use of these methods has increased on this plain, it does not prevent the depletion of groundwater level because farmers have cultivated another part of its land. The use of smart meters is one of the most recent groundwater controlling methods, which is considered. for the first time in this plain has been investigated, the effect of these meters which has installed in three stages. The first step was before the installation of the meters when the level of water had dropped sharply, after the installation of the meters, their effects were not very clear since the 2011 and for the first time the surface of the groundwater level in this plain was higher than the data line. One of the plain where its groundwater level is decreasing is Safi Abad plain. In the early studies, it was assumed that this decrease is because of the factors such as precipitation, population increasing, the development of the Safi Abad and changing to the city, political issues, irrigation systems and installing smart meters. The study of rainfall statistics indicated that precipitation in this plain has not reduced in recent years, so that rainfall cannot have considered as a reason for this issue. The second assumption was related to the excessive overtaking of groundwater because of population growth. The population of Safi Abad has doubled from 1956 to 2016, which this increasing has doubled the water requirements. Elections have had an impact on this issue as a political result which is noticeable during the 1998-1997. Also, the fines which were considered for water withdrawal have not been able to overcome excessive consumption. The use of modern irrigation methods in this plain cause water saving consumption, but it has not been able to reduce groundwater withdrawal because farmers has been cultivated another part of this plain. But the installation of intelligent meters somehow is considered as the factor could reduce the water withdrawal which would prevent about 10 million cubic meters of unauthorized water withdrawal in the Safi Abad plain.

Darparchin watershed is one of the Bidvaz river sub-basins and it is located in northeast Iran. Apparent morphology, fault scarps, and debris indicate influence of tectonic structures like faults on the watershed development. Owing to vicinity with residential and industrial areas (such as Esferayen city and Bidvaz dam) and basin arrangement purposes, knowing about the impact of tectonic structures to this basin is necessary. For this aim longitudinal and logarithmic profiles of the basin, and its morphotectonic indices, vf, AF, s, and lat were obtained, and Gravelius impact factor for each of them has been identified. The postulation of profiles showed a lack of harmony as in most parts the longitudinal profile is above another one. This repugnancy is consistent with faults orientation. The vf index in 19 stations was measured with an average value of 0.7859. Based on this index faults are active and they caused tight (V-shaped) valleys in the basin. Results of AF index in this basin showed a compaction on right side of the basin because of the faults pressure from north direction to this part of basin. Also results from Gravelius factor announced that the basin stretched and continued to trend NW-SE by reason of faults direction. In field studies various types of karst forms such as karrens,ponor, dolines, and karstic valleys were observed, which were related to faults with perpendicular direction to stretched valleys.

Salt diapirism is a process that the overlaying rocks are impregnated with upward moving evaporites, and produce highlands. Due to their importance in human life and activities, these phenomena are of interest to researchers. The studied area has been affected by salt diapirism. Landforms made by these activities have changed the topography of the area. The associated topographic features, in turn, play an important role in human activities such as Tehran – Mashhad railway. Due to the nature of salt diapirism and fast changes, this phenomenon can lead to sever problems for human societies. Ignorance of salt diapirism in civil projects such as road and railway constructions can produce irrecoverable costs. Due to the importance of salt diapirism in human life, these phenomena have been vastly studied.
Studies on diapirism have been carried out in Southern Iran (Arian & Nowruzpour, 2015; Talbot, 1979), Southern Spain (Gattirose, 2010), and the Netherlands (Harding & Haus, 2015). These studies in Southern Iran mostly dealt with the fundamentals and they did not investigate their applications.
Due to their even topographies and geographical settings, the areas affected by the salt diapirism have been used for railway network. However, the risks related to these areas have not been considered by the national Disaster Management Organization and the authorities.
