hamid ahmadi

Most of the investigations into Middle Eastern countries’ regional policy overlook the role of domestic variables, despite their significant impact on the regional policy and even their capacity to shaping regional strategy. In this regard, the main purpose of this qualitative research is to explain how domestic dynamics affected Saudi Arabia’s Middle East policy from 2011 to 2019. The data were collected through documentary research and analyzed using the diversionary theory of foreign policy. This research revealed that legitimacy deficit, power transition, and anxiety arising from the domestic consequences of the Arab Spring were influential in the formation of diversionary motives of Saudi Arabia to enter into regional conflicts or escalate geopolitical rivalries. This study suggests that strengthening ‘good governance’ is a vital component in mitigating regional conflicts and fostering peace; from this perspective, Saudi Arabia’s ‘focus’ on reform strategy, particularly economic development from 2019 onwards, has led to a considerable adjustment to the Saudi geopolitical rivalries, the alteration of its regional strategy to some extent and consequently, a sharp reduction in its diversionary motives to enter into regional conflicts.

Comprehensive scientific map as a document for development is a collection of data that shows the general state of science, technology and innovation in Iran. This document was approved in five chapters on 2009.01.14 The comprehensive scientific map of the country from the time it was announced by the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution until today, various criticisms and opinions in the explanation, theoretical foundations, strengths and weaknesses, its functions and other components in the form of theoretical, applied, discourse researches in prominent scientific forums. has been One of the concerns related to this document is keeping it up-to-date according to the conditions of science and technology in the country. After 15 years have passed since this document was promulgated, this council intends to revise it. This research examines the content of these studies with the aim of analyzing and drawing its conceptual structure as the main research problem and helping to revise the document in the future. The current research is based on the scientometric approach with the methods of synonym analysis, information clustering and social network analysis. The results related to clustering showed that the topics raised about this document are grouped into 21 topic clusters. Also, drawing conceptual maps indicates that wide relationships and links have been established between concepts and the density of the conceptual network is equal to 26%. The concepts related to the research related to the comprehensive scientific map of the country and the formed clusters are diverse and include a relatively wide range of categories. The conceptual network related to this document is a dense network and the concepts are in an acceptable relationship with each other and there is conceptual convergence in it. This research showed a big picture of the concepts and categories that have been reviewed. Considering that the comprehensive scientific map of the country is on the verge of revision, the results and findings of this research can be useful for those in charge of compiling this document.

The conventional image of Sayyid Jamāl al-Dīn Asadābādī portrays him as a figure primarily concerned with Islam and the revival of religion in opposition to modern thought and civilization, with his staunch anti-colonial stance seen within this framework. However, a closer examination of Asadābādī’s surviving documents and works reveals a lesser-known dimension of his thought. This study aims to explore this aspect in Asadābādī’s ideas and writings. The central question is whether Asadābādī’s main focus and concern were the revival of religion and political Islam in the face of modern civilization, or rather the advancement, progress, and overcoming of the backwardness of Muslim societies. Our hypothesis is that significant and undeniable evidence in Asadābādī’s works indicates that he employed Islamism as a tool to improve the dire conditions of Muslim societies and to bridge their developmental gaps in comparison to the West. The research method is analytical-interpretive, relying on library sources; it also utilizes Strauss’s esoteric writing theory for textual interpretation, given the nature of Asadābādī’s theoretical and practical activities. Based on clear indications from some of Asadābādī’s statements in his essays, speeches, letters, as well as a thorough examination of certain works and his socio-political activities, it can be concluded that Jamāl al-Dīn’s primary goal and motivation were not, as commonly believed, the revival of religion or a confrontation with Western thought and civilization, but rather social reform, addressing backwardness, and promoting progress in Muslim communities.

