h. darmani kuhi

Glutamine represents approximately 30-35% of the total amount of nitrogen in the blood derived from amino acids. The role of glutamine as a nitrogen shuttle helps to protect against the toxic effects of high levels of ammonia in the blood. In addition, glutamine has vital and specific metabolic functions as a vehicle for carbon exchange between tissues, as a fuel for rapid cell division, and as a precursor of many naturally active molecules. It's a great example of how amino acids are used for different purposes in the metabolism and the immune system of the body. Glutamine, a conditionally essential amino acid, seems to be a key nutrient for the gut, as it may be a prominent source of vitality for the enterocytes. Glutamine appears to trigger an increase in the level of intestinal secretory immunoglobulin A, which is essential for mucosal defense. The investigation showed that the use of amino acid supplements in broiler diets improves the performance and the carcass characteristics. Glutamine is one of the most abundant amino acids in blood plasma and is involved in the building of muscle, and tissue, and gaining body weight. Researchers found that adding 10 g of L-glutamine per kg of food increased the weight gain and serum immunoglobulin A and G concentrations in broiler chickens. Therefore, an experiment was carried out in broiler chickens over 42 days of production to determine the effect of L-glutamine on broiler growth, carcass quality, and certain blood parameters.

The experiment was conducted using 300 one-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chickens in a completely randomized design with five treatments and five replicates from the age of 1 to 42 days. The experimental treatments included were: the addition of zero, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1% of L-glutamine in corn-soybean meal-based diets supplemented with dietary fat. During the experimental period, average daily feed intake (DFI), body weight gain (BWG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were measured. At the end of the experiment, two birds were selected from each replicate and slaughtered after weighing, and the weight of the internal organs (thigh, breast, heart, liver, gizzard, fat pad, pancreas, bursa, spleen, and thymus) was measured. Blood samples were collected from two birds per replicate to determine the number of white blood cells (WBC), and heterophile to lymphocyte ratio (H/L). Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein in tubes without anticoagulant and then centrifuged (2000×g for 10 min) to obtain a serum. On the 42nd day of rearing, serum cholesterol (total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)) and triglycerides were determined by calorimetric examination.

Weight gain during the initial and growth periods was affected by L-glutamine supplementation (P<0.05). Despite higher feed intake for L-glutamine-supplemented diets during the initial period, this effect was significant only during the growth period (P<0.05). FCR and relative weight of internal organs, except liver weight, were not significantly different from the control group in the L-glutamine-supplemented chickens. The addition of 0.5% L-glutamine supplementation reduced cholesterol and triglyceride content and increased HDL in the blood of broilers (P<0.05). The H/L ratio in chickens that consumed L-glutamine was significantly lower than in the control group (P<0.05). L-glutamine has been reported to increase the activity of the intestinal enzyme Na-K ATPase, thereby indirectly increasing the absorption capacity of nutrients such as glucose and amino acids in the intestine. Researchers reported that L-glutamine increases the performance and feed intake of chickens by improving intestinal function and increasing digestibility. Expanding the villi of the small intestine can increase digestion and feed intake by increasing nutrient absorption and thus improving chicken performance. Improving the morphology of the digestive system is one of the possible mechanisms of the positive effect of L-glutamine on improving weight. Since glutamine stimulates anabolic conditions in the body and increases the amount of protein synthesis, therefore, along with muscle growth, it can increase the final body weight. Avian health is directly related to the immune system, and birds with adequate immune systems grow better. The majority of essential amino acids are recognized as critical resources for cytokine production and immune function.

Results from this study indicate that 0.5% dietary glutamine supplementation improved growth performance and had a positive effect on lipid metabolism-related blood parameters.