The Tehran–Shahrud–Mashhad railway in the study area between Shahrud and Bakran stations could be affected by diapirism and the related risks. Through the present study, field observations and remote sensing approach were integrated to evaluate diapirism, and the results can be applied for preventing the railway-related hazards. The study area is located in Shahrud County, Semnan Province between the coordinates of N36˚27ˊ - N36˚31ˊ and E55˚32ˊ - E55˚38ˊ. Shahrud – Jilan railway and Meyami – Jilan road are the access ways to the study area.
Topographic and geological maps along with field observations of different salt diapirism morphologies were used in this study. In addition, digital elevation model (DEM) data of 30 m special resolution from shuttle radar topography mission (SRTM) were used to produce digital layers. Field and remote sensing data were investigated using the indexing natural hazards (INH) method. In this method, salt morphologies in the studied area were classified according to the distance from railway, the production of secondary phenomena, reoccurrence, predictability, and structural geology. According to field measurements and library research, they were then ranked from 1 to 3 in terms of the danger to the railway. Based on the gathered information, the processes and phenomena were weighed to understand the role of each one in producing hazards for the railway. All the maps were produced by ArcGIS. 3-1- Mechanisms of Salt Diapirism
Tectonic activism has been the most important mechanism in the formation of salt diapirs. Structural deformations in the studied area is under the control of tectonic activities between the Central Iran and Alborz structural zones. The encounter of these two structural zones has provided an appropriate setting for the accumulation of evaporates. The subsequent folding has resulted in the formation of Jilan Anticline and Jilan–Farashian fault. These deformations led to the impregnation of evaporates into the overlaying beds and formed salt domes. Landform formation due to upcoming salt is called salt tectonics. Additionally, buried salts in Pre-Miocene sediments changed their volume and pushed the overlaying strata upward and formed salt domes. Erosion had an important role in salt movements. Sediment overlaying the salts (gravel, sand, and marls) were removed by erosion and let these salts to emerge on surface. Salt dissolution in water had the greatest effect after the aforesaid events. Two forces oppose the salt diapirism which their removal by geological and anthropogenic processes can activate salt diapirism. The construction of the Miamey–Jilan road crossing the middle of the anticline had a crucial role in erosion and outcrop of salt strata. The emergence of salt strata in the center on the anticline shows that the thickness of salt reaches to more than 40 to 50 m in the uplifted area. After the structural processes, the dissolution of salt in water has the most important role in landform formation.
The dissolution potential of salt rocks is more than other rocks. However, the amount of dissolution depends on the temperature. The higher temperature is, the more dissolution there is. Considering that the temperature of the studied area in warm seasons reaches to 27˚ C, this can increase the rate of dissolution by increasing the water temperature.
3-2- Effects of Salt Diapirism on the Railway
One of the most effective landscapes of salt diapirism in the region is the Jilan Anticline, which was affected by the Meyami – Farashian fault. Perhaps, activism of Meyami in the South and Jilan–Farashian in the North had an important role in salt diapirism. Continuous pressure by these faults led to the instability of the northern flank of the anticline. Considering that the Tehran–Mashhad railway passes the North of the Anticline, it is possible that these tectonic activities result in the collapse of sinkholes and ground subsidence beneath the railway. Salt domes are other features affecting the railway by uplifting in the area. Salt karstification also can affect the area. Sinkholes are among the most typical features of salt karstification. As sinkholes are formed rapidly, the existence of the buried sinkholes under the railway is not entirely unexpected considering their trends. Steep-sided, deep sinkholes (karstic wells) are considered as possible threats for the railway because they are covered. Salt ponorscause underground dissolution by draining runoffs into the earth. The existence of more than 50 ponors at the neighboring of the railway indicate high potential risks. Salt polje have formed in the southern part of the studied region. They might be used as substrate for constructions because of the appropriate angle of slope. However, owing to the possible dissolution under the polje, they can produce high risks. Salt glaciers along both sides of the railway can be hydrated in wet seasons and produce an unstable substrate. Salt springs are other karstic features which play a key role in the transport of the salt from underground to the surface. They could be a source of water for animals, which increases the risk of running into the trains. Salt valleys are hydrologic morphologies that during the wet seasons are flooded by deluges and can destroy railway and its related structures.