Economic growth and development are one of the goals that societies pursue due to the achievement of short-term and long-term benefits. This research tries to examine the role of the Federation of Public Sports in the development of the sports economy by emphasizing the presence of expert human resources. The sports industry has clearly created an endless view of the achievements of microeconomics, which gives students and researchers the opportunity to study this field, sports economics is introduced as the core of theories and aspects of economics, and they use in international sports. Sports is one of the effective tools for directing social forces to achieve sustainable development, especially in societies with high population growth, which not only incurs the lowest cost compared to other management costs of the system, but also has the ability to create more added value. In this context, it is always necessary to present a strategic and clear paradigm, then it is possible to solve economic problems and bottlenecks through it. Achieved in a correct and principled way, strategic management and human resource management are always recognized as a strong tool to solve all problems in advanced societies. The importance and necessity of researching the role of the Federation of General Sports in the development of the sports economy with an emphasis on expert human resources originates from the fact that the Federation of General Sports has an important role in popularizing and institutionalizing sports in society, to face the challenges of the economy in the society needs this kind of research. By examining countries such as Japan and Germany that lost their economic resources during the Second World War, it can be seen that apart from physical factors, there is an important factor that makes them powerful today, and that is expert human resources. On the other hand, economic growth is one of the most basic components of macroeconomics, and its achievement is one of the most important goals of governments. In today's world, sports are considered as one of the sources of economic growth and development in advanced countries, which directly and indirectly affects economic growth and development in the short and long term.

The research method based on data search is of mixed type. In the first part, using the grounded theory of Strauss and Corbin, in-depth interviews of experts have been conducted. The middle part has been done with a future study (Delphi technique) through a Likert scale questionnaire by a panel of experts consisting of 10 experts, and in the quantitative part, the ranking of the indicators has been done with Friedman's descriptive-inferential test.

The interviews have been coded in the qualitative section, which includes 12 selective codes, 24 central codes, and 48 open codes from 5 categories (causal conditions, contextual factors, intervening factors, effective strategies, and resulting outcomes), the middle part through the technique Delphi has been used and in order to coordinate the identified indicators, Kendall's coefficient test has been used in SPSS 22 software, and after identifying 5 indicators, in the quantitative part of the research, the indicators have been ranked with Friedman's test, and the managerial role factor, has been assigned the first rank.

A society that gives importance to sports has less deviations and social harms; deviations lead the society towards dissolution. It is obvious that public sports are directly related to people's health and vitality. The Federation of Public Sports of the Islamic Republic of Iran was formed with the aim of creating suitable facilities and platform for creating vitality and vitality among people and raising the level of general skills based on the federations' statutes. The progress of any organization requires expert and compassionate human resources who are more connected with their work so that the organizational performance increases. It is suggested that sports federations, especially general sports federations, by prioritizing their expert human resources and holding regular knowledge-enhancing courses in the field of effective communication, sports and economy, improve their performance in the field of sports economy development.

Scientific authority is one of the basic concepts in science and among the macro policies of the country's system in the discourse of scientific progress in Iran. Since the 1980s, following the introduction of "scientific reference" literature in Iran's scientific community, many researches have been conducted on its theoretical, practical, scientific, social, cultural, economic and political aspects in different formats and in domestic and international forums. The purpose of this research is to analysis the conceptual structure of scientific reference knowledge in Iran.The current research is based on the scientometric approach with the methods of co-lexical analysis, information clustering and social network analysis. The study population of this research includes all scientific documents including Persian articles, books, academic theses and research projects from the beginning to January 2023.The findings related to co-lexical analysis showed that more than 241 concepts or keywords were mentioned in this field, and the concept of "scientific reference" in particular with the highest frequency, the concepts: "Ahl al-Bayt, Holy Qur'an, acquiring or achieving authority, university Medical sciences, universities and leadership and higher education have the most frequency among all concepts. In addition to that, the conceptual pairs "scientific reference - Ahl al-Bayt, scientific reference - Quran, scientific reference - leadership perspective, scientific reference - achievement and scientific reference - universities" have the most co-occurrence. Also, 30 concepts such as: "Indigenization of science, scientific dynamism, scientific vitality, scientific capital, scientific reference, civilization-building research, scientific authority, scientism, scientific flow, extension chair, knowledge frontiers, scientific heritage, leaders of science..." as Emerging concepts were identified in the researches. The results related to clustering showed that the knowledge of this field in Iran consists of 13 main clusters. Drawing conceptual maps of the field of knowledge of scientific authority showed that the formed network of concepts has discontinuity and its concepts are less connected. Considering the network density number (0.0268), it cannot be said that the network has a dense concept.According to the concepts obtained from the researches carried out in the field of scientific authority, this field is still young in Iran and its practical range has been less researched in other fields. But after it was brought up by the Supreme Leader in recent years, researches related to it have grown relatively; But its scope is not wide. This situation is well evident in the obtained maps. Most of the concepts obtained in the axis of explanation and definitions of the theoretical dimension of scientific reference. In total, this research presented a conceptual macro picture of the field of scientific authority.

