halimeh aali

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a type of obstructive pulmonary disease that is identified by chronic narrowing of the airways. This disease worsens over time, and the main symptoms of this disease include shortness of breath, cough, and phlegm. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between COPD disease severity and inflammatory markers erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in hospitalized patients.

After the admission of patients diagnosed with COPD into this descriptive-analytical study, a complete medical history was taken during their hospitalization. Necessary variables were collected, including current or previous cigarette or opium use and duration of exposure to fossil fuels. Especially in those who cook at home, ESR and CRP samples were taken from them in addition to routine tests, and the length of hospital stay was recorded in addition to common treatments. After collecting the data, they were recorded in SPSS V22 software and analyzed using descriptive statistics (prevalence, mean, and standard deviation) and using the Chi-square, Fisher's exact, independent t, and Mann-Whitney tests. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was used to determine the accuracy of the prediction of inflammatory markers in the outcome and severity of the disease. The significance level was considered less than 0.05.

In this study, it was observed that the average scores of ESR and CRP of people with COPD were 54.68 and 1.50, respectively. The average ESR was 26.46 in people with mild COPD, 54.60 in people with moderate COPD, and 110.62 in people with severe COPD, and this difference was statistically significant (P=0.0001). The average CRP was 0.61 in people with mild COPD, 1.75 in people with moderate COPD, and 2.86 in people with severe COPD, which was statistically significant (P=0.0001).

The results of this study showed that there was a significant relationship between ESR and CRP with the outcome of COPD, and a significant relationship was observed between ESR and CRP and the severity of COPD disease.

The purpose of the current study was to examine the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Psidium guajava plant on bone marrow cells in rats and it will be extended to humans. Guava plant leaves were collected from Chabahar region in Sistan and Baluchistan province and dried. 40 adult male rats were assigned to one control group and three experimental groups (subjects that were administeredhydroalcoholic extract of P. guajava leaves with respective doses of 3000 mg/kg, 4000 mg/kg, or 5000 mg/kg, for 3 months, once daily). Following the intervention period, blood was taken from the heart and bone marrow was taken from the femur. Several parameters such as cell blood count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit, were examined in the blood sample. Also, in the bone marrow sample, a relative count was performed on five hundred bone marrow cells and the ratio of myeloid to erythroid was determined in both control and experimental groups. The results of this study indicated that the hydroalcoholic extract somewhat increased white blood cells and red blood cells, but no significant change was observed. The result of the study revealed the positive effects of guava leaf extract may be due to flavonoids, quercetin and triterpenes, which strong antioxidants that can prevent damage are caused by free radicals destroying cells. This study shows that guava leaf extract can have a positive effect on hematological parameters, as well as the lack of mutagenicity and cytotoxicity in high doses of this plant extract rather reflects its safe use in traditional medicine. Therefore, it is recommended that guava leaf extract be considered as a complementary and alternative treatment for many diseases, including the treatment of anemia.

Tramadol and methadone are synthetic opioid drugs that are widely used in various fields of medicine. This review article was performed to investigate the hormone disturbance of long-term tramadol and methadone use in women.

Keywords were determined using the MeSH browser and then searched in ISI, Scopus, EMBASE, and PubMed databases on 25.5.2022. The articles with non-English language, articles whose full text was not retrieved, and studies that were irrelevant to the aim of this study were excluded from the investigation.

Methadone and tramadol affected a sexual hormone in women through an impact on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. They could reduce the levels of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone, increase prolactin production, and finally, reduce gonadal steroids. Opioids also could influence thyroid and adrenal glands and subsequently increase thyroidstimulating hormone, and reduce dehydroepiandrosterone. Eventually, this mechanism caused a disturbance in sexual hormone disturbance in women.

Overall, long-term methadone and tramadol consumption as opioid substances could cause sexual hormone disturbance in women.

Context: As a globally major health problem, tuberculosis (TB) causes almost two million cases of death annually. Epidemiological studies demonstrate that a third of the world’s individuals is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Evidence Acquisition: Approximately 10% of infected patients with M. tuberculosis develop chronic manifestation as TB. Due to HIV coinfection and emerging the drug-resistant TB, the disease has been increasing and its control has been frustrated in several parts of the world.
Current diagnostic techniques and therapeutic tools for TB are not satisfactory. Consequently, it is urgently essential to establish new therapies concerning vaccines, immunotherapeutic agents to provide prosperous attempts for TB controlling. To achieve this goal, it is required to be armed with comprehensive understanding of immunobiology and immunopathogenesis of TB. This would be beneficial in designing new immune-based protections, drug discoveries, personalized medicine by choosing highly-effective immunotherapeutic interventions, identification and development of novel drug candidates.
Hopefully, immunotherapies could be advantageous in modulating the immune system in patients with TB, providing efficient control of M. tuberculosis infection perpetuation and, therefore, its pathogenesis. This review herein attempts to describe the function of immune system in response to TB that is of the therapeutical and clinical importance. Moreover, new insights based on therapeutics to resolve TB with immunological orientation will be discussed.