Salt cones are also present in the area and their effectiveness depends on their shapes. Although the shape of salt cones indicates their activeness, they can be considered as stable morphologies due to salt alluvium accumulation. Salt cauliflowers are the features formed in the salt formation. Their accumulation alongside the railway can produce unstable substrates by receiving water. Salt polygons can make risks by watering/dewatering and the consequent expansion/shrinkage.
Due to the presence of salt rocks, gypsum, marls, and clays with intercalations of salt, the strata can be ascribed to the Pre-Miocene which has been folded lately. The exposure of salt rocks has produced the landform of domes, valleys, sinkholes, caves, ponors, rivers, springs, polje, polygons, and the alluvial fans affecting the Tehran–Mashhad railway. Through a quantitative analysis using the application of IHN, it is proved that sinkholes and wells with 1.37 and 1.5 coefficients, respectively, are among the most hazardous features, and their destructive effects on the railway can be visible as collapsing and sliding. Ponors and salt rivers with the coefficients of 1.62 and 1.75, respectively, are classified as high risk features by producing underground caves and surficial floods. Glaciers, polygons, and domes with the coefficient of 2, the Jilan Anticline and salt cones with the coefficient of 2.42, and valleys and springs with the coefficient of 2.14 have moderate risks. Salt polje with the coefficient of 2.57 has the lowest risk for the railway.

The evaluation of Active Tectonics in north of  Esfarāyen city by using morphological evidences and morphotectonic indicators.Esfarāyen city is located on the southern slopes of Aladagh Mountains in northeastern of Iran. The northern part of the city, experienced intense  tectonic activities. Due to the high population density and proximity to the  Bojnord city ,center of North Khorasan Province, the study of tectonic activity in this area is necessity. The study of tectonic movements was done in two parts of morphological evidences and morphotectonic indicators. Based on morphological evidence such as numerous earthquakes, geological  formations , change in direction of faults, the displacement in geological formation and river deviation is indicated that this area is part of tectonic active area. morphotectonic studies were performed by using of compactness indicators, Several morphotectonic indices have also been used for morphotectonic studies, and its values for Gravelius coefficient are 1.99, for the ratio of width to valleys’ height (vf) indicators are0.938,  for screw mountain front (smf) are 1.38, basin’ warping coefficient (AF) are 54.28, river sinusoidal index (s) are1.29 and relative tectonic activities index (Iat) are1.41. The results of all these factors, the area will be tectonically active regions. The studies also showed that the Bidwaz basin in central part of the region  And Roein Basin in West is experienced severe tectonic activities and the Cal Valayt basin Basin in the East region is experiencing  relaxed tectonic movements

Karstification is a complex process which is controlled by parameters, related to soluble rocks and water. It is affected strongly by surface and underground hydrology. in dense limestone areas, there are pitted formations superficially. Holes, fissures, fractures and conduits have been made a complex hydro geological circumstances for the underground currents. Relationship of fissures and fractures with groundwater make a Karstic morphology. There are lots of studies about Karsts, due to their importance in human life, for example Baomin (2009), Luhmann and Hung Chak (2012), Mostafa (2015) in addition to Iranian researches such as Rezaei Moghaddam and Ghadri (2005), Behnia Far (2009) and Maghami Moghim (2016). The study area has not been studied yet in spite of its various Karstic features. In this study it has been tried to study the role of hydrodynamic factors in Ashkout mountain karstic morphologies’ origination. This mountain located at the northeast of Mahmoudabad, in southeast of western Azerbaijan and the northwest of Iran. Its climate is cold and semi-arid, upon to Amberger climate scale. The average amounts of precipitation and temperature are about 338.3 mm and its average temperature is 9.4 C° respectively.