Over the past two decades, Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Republic of Iran have engaged in a competition to extend their influence beyond their borders and establish dominance in the region. Geopolitical ambitions have played a pivotal role, particularly in the wake of the Arab Spring in 2011. The general issue of the article is that, despite receiving support from the international community, Saudi Arabia faced a challenge as certain opportunities emerged for Iran to expand its role and influence. Consequently, Riyadh adopted more aggressive approaches in an attempt to halt Tehran and achieve its regional objectives swiftly, resulting in heightened insecurity in the Middle East. Addressing the main question of how geopolitical rivalries contributed to the aggressiveness of Saudi foreign policy against Iran, this article employs a descriptive and analytical approach, utilizing the theory of offensive realism. This theoretical framework explains Saudi Arabia's behavior in its pursuit of favorable geopolitical regions and tests the hypothesis of the article. The primary goal of this research is to demonstrate that the Saudi government has extensively employed violent and chaotic methods to alter the regional order and balance of power in its favor. The research concludes that in order to address the instability in the Middle East and regulate the geopolitical competition between Riyadh and Tehran, a transformation of the tension-inducing geopolitical structure in the region is imperative. Consequently, Saudi Arabia is compelled to reassess its approach and curb its aggressive behavior.

Health tourism is a sector of the tourism industry known as one of the leading industries in the world, attracting more than 800 million people every year. Although the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that the global turnover of the industry was $2.4 trillion in 2017, factors such negative global image have substantially reduced the chance that people will choose Iran as a health tourism destination. This negative image is primarily due to the actions of the Iranian authorities. Accordingly, the author of this study sought to analyze how a negative global image could affect the expansion of the health tourism economy in Iran. This descriptive-analytical study used the desk research method for collecting the necessary data from reputable domestic and international organizations on the key factors that have created a negative image of Iran in the eyes of health tourists including human rights violations, violation of international conventions on protecting diplomatic personnel and premises, violation of dual citizens’ rights, and improper management of domestic crises. Hence, the author statistically compared Iran with countries operating in health tourism and being less affected by those factors. In conclusion, these factors had significant negative effects on health tourists’ mentality towards Iran and considerably reduced their sense of security, thereby decreasing their willingness to choose Iran as a health tourism destination.

Scientific productions in the field of Mahdism have grown in the last two decades and due to its religious and political dimension in the region, conceptual challenges have been registered. As a result, knowing the contexts, priorities and analysis of the knowledge of the domain seems necessary. The purpose of this study is to investigate the knowledge structure in Mahdism research using co-word analysis.

This research is applied in terms of purpose. In order to analyze the concept of knowledge in the field of Mahdism research, a combination of scientometric methods, information clustering and network analysis have been used. The research tools include scientometric software such as: "Ravar_matrix, Ucinet, NetDraw, and Vosviewer”. The research community includes all the articles in the field of Mahdism in domestic magazines from the databases of " Noormags, Magiran, and SID" from the beginning to October 2023.

The findings indicate that in the last two decades, there has been a significant growth in the research studies of Mahdism. Also, many authors from the Alimah Hoza and University have contributed to its scientific productions. In this research, it was found that the authors follow the model of an authorship. Collaboration in the form of co-authorship is less involved. Descriptive findings about the journals of this field showed that 5 journals are considered core journals in this field. The findings showed the field of Mahdavi studies in other fields of studies such as: social sciences, sociology, historical and political sciences, education and philosophy, art and literature interdisciplinary relations. The results of co-word analysis showed that more than 1341 concepts or keywords were mentioned and the concepts of "The Holy Mehdi, the waiting, appearance, doctrines of Mahdism, Extremist, false claimants" had the highest frequency among all concepts. Also, the conceptual pairs " the waiting - The Holy Mehdi, Islamic revolution-the waiting, The Holy Mehdi - last days, future study- Mahdism research, doctrine of Mahdoit- appearance " had the most co-occurrences. In addition, the concepts of "false claimants, Salafism, globalization, denial of Mahdism", social standards and culture of Mahdism were identified as emerging concepts in the research. The results related to clustering showed that the knowledge of this field in Iran consists of 21 main clusters. The first to third clusters include "the influence of the Islamic Revolution on Mahdism, traditions and hadiths of Mahdism, social challenges of Mahdism" respectively, have the most concepts. The analysis of the maps indicates that the concepts of this field have many conceptual relationships with each other, and the concentration percentage of the network is 0.5, which is average in terms of density.

