hadiseh kamran kasmaei

Many of Iran's historical structures have been caught in construction with modern methods and out of the architectural standards of Iranian identity.The aim of the present research was to investigate the concept of the principle of "compatibility" of advanced construction in compiling the principles of suitable housing design in historical contexts.The research method is descriptive.The statistical population is the heads of households living in 9 urban areas of the historical context of Yazd, and 384 people were selected based on Morgan's table. According to the results, 18.6% of the respondents were women and 81.4% were men;Most of them were between 30 and 40 years old (44.3%) and most of them (46.8%) had a bachelor's degree.The effective factors in the favorable and appropriate development of prefab additions in the construction of historic buildings were categorized into three factors: beauty,cost and speed.The average obtained for the speed factor was3.45,the cost factor was3.32and the beauty factor was 3.49.

This study aimed to develop a conceptual model to use the biomimicry approach in design of building envelopes to improve urban ecology. The research was descriptive-analytical and the required data were provided by library and field studies of buildings designed with biomimicry approach. For this purpose, first, biomimicry approach was identified, then twenty samples of biomimetic envelopes were examined, then components and criteria were extracted. The dependency system of the criteria was measured and the importance of each criterion was determined using a network analysis process with a survey of twenty experts in this field and they were weighted with the help of Super-decisions software. As a result, for functional, physical, and formal components, the relevant criteria and sub-criteria were determined according to their importance. Then, a conceptual model of quality evaluation of building envelopes with biomimicry approach was developed. The novelty of this research is the study of biomimicry approach in Iranian envelopes with nature-oriented design. In this regard, using a quality evaluation model, Barin ski building was evaluated so that according to its strengths and weaknesses, designers can make more effective decisions in design of biomimetic building envelopes in Iran.

Explaining and analyzing the understanding of architectural concepts from exhibition spaces. It is a place to display and present products, ideas, innovations, organization for distinct and general audiences. The architectural planning of the booths is to attract and stop the audience to increase the number of visitors to the exhibition space. The research theory is to explain the relationship between the design of exhibition spaces and the indicators of perception with regard to recognizing the strong visual elements of the booth form and the movement behaviors related to the audience. This question is raised, which cognitive spatial indicators are effective in the design of exhibition stands? The current research method is qualitative-quantitative in which qualitative studies have been conducted using content analysis of texts and quantitative data after Delphi screening with simulation-computational methods in nature by "Mic Mac" and "Scenario Wizard" software with a view to the future. Square or regular shapes are the most suitable in the general form of the booths based on the artificial light in the viewing area. Optimal stall grids average 80 to 100m2 in combination with checkered accesses and aisles over 8 meters wide.

As a part of public spaces, exhibition spaces bring people together in various space organizations voluntarily and to carry out social, cultural and economic activities, etc. How to use the knowledge of architecture in explaining the physical structure with the aim of creating social interactions and showing sociability is one of the important and common issues in the interdisciplinary field of sociology, environmental psychology and behavioral sciences, which is related to space planning. This research aims to analyze the role of interior architecture and the perception of the exhibition space on the way of sociability and finally to provide an optimal model. The analysis of the physical environment of the exhibition booths as a collective-behavioral place constitutes a collective-spatial system whose main factors have been studied with qualitative and quantitative methods to explain the results. After sifting the influential factors of text content analysis by Delphi survey, a quantitative evaluation was done according to the interactive movement of the user in the space by simulation and calculations with Mic Mac software, and the results were evaluated in the Scenario Wizard for the optimal scenario, and the important ones are emphasized On the physical and visual factors, the factors: shape, dimensions, color, light, movement, readability and permeability: express the regular shapes in the general form of the booths with an emphasis on artificial lighting, dimensions on an internal scale with an average of 60 to 100 square meters, corridors in the form Checkered at least 8 meters wide with soft light.

Problem statement: 

Exhibition spaces are places where organizations, institutions, companies, and individuals provide their audiences with their latest achievements, products, developments, and innovations while also using the same space to make their consumers familiar with the goals their business entities seek. With this objective in place, the main goal of exhibitors joining an exhibition is to increase the number of visits to their booths. By designing the booths based on visitors’ optimal movement and their behavioral patterns, the act of visiting the exhibition booths can be turned into something balanced and purposeful. The arrangement of exhibition booths can result in the identification of indicators that can contribute to the creation, guidance, and prediction of visitors’ movements in and across the planned spaces.