Methods and Material: In this research, after extensive library studies, more works have been done on field studies. Due to the climatic conditions and topography, field studies took the most time. Accordingly, after identifying the karst forms, measurements of their physical dimensions were performed. Subsequently, the position of each of them was taken using Gps and marked in the map of the region. Recording of the karst formations to adapt them to karst phenomena and to more accurately identify them. They took place. Also, the graphic design was provided for those karstic phenomena in the area, such as dissolved tubes that could not be taken on the ground. The study of the region's climate was carried out based on the data of the weather station. The maps of this study were mapped with Arc GIS software.

Some morphological features of Ashkout mountain resulted from surface water action, which Karen is the most important one. Grik Karen is one of the most substantial ones, which generated because of the structural phenomena, weathering and solution at the southwest and northeast of Ashkout mountain limes. Dissolution corridors are another features which generated due to structural fracturing over the study area’s limestone. They can be mostly observed at western slope. In this section, the inter bedded limestone, light limestone and lime conglomerate located in beneath, middle and upper beds respectively. Some layers have been overturned, which caused that the Karstic layer bedding can be obvious superficially and expose to dissolution factor. In western slope, which bedding has been disturbed by faulting, the lime conglomerate turned in to abyssal sides with sharp banks. Other limestone has been dissolved and formed fovea which called solution- bedding corridor. Karstic street is another feature that developed on some parts of southern slope, parallel to road plunge. It has 20, 5 and 200 meter, width, deep and long respectively.
Some other morphologies, originated due to surface water accumulating in fissures, fractures and holes. solution pipes are the most important ones. there are cylindrical holes on Ashkout surface. They are not dead-end form and vertical, but, they have a horizontal pipe at the end of vertical hole, with about 90 ° angle. Vertical wells are another forms of morphologies in Ashkout mountain area which located in light limes in western slope over a carbonate rock bonnet. This bonnet has vertical walls and has 1.5 meter and 7-meter diameter and deep respectively. Dissolution Dolin is also another feature, generated because of the same phenomenon in southeast of Ashkout on light lime, containing chert. It has about 10-meter diameter and more than 1 meter deep. Caves are the other features, generated by groundwater. 20 caves were determined in field survey in the study area. Underground conduits are another phenomenon which originated in rock walls of Ashkout mountain. These conduits got observable due to faulting and fracturing. Some of them are springs that have come out of the steep slopes.
They called Karstic conduits, because they have some special size, form and path. These conduits are divided into 3 branches, include abyssal, cascading and natural. Karstic bridge is also another phenomenon, generated due to same process. Water erosion has made a natural bridge shape rock body, called natural bridge. There is a limestone body at north of the mountain, which its upper part disturbed and its base remained. In this body there are two Karstic bridges in southeast and northeast directions.

Although, the structural properties have significant role in karstification, rock sensitivity to dissolution processes and hydrodynamic forces have more major quota. Some portion of waters, originated of precipitation, run off superficially along the slope or entered the fissures, fractures and joints. They made Karstic morphologies such as Grik, dissolution conduits, dissolution-bedding conduits and Karstic streets. Other portion made some features such as Pan, Dolin, Dissolution pipe and vertical well, through the deep penetration into the lower layers. Finally, the other portion of waters, flow beneath the layers like a river or canal current and made some other features such as caves, underground conduits, natural tunnels and Karstic bridges. Considering the currents diversity and Karstic water location, various dissolution morphologies have been originated. Underground conduits have been made by kinetic-dissolution force of groundwater through the joints, fissures and fractures. Limestone is the main host of these phenomena. Surface water, in some cases, penetrated towards the limes bedding and has made some dissolution structures such as pipe form tunnels. Natural tunnels and lime bridge were at the first of groundwater conduits which generated by northwest faulting in Ashkout mountain. External phenomena, separated some parts of mountain main body during the time, via surface erosion and slopes collapse, to make natural tunnels and Karstic bridges. The overall result of these study is that climate of this area is not enough contemporaneously, for the Karstic morphologies. Therefore, the past eras can be considered as the main forming factor.