The results indicate that the volume of articles in this field of knowledge in Persian language is increasing day by day, and in terms of the number of researchers, it is a rich field. But the cooperation of authors is weak, and the number of magazines that publish articles in the field of Mahdism is also small. Many concepts have been proposed in this field, but a large percentage of them have been proposed only once in this field. The results of clustering indicate that the concepts formed in the field of Mahdavi studies will provide a suitable field for qualitative and theoretical research studies. In general, this research showed a big picture of concepts, conceptual clusters and relationships of concepts in the articles produced in the field of Mahdism.

Many tubular joints commonly found in offshore jacket structures are multi-planar. Investigating the effect of loaded out-of-plane braces on the values of the stress concentration factor (SCF) in offshore tubular joints has been the objective of numerous research works. However, due to the diversity of joint types and loading conditions, several quite important cases still exist that have not been studied thoroughly. Among them are internally ring-stiffened multi-planar XT-joints subjected to axial loading. In the present research, data extracted from the stress analysis of 81 finite element (FE) models, verified using experimental test results, was used to study the effects of geometrical parameters on the chord-side SCFs in multi-planar tubular XT-joints reinforced with internal ring stiffeners subjected to two types of axial loading. Parametric FE study was followed by a set of the nonlinear regression analyses to develop four new SCF parametric equations for the fatigue analysis and design of axially loaded multi-planar XT-joints reinforced with internal ring stiffeners.

Considering the spread of Covid-19, it is important to know its complications. In the present study, we examined the frequency of patients with myocarditis and Kawasaki disease and related demographic and laboratory findings in children before and during covid-19.

The present study was carried out in a descriptive-analytical manner on patients with myocarditis or Kawasaki disease during the years 2016 to 2016. During this study, demographic information, laboratory variables of the child were collected from the patients' files and statistically analyzed using SPSS version 24 software.

In this study, 65 patients (31 girls and 34 boys) with an average age of 41.28 ± 3.9 months were examined. Of these, 46 people (69.7%) had Kawasaki disease and 19 (28.8%) had myocarditis. The condition of being infected with Covid-19 was also observed in 22 of the patients (33.3%). The rate of hospitalization with the diagnosis of Kawasaki disease after Covid-19 was significantly higher than before [27 cases (58.7%) against 19 cases ( 41.3%)], while the hospitalization rate with the diagnosis of myocarditis decreased significantly after the onset of corona [1 case (5.3%) vs. 1 case (5.3%), (P<0.001)].

According to the results, the hospitalization rate with the diagnosis of Kawasaki disease after the occurrence of covid-19 was significantly higher than before, and the frequency of patients with Kawasaki disease with and without covid-19 was not significantly different.

A retrospective analysis spanning over two decades of tensions between Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Republic of Iran indicates an escalating security dimension to these disputes. This article seeks to illustrate that despite substantial global community’s backing for Saudi Arabia in terms of military and security assistance, the surge in Iran's operational influence across the region, particularly since 2001, prompted Riyadh to adopt progressively Aggressive measures and approaches to undermine Iran's capabilities. Consequently, countering Iran's regional role and influence became a central concern, resulting in an upswing of insecurity in the Middle East. In response to the core query, "How have security threats impacted the aggressiveness of Saudi Arabia's foreign policy towards the Islamic Republic of Iran?” this paper has examined the hypothesis that "threat-oriented foreign policy of Saudi Arabia has led to increasing of the aggressive measures, crisis-creating and securitization from the Islamic Republic of Iran regional behaviors by Saudi Arabia." the research employs the framework of offensive realism, utilizes a qualitative approach to explain the causes, processes and consequences of Saudi Arabia's conduct towards Iran. The objective of this study is to demonstrate that Riyadh's aggressive foreign policy within the region wasn't solely a defensive response to alleged Iranian threats against Saudi interests.