The purpose of the research is to explain the relationship between the body of the space and the movement behavior of users. Explaining the relationship between the body of the space and the user’s movement behavior, which is determined by examining the analytical charts and tables produced by the software. Achieving the optimal pattern of relationships between access indicators, which is to improve the architectural quality of the exhibition space by promoting human communication and interaction.

The qualitative-quantitative method of research was employed in the current paper. In the section on the theoretical foundation, the descriptive-analytical method was used for the data-gathering process with a deep focus on library searching and documentary studies. The results, reviewed by specialists and experts, were based on the comments of the statistical community using the Delphi Method. The content analysis method was used for the quantitative data using Mic Mac, Scenario Wizard Software, and Depth Map. The final result here in this research method is applicable. In terms of nature, it is a combination of simulation and descriptive-analytical methods, and in the final step, logical reasoning was also used.

Based on the analysis of layout patterns and space syntax, the results of the research prove that the optimal movement pattern of the users of the exhibition space is affected by the layout of the exhibition booths, all based on the common linking indicators, access length-depth, and routes in expressing the importance of communication. The checkered pattern (the third pattern and as a balanced design idea) shows the access points—the ones that enjoy spatial openness all due to the construction of blocks and permeability attempting at creating spatial contrast. This area was created to form a central point in this space. The space defined by centrality leads to the formation of peripheral orders and correct interconnectedness.

The consumption of fossil fuels has caused increasing environmental problems and replacing them with renewable energies is one of the necessities of today's world. The purpose of this research is to identify and investigate the climate components of Kashan in order to provide climate-friendly house design solutions that will reduce the consumption of fossil fuels and replace renewable energies. The spatial scope of the research is Kashan and the time span is 2007 to 2019. The research method is descriptive and analytical. This study is innovative because of the analysis of climatic components for Kashan and the presentation of a mixed table and some solutions that are specific to Kashan. The results of this research are expressed in two areas: the explanation of the climatic components of Kashan and its comparison with the past, and practical solutions to achieve climate-friendly architecture.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the variables that form the courtyard system of Kashan houses (from a morphological point of view), to improve the climatic comfort of the house in Kashan and to determine the significant of correlation between them. These variables include length, width, height, courtyard elongation, garden pit, pond area, garden area, number of courtyard, number and location of the Sardab and Houzkhane and the orientation of the courtyard. The study area of the old urban fabric of Kashan, which is surrounded by Jalali fort and the statistical population is houses in the old part of city. The type of applied research and descriptive research method is using statistics, analysis based on SPSS outputs and content analysis. In this study, twenty houses were selected as a sample from the statistical population and each of the research variables was reviewed based on field visits and written sources and checked for Pearson correlation and summarized by content analysis and then concluded. This study is innovative in terms of number and type of variables and examining the correlation between variables for the courtyard of Kashan houses. The results show that the central courtyards of Kashan have an average area of 440.6 m2, length 33.8 m, width 17.5 m, body depth 6.75 m, central courtyard elongation 1.38, pond area 48.7 m2 The area of the garden is 86.6 m2, the percentage of the area of the pond from the yard is 10.98, the percentage of the area of the garden from the yard is 19.7, the average number of yards is 1.55, the average number of Sardaab is 1.75, 50% have a pond and 70% have a garden pit and 65% have a southeast orientation. have a .  The variables of width and length and yard area and pond area and garden area are correlated with each other and yards with an area of more than 500 square meters have two Sardab.

How to design spaces in cities can have different effects on citizens. The objectives of this study can be to examine the impact of biophilic urban space on the stress of people.

The research method is quasi-experimental. The statistical population of the study consists of 20 bachelor and master students in the field of architecture and urban planning at Tabriz University of Islamic Arts in the academic year 1400. First, students' health was identified using a call announcement and a demographic questionnaire, and these individuals were quantified for stress with the help of a smart wristband while viewing images of biophilic and non-biophilic urban spaces with the help of virtual reality glasses.

Analysis of the results shows that the average change in stress of individuals while viewing non-biophilic images was approximately 2/5 units higher than biophilic ones in the second minute. p-Value is significant between individuals with education in biophilic state and rest in 1 minute and non-biophilic in 2 minutes. The difference between stress number in non-biophilic state and biophilic in 2 minutes is significant (p-value = 023/0) and shows the positive effect of biophilic approach on reducing stress that this efficiency can be considered in the design of future urban spaces.

Special attention of urban designers on the structure of spaces and the use of extraction measures from the biophilic model in different scales cause the design or organization of spaces that significantly reduce the stress of people living in cities.