Areas of the earth, which are covered by limestone formations and dissolved by water flows, are called karst areas. Due to the fact that karst forms play an important role in water resources, tourism and development activities, their study is considered a necessity. Darparchin basin is one of the sub-basins of the Bidvaz River in northeastern of Iran, that due to the calcareous formations , various forms of karstic has formed in it. In this article, it is tried to study and identify the factors affecting on karst production in this basin, in order to control these factors in development activities and basin planning. In order to achieve this goal, after specifying the boundary of this basin, by using the library method , field studies, topographic maps, geological maps and satellite images , the karsts of this basin were identified and studied. Early studies have suggested that in the formation of karsts in this basin, factors such as lithology, hydrology, tectonic activity, and climate have played a greater role. After studying these factors, lithology was found to be effective in shaping the basin through dissolution, porosity, fracture and type of rocks coating. In terms of hydrology, the high water dissolution capacity of this basin and the lack of conformity of its sub branches with the geological structure played a role in this field. Also, the ranking of this basin revealed that the largest and most diverse forms of karst in the basin formed in its high ranks. In terms of tectonics, the three sides of the basin are surrounded by faults, the fault of Hame Ghaji in the north and Ardaghan fault in the south of the basin has facilitated the process of forming the groove and hammer carneys in this basin. Also, the force exerted by faults has damaged the rocks and provided the situation to dissolve them by water penetration and created karstic forms. Regarding the effects of climate, it has been found that among the climate parameters, the temperature and precipitation had a more important role. Temperature through different forms of weathering and precipitation through its influence on the formation of honeydew carneys, rainfall carneys and vegetation cover has played their role in this respect

Darparchin Catchment is one of the North East basins of Iran which was predictable due to the existence of limestone formations the probably of karstic features diversity on it. This phenomenon, because a pit and underground tunnels in times of crisis can be used for malicious purposes are bandits. Therefore, identification and study of them from the perspective of military and police forces is considered as a necessity issue. Accordingly, identification of its karstic formations was conducted by two methods of field study and using geological maps. It was determined that from the geomorphology perspective of karstic features, this basin is able to be measured in four categories, including Karen and closed depression underground cavities and karstic valleys. Those among these forms of karstic valleys with an area of 9500 square meters are surrounded largest karstic features of this basin. After them Karen, with an area of 7,000 square meters are located in second category. Dolin approximately with an area of 3,000 square meters is allocated as third significant area from karstic features of this basin. Closed holes through the creation of safe natural defenses and bunkers of the most important forms are karsts basin. After closing holes, caves and Ponors due to accommodation and camouflage the movement of troops and underground forces can be considered from the perspective of the military and police.

IntroductionKarst classification is carried out in order to better investigate karsts. It plays a fundamental role in distinguishing and recognizing them. Today, the implementation of development projects without the appreciation of karst classification and recognition seems a difficult task. Field studies, topographic maps, satellite images, aerial photographs and geological maps of Dar Parchin signal the assumption that Karsts in this region are various. Therefore, various methods are needed to identify and classify them. This article aims to classify karsts in Dar Parchin by using various methods and models so that the findings can be used in different studies.
Theoretical FrameworkAreas covered by calcareous formations and dissolved by the flow of water are known as karstic landscapes. The investigation and classification of these lands are of prime importance since seven to ten percent of the earth surface comprises such areas. Many researchers have focused on the classification of karsts. The classification of this kind was first proposed by Cvijic in 1925. His classification was based on the morphological structure of karsts. The karst classification based on hydrogeological conditions was put forth in 1973 by Komatina. In 2003, Waltham and Fox proposed engineering classification method. Karst classification, based on tectonic activity, was established by Herak in 1977. This article first attempts to identify the existing karsts in Dar Parchin region and then begins to classify them using Cvijic, Waltham, Herak, and Komatina methods. The results could be used in development projects of area.