Britain's withdrawal from Persian Gulf in the early 1970s is a turning point in the country's foreign policy as a traditional superpower and regional and international dynamics between Persian Gulf countries. This article tries to answer this question: what was the basis of British regional policies in the Persian Gulf between 1970 and 2003? The main hypothesis of the article is that England's regional policies have been a function of the country's economic interests, especially, Britain tried to ensure the security of energy supplies through the balancing of power between regional countries. Using Michael Brecher's model and the historical-analytical method, the authors consider the internal party political structure of England, which leads to the rotation of foreign policy elites, as an effective factor in the operational environment of this country's foreign policy in the Persian Gulf and the withdrawal of British military forces. This variable has been one of the main factors of England's re-entry into regional developments. The authors conclude that the two-party structure ruling England has always influenced this country's foreign policy in the Persian Gulf region and this process continues until now

After the Islamic awakening in Tunisia, the collapse of the dictatorship of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the President of this country and the formation of a democratic and parliamentary political system, the two influential political factions in this country began to cooperate and converge with each other. The Ennahda movement, as the most important political trend in Tunisia, played a decisive role in political developments and other parties, including secular parties, welcomed the formation of a coalition government with the Ennahda. The participation of Islamists with the opposition (secular) parties in Tunisia and the formation of coalition governments was successful at first, but with the intensification of the differences between the two political factions, did not continue and reached a dead end. In this research work, the reasons for persuading Islamists and secular parties to form a coalition government and then refusing to do so are investigated. The question of the article is what were the grounds of the initial political alliance between Islamists and secularists after the Islamic awakening in Tunisia and why did this alliance collapse? The hypothesis of this research shows that "Al-Ghannoushi and the leaders of the Ennahda movement towards moderate Islam and democracy made it possible to form a coalition and political partnership with the opposition (secular) parties, but the disagreement over the approval of the constitution and the activities of the Salafist groups made these two factions refuse to form a coalition, which resulted in the formation of an authoritarian political system in this country. This article is a theoretical research that was written by studying primary sources such as books and articles, and data collection was based on the library method.

Pomegranate paste is one of the nutritionally valuable foods due to its high content of minerals and antioxidant compounds, but adulteration can occur during the manufacture while it is sold as pure pomegranate paste. In this study, the quality and purity of 5 samples of industrial and 5 samples of traditional pomegranate paste available on the Iranian market have been investigated.

Physicochemical properties such as water-soluble solids, acidity, pH, formalin index, sucrose and ash contents, the presence of starch and benzoic acid, and the amount of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) were measured and compared with the national standard of Iran. To investigate the type and amount of organic acids and the possibility of adulteration with cheaper concentrates, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used.

The amount of soluble solids in the samples was within the national standard range. The acidity of the traditional Isfahan sample (8.90%) was higher than the standard acceptable level, and the pH (2.19) was less than the standard acceptable level. Formalin index in one of the industrial samples was 35.12% and within the permissible range of the national standard, and in other samples, it was less than the standard level. The sucrose amount in all samples was less than 6%, indicating that no sugar was added to the samples. The total ash content of the samples was within the acceptable standard level. In 4 traditional samples, the presence of starch was confirmed as an adulteration. None of the samples contained benzoic acid. The amount of HMF in the traditional samples was more than the industrial samples, and in the Saveh traditional paste, with a value of 52.13 ppm, was higher than the standard limit. Organic acids profile showed that citric acid, malic acid, and oxalic acid were the predominant acids in the samples, respectively, and the amount of tartaric acid was less than 1% or not detected.

According to the present results, pomegranate paste is more likely adulterated with starch or flour. In addition, it seems that in traditional pomegranate paste, due to the impossibility of control by the relevant organizations, adulteration is more likely, and also due to poor control of thermal process, the occurrence rate of Maillard reaction and HMF production is likely to be higher.