Soybean meal (SBM) is the main protein source in diets for poultry due to its high protein and excellent amino acid quality and profile, in addition to its high availability of amino acids. However, in some countries, other protein sources are available at lower prices and can be included in least-cost formulations instead of SBM. Rapeseed meal (RM) is the second most important oil-producing crop after soybean. Recently, there has been increasing interest in rapeseed production in countries around the world including Iran. Although RM has a good amino acid profile, its crude protein content (36% to 39%) is lower than that of SBM (44% to 48%). Despite higher levels of methionine and cysteine in RM, its lysine content is lower than SBM. The use of RM has been limited by its low available protein and energy contents relative to SBM. The main factor affecting the levels of available crude protein and energy content is the fibrous hull of RM. RM also contains non-starch polysaccharides and glucosinolates. Excessive levels of RM and thus high dietary glucosinolate content could lead to abnormalities in thyroid function activities and consequently a retardation in growth performance. Therefore, the objectives of the current study were to determine the effects of dietary selenium (Se) and levothyroxine (LT) supplementation on performance, carcass characteristics, and thyroid hormone concentration in broiler chickens fed diets containing RM.
This experiment was performed to evaluate the effect of dietary Se and LT supplementation on performance, carcass characteristics, weight of internal organs, and thyroid hormone concentration in broiler chickens of commercial strain Ross 308. The experimental treatments were: 1) diet based on SBM and corn grain (positive control), 2) diet with 10% RM (negative control 1, NG1), 3) diet with 20% RM (negative control 2, NG2), 4) NG1+ 0.3 mg Se/kg diet, 5) NG2+ 0.3 mg Se/kg diet, 6) NG1+ 80 µg LT/kg diet, 7) NG2+ 80 µg LT/kg diet, 8) NG1+ 0.3 mg Se and 80 µg LT/kg diet, and 9) NG2+ 0.3 mg Se and 80 µg LT/kg diet. Nine dietary treatments with four replications and 15 chickens in each replication were allocated to the experimental pens in a completely randomized design. During the experimental period (1 to 42 days), average feed intake, body weight gain, and feed conversion ratio were measured. At day 38, two birds from each pen were selected and blood was taken from their axillary vein for measuring thyroid hormones. At the end of the experiment (day 42), two birds from each replicate were selected, weighed, and slaughtered for carcass and internal organs weight determination.
The results showed that there were no significant differences between the treatments receiving RM and the positive control treatment in terms of growth performance. The percentage of abdominal fat and the relative weight of the internal organs, except the gizzard, were not significant between the dietary treatments. The treatment of 10% RM supplemented with Se and LT had the highest relative weight of the thymus. The treatment with 20% RM had the highest and the treatment with 10% RM + LT and 10% RM + LT and SE had the lowest relative weight of bursa Fabricius. The relative weight of the spleen was not affected by the experimental treatments. The treatment containing 20% RM showed the lowest carcass weight and the positive control treatment had the highest percentage of breast muscle. The use of RM at 20% caused a significant increase in thyroid weight compared to the positive control group (group without RM). The thyroid weight was reduced by SE and LT supplementation to diets containing RM. Rapeseed meal had no significant effect on T4 hormone levels, but treatments supplemented with SE increased and treatments supplemented with LT decreased T3 hormone levels. Also, the level of TSH hormone in the treatments receiving RM was lower than that in the treatments without RM. Chickens receiving RM with SE and LT had the highest levels of antioxidant enzymes of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase.
According to the results of the present experiment, supplementing RM with SE and LT decreased the weight of the thyroid gland and increased the level of antioxidant enzymes, which suggests the positive effects of the use of these compounds in the diet based on RM on the function of the thyroid gland.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of reducing the dietary level of crude protein (CP) and inclusion of extruded soybean meal (SBM) and canola meal (CM) on blood and ruminal parameters, the population of methanogens, and hyper-ammonia producing bacteria (HAB) of feedlot calves. To this purpose, 36 male calves were used in a completely randomized experimental design with six treatments and six replicates. Experimental treatments included: 1) Control (CP=15%, SBM (15SBM)), 2) SBM (CP=13%, 13SBM), 3) Extruded SBM (CP=13%, EXSBM), 4) CM (CP=13%, 13CM), 5) Extruded CM (CP=13%, EXCM), and 6) Fish meal (CP=13%, FM). Concentrations of albumin, total protein, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen in experimental treatments decreased compared to 15SBM (P>0.05). The highest values of ruminal ammonia and acetate and the lowest amounts of propionate and volatile fatty acids (VFA) were observed in the 15SBM (P<0.05). The minimum ruminal HAB population was observed in EXSBM and EXCM and then in 13SBM, 13CM and FM and was maximum in 15SBM (P<0.05). Also, treatments fed EXSBM and EXCM had a smaller methanogens population than the control group (P<0.05). Based on the results obtained, decreasing dietary CP level and processing of extrusion for SBM and CM decreased HAB population, rumen ammonium, and blood urea concentration. Furthermore, extrusion declined methanogens bacteria population and acetate to propionate ratio and increased total VFA concentrations which can be considered as an indication of the rumen improvement in fermentation efficiency index.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of wheat particle size and different levels of enzyme on performance, carcass traits, and small intestine morphologyof Japanese quails. A 3 × 3 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design was used in nine experimental treatments replicated four times with 20 birds per replicate. The investigated factors were three wheat grain particle sizes (2, 3, and 3.5 mm) and three levels of dietary enzyme supplement (0, 200, and 400 ppm). The measured traits included: performance, carcass traits, and small intestine morphology. The results showed that the dietary enzyme significantly reduced feed intake and feed conversion ratio (P<0.01). The effect of wheat particle size on feed intake, body weight, and feed conversion ratio were also significant (P<0.01). The interaction effect of wheat particle size and enzyme affected significantly feed intake and feed conversion ratio through the experimental period from 7-35 days of age (P<0.01).Relative weights of proventriculus, gizzard, and liver were significantly reduced by enzyme supplementation (P<0.05). The relative weight of the breast significantly increased by dietary enzyme addition (P<0.01). Enzyme supplementation also significantly increased the villi length of the jejunum (P<0.01). In conclusion, dietary inclusion of wheat grain at 2 mm diameter particle size supplemented by 400 ppm enzyme is recommended.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of different levels of omega-3 and omega-6 calcium fat powders on performance, hatchability, serum lipids, abdominal fat, and ovarian follicle count in Ross-308 broiler breeder hens (65 week-old). The experiment was performed in a repeated measurement design with 84 hens and 28 roosters with seven treatments (four replicates) during three months. The experimental groups included control group (no fat powder), 1.5 and 3% of animal omega-3 calcium fat powder of fish oil origin (ω3F), plant omega-3 calcium fat powder of linseed oil origin (ω3L), and omega-6 calcium fat powder of soybean oil origin (ω6S). The results showed that the highest average of HDEP was belonged to the experimental groups containing 1.5% ω3F (61.98), and ω3L (60.25) without significant difference with together (P> 0.05). However, among experimental groups, the highest egg mass (44.78 g/h/d) was obtained from consumption of 1.5% ω3F (P<0.05). The highest concentrations of triglycerides (1806.8 mg/dL), cholesterol (206.25 mg/dL), and low density lipoprotein (244/25 mg/dL) of serum were belonged to control group that was significantly different from other experimental groups (P<0.05). The percentage of hatchability of fertile eggs was improved by consuming diets containing fat powder, except 3% ω6S, when compared to control (P<0.05). Overall, considering the production performance, hatchability and economic explanation of diets, it seems that addition of omega-3 calcium fat powder at the level of 1.5% (ω3F and ω3L) is affordable and can have a positive effect on old broiler breeder hens.