MethodologyTo classify karsts in Dar Parchin Basin, the boundaries of this Basin were identified and the karstic shapes were recognized using field studies, geological and topographic maps and satellite images. Then the identified shapes were classified using typical methods of classification. Cvijic method is the oldest classification method of karstic shapes. The basis of this classification is geomorphological conditions, topography, geology and litho logy. Another method is that of Waltham and Fox who proposed engineering classification method. Given its major applicability of the method in construction projects, it is widely acknowledged by civil engineers and hydrologists. In this method, special attention has been paid to dolines. Therefore the major criterion in this classification is the existence or non-existence of dolines. Classification based on the morphological structure of karsts was put forth by Komatina. This classification uses geological, topographical, and hydrological features of basins. Karst classification, based on tectonic activity, was established by Herak in 1977. In tclassification tectonic activity is the most important factor. Accordingly, karsts are divided to two groups: before orogeny and orogeny.
4-1-The Identification of Karstic Shapes in the Mentioned Region
Prior to any classification of karstic shapes, they need to be identified via a number of methods classification. From among the identified shapes in this region, karstic valleys were the largest and kinds of karrens were the most frequent and varied. The next most varied type was dolines including buried dolines, alluvial dolines and soluble dolines. Besides the mentioned types of karst, other shapes could be also seen, which by and large include karst windows, suction walls, Karst springs, ouvalas, Suction wells and ponors.
4-2-The Classification of Karst Shapes in the Mentioned Region
Given the variety of Karsts in Dar Parchin Basin, a mixture of different methods was used for the purpose of classification. According Cvijic, Dar Parchin karsts fall into transitional karsts since caves are merely developed in this region and poljes that are symbols of karstic terrains could not be found in any spot of Dar Parchin region. According to Waltham classification, due to mountainous climate, incomplete and narrow dolines, shallow gaps, limited spread of caves and the non-existence karstic poljes, this karstic area falls into the category of young karsts. According to Komatina's classification, there is a proper condition of the formation of both types of karsts, namely flat and synclinal karst So, based on this classification, the Karst of region falls in to the flat Karst. According to Herak's classification, given the intensity of folding in this area, the karsts include orogenic karsts and ground karsts.
Conclusions and SuggestionsBy studying and classifying karstic shapes in Dar Parchin Basin, it was found that karstic valley, kinds of karrens and dolines respectively covered the largest areas in this Catchment. From the viewpoint of karstic classification and according to Switch categorization, Dar Parchin karsts were transitional karst. As per Waltham classification, they were young karst, and with respect to Komatina, they included flat and synclinal karsts and According to Herak's classification, the karsts this Catchment were orogenic karst.

Roein basin is one of the sub-basins of CalShour River, which is located in the northeastern part of Iran, on the southern slopes of the Aladagh Mountains. Tectonic activities of this basin has been started from the last Laramide orogeny and is continuing. These activities, in addition to the occurrence of natural disasters have many effects on different characteristics of this basin. Information about the tectonic activities due to the vicinity with this basin and its influence on Bojnoord city, (center of Northern Khorasan province) and river planning is a necessity.To investigate these activities ,Morph tectonic indicators which were related to geomorphologic were used, It means the comparison of the longitudinal and logarithmic profile; width of the valley floor index to its height ratio (vf), Sinuosity Mountain Front index (smf), sinusoidal index of river (s) and index of tectonic activities(lat). The obtained results of these indicators and the influence of folds indicated that this area is subject to intense tectonic activities and these activities in this basin have caused irregular longitudinal profile of rivers, deep and narrow valleys, extended basins and the low maze path of rivers and mountain front. Also , this study indicate that tectonic activities at the tributary of this river, in fact in the Domannim region has reached to its peak and its result is a narrow strait , steep rocky and the river slope phenomenon which is given special feature to the topography of this basin.