Although Yemen was mainly without a single state until 1990, the gradual dissolution of the country's territorial integrity concerned the international community and turned into the world's worst humanitarian crisis in recent years. In the meantime, many humanitarian organizations have directly and indirectly sent their aid to this country to alleviate the suffering of Yemeni civilians. One of these humanitarian organizations was the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). This descriptive-analytical study aims to address the crisis in Yemen, find out why humanitarian organizations are attracted to this country, and discuss the organization's performance in reducing human and non-human damages caused by internal crises. The primary research's concern is the performance of the ICRC in dealing with the Yemen crisis. This descriptive-analytical study argues that the activities of the ICRC have led to the expansion of security and the reduction of damages to civilians, women, and children during the Yemen crisis. This study used a bibliographic technique for data collection.

The purpose of this research is to analyze the knowledge structure of Hawraman research in Iran.

This study employed content analysis techniques, specifically co-word analysis and information clustering. The research community encompassed all scientific outputs from the beginning until 2022.

The findings indicate a significant growth in research on Hawraman over the past two decades, with over 15 geographical areas being studied. Co-word analysis revealed more than 1500 concepts or keywords mentioned, with "Hawraman," "Tourism," "local architecture," and "Hawrami dialect" being the most frequently used concepts. Notably, the conceptual pairs "Hawraman-tourist attractions," "Hawraman-history," and "Hawraman-Palangan" exhibited the highest co-occurrences. Additionally, clustering analysis uncovered 15 main clusters within the field's knowledge. Furthermore, the analysis of conceptual maps showed extensive relationships between concepts, indicating a dense network of interconnected ideas.

The Hawraman region has gained substantial attention from researchers due to its unique environmental conditions and UNESCO registration. Consequently, there has been a surge in research, leading to the exploration of numerous concepts. This research provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of Hawraman research and sheds light on the key issues being investigated.Value: This study represents the first attempt at analyzing research data for an area in western Iran.

Islamism has been seen in various forms and manifestations in different countries. This means it has come along with a full spectrum of reformative, revolutionary, secular, socialistic features mixed with various political beliefs. Tunisia is one of the most important Muslim countries in which analyzing the Islamism could provide explanative points due to different experiences and changes that happened there. On this basis, the present paper aims to examine the causing factors of Tunisian Islamism starting to go in the direction of political secularism while focusing on the Al-Nahda movement. The question is that What are the most important reasons of the transition of the Al-Nahda movement as a representative of Tunisian Islamism into a political secularism? The proposed hypothesis is that existence of the roots of secularism, the revolutionary identity of Al-Nahda movement, dialectic opposition and lack of dialectic dominance by Islamists in Tunisia, as well as the access to a secular democracy as an available model have been amongst the reasons the Tunisian Islamism started to progress in direction of political secularism through the Al-Nahda. The results of this study suggest that the characteristics of Islam culture within the Tunisian society as the bedrock of political and social changes on one hand and the availability of an efficient secular and democratic argument within the society on the other hand caused the Tunisian Islamism to move in direction of forming a political party instead of continuing towards a revolutionary and ideological procedure. The present paper is a descriptive analysis using the documentary and library resources. We have benefitted from Manheim’s sociology of knowledge framework and Laclau-Mouffe dialectic in a blended method.

Ethnic groups in Iran have internal social cleavages that affect their political life. The Arabs living in Iran are no exception to this rule and despite their linguistic and religious unity, they have some internal social cleavages that have political consequences at different levels. Examining these cleavages and their political consequences is the main concern of this article. Therefore, in this regard, we raised the question, what kind of social cleavages do the Arabs living in Iran have within their ethnicity, and what political consequences did this issue have?

This article is written using descriptive-analytical method and based on library sources and interview technique.

To reach this goal, we tried to investigate the historical process of intra-ethnic cleavages and its political consequences with the approach of historical sociology and using the technique of library studies along with interviews with researchers. The research results showed traditional and modern social cleavage such as "Tribal cleavage"; "City-Tribe cleavage"; "generational cleavage"; and "gender cleavage" along with some political cleavages such as "ideological and organizational cleavage" which can be categorized as "modernity" and "convergence-divergence" cleavage. These cleavages among the Arabs have caused their political identity should be plural.