Social justice has always been one of the most critical citizenship rights. Although spatial justice offered new interpretations in urban planning, it has not been comprehensively defined in housing architecture. The purpose of this study is to obtain indigenous definitions and explain the indicators of measuring social justice in Iranian housing architecture. This research has been done to combine qualitative and quantitative methods with the Weighting model of variables with the help of SPSS software and hierarchical analysis. The theoretical approach was based on the indexing method. First, the library-documentary studies, by reviewing the texts and library documents, the different definitions of Eastern and Western philosophers from the concept of social justice have been studied, and related materials have been extracted from reliable sources. In the other part, the views of contemporary Iranian architects regarding the indigenous pattern of Iranian settlement were examined. Then, by a comparative study of spatial justice indicators and critical factors of housing patterns in Iran, the most important factors affecting the measurement of spatial justice in Iranian housing were obtained. Indicators of social justice in Iranian housing were classified into five categories: conceptual, physical, climatic, social-cultural and, visual aesthetics. Physical categories such as symmetry in the plan, geometric form of blocks, variability in the unit area and, the type of proximity of residential blocks have been studied. Conceptual categories were assessed with questions about spatial hierarchy, flexibility within residential units, resident participation, and space security. Environmental and climatic variables were assessed with questions related to light, ventilation and landscape, balcony, area and, variety of common spaces. Social and cultural indicators were assessed by factors such as the existence of shared service spaces, the social interactions in the open spaces of the complexes, privacy, prediction of units and spaces for the disabled, and for the visual factor items such as the variety of block form, use of decorations, Facade and, the effect of building height, uniformity and uniformity of blocks were evaluated. Finally, the criteria were validated through a questionnaire between professors and experts. The results showed: Units' access to sunlight, proper ventilation, and landscape, provision of spaces for the disabled, attention to spatial hierarchy, flexibility and participation of residents in the development of the residential complex and diversity of common spaces, space security, and diverse area are the most important factors in promoting spatial justice in residential architecture and the use of decorations on the facade in social housing received the lowest score. To conclude, while there are several expressions about social justice, we tried to put spatial justice on a scale, which is the scope of architects, with the help of criteria. These indicators can be effective in creating a conceptual model for creating future spaces. This is done to improve the quality of urban life of vulnerable citizens in social housing. In the hope that in addition to creating physical spaces as a shelter, we can further consider social justice, which has a direct impact on increasing citizens' satisfaction.

Climatically, the orientation of the courtyard effectively controls the receipt of renewable energy from wind and radiation. Thus, the type of activity on each side of the courtyard can be affected by the house's orientation. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between the orientation of the courtyard and the number and position of sides in K houses. The study area was the old fabric of Kashan, and its statistical population was Qajar houses in the area of Jalali fortification. The type of research is applied, and the research method is historical. In this study, 20 Qajar houses from the Kashan Cultural Heritage Organization were chosen, each with a distinct orientation, the number of sides, and elongation. Each research variable was investigated through field visits and written sources, and SPSS outputs based on Pearson correlation. This study is innovative in terms of subject matter. The results showed no significant correlation between gradual change of orientation and change in the number or position of sides or elongation, but there are relationships; all cases have a north and south side. In the southwest and southeast orientation, most cases had an east side.

To reach greater efficiency, traditional houses have experimentally achieved principles and patterns over time that are repeated explicitly or implicitly in all houses. Providing great harmony with the culture and climate of the region, some of these principles are used in a larger spatial or temporal range and some in a smaller range. The study aims to identify and study the principles and physical patterns of traditional houses in Kashan by providing examples. The research is applied and qualitative and uses descriptive and analytical methods based on case studies. Data collection was conducted through field surveys and studying written sources. The scope of the study is the traditional houses of Kashan in Jalali fort during the Qajar and First Pahlavi period. The case study consists of eight houses that were randomly selected from the collection of houses of the Kashan Cultural Heritage Organization. The findings of this study are categorized into three main patterns: the pattern of relationships with the surroundings and the city, the pattern of spatial arrangement and formation, the pattern of activity and functions. These patterns include eight principles: in harmony with the context, simplicity of the external body, negative space as a forming center, coherence of the positive space, sequential and articular spatial arrangement, confidentiality, variety of functional spaces, and multiple sides for different activities. The results of this research show how houses are formed based on the mentioned patterns and principles starting from the courtyard and evolving to the relationships with the city back and forth. By explaining these principles, this research can pave the way for recognizing other principles and patterns that shape traditional houses.