From the beginning of the formation of ethnic movements, one of the important factors in the failure of some separatist currents in bringing all ethnic groups together is the existence of intra-ethnic pluralism and diverse intra-ethnic political currents.

The research is based on the premise that the regional order of the Middle East is transitioning from a hegemonic order to a complex and uncertain situation and it tries to rely on the tools of "trend study"and research in security campaigns at the national, regional and international to predict the future order of the Middle East. Therefore, while explaining the current transition situation, it answers the question of what indicators and signs will the future order of the Middle East follow and what is the ruling model? Based on the hypothesis of the research, the change in the regional order patterns of the Middle East is taking place gradually and with a process nature. National, regional and international trends indicate the reduction of direct intervention of great powers and the strengthening of regional alliances in the future of Middle East conflicts. The main drivers of this development are the transformation of the logic of coalition building in the Middle East, the redefinition of patterns of regional interaction and confrontation, the weakness of the Arabs' traditional balancing act towards Iran, and the common understanding of the threat from the regional role of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Based on the findings of the research, parallel to the process of peace building in Hebrew-Arab relations, Iran will become one of the main axes of confrontation in the future of the Middle East.

Health tourism, as a subset of Tourism, is composed of separate sections. This industry is currently one of the most leading and lucrative industries in the World. Different countries benefit from this industry according to their abilities, capabilities and the amount of attention they pay to it. But Iran is not able properly to exploit these sections due to its capabilities. One of the main obstacles to the development of Health tourism are international sanctions. This study aims to answer the following Question: How international sanctions effect on development of Health tourism in Iran? According to the descriptive- analytical method from the statistics and data of reputable international and domestic organizations and through the following hypothesis supposes that international sanctions, directly and indirectly, hinder the development of Health tourism. The results demonstrate that international sanctions directly prevent the sale of aircraft and its parts, bank transactions and etc. and indirectly, by prohibiting the export of oil, petrochemical products, minerals and crude metals, cause the government a lack of access to foreign currency, thereupon creating the budget deficit and ultimately postponing the development of infrastructure as a base for development of health tourism, therefore, it has a negative impact and reduces the growth rate of its development.

Both in pre- and in post-Revolution periods, Iran’s critical geopolitical and geostrategic position, as well as its revolutionary Islamic ideology, has made it a highly important player at both the regional and international levels. This sensitive and perilous position has exposed the country to various incidents and events, including economic sanctions, recreation and overt and covert support of terrorist groups, and the sale of advanced weapons to regional actors. The resulting scenarios and potential power vacuums could create a divide in political participation and society, leading to a legitimacy gap, questions of authority, and a disruption of national unity. Given the importance of the current moment and the conditions ahead, it is essential for scholarly community to analyze and provide solutions for potential crises related to political participation. Furthermore, numerous domestic and structural obstacles have emerged as significant challenges to political participation in the Islamic Republic of Iran over the past four decades, leading to a crisis and serious problems in political participation.The crisis of political participation is a clear indication of an ineffective political system. This crisis stems from a growing gap between the people and the governance system, eroding trust between political leaders and people and causing a rift between the state and the nation. This lack of trust in political leaders impedes people’s willingness to participate in the political process, resulting in political deadlocks and potentially dire consequences for society.

 The Purpose of Research:

The purpose of this research was to examine the interrelated effects of multiple crises, including inefficiency, distribution, identity, influence, and legitimacy crises, on the political system, with a particular focus on the presidency of Hassan Rouhani. The research question is, what are the consequences of crises for active political participation?

This research employed a descriptive–analytical method, utilizing a cross-sectional study of a particular time period.

By exploring the correlations and conflicts between data, the study confirms that any political crisis signals a decrease in authority and legitimacy, ultimately resulting in a decline in active political participation and a crisis in the political system. The events of December 2017, the rise in price of gasoline and the unrest of November 2019, the Ukrainian plane crash, the crisis of inefficiency in price control, broken promises, and the distribution crisis led to a growing class divide and the decline of the urban middle class. Moreover, the gap between the language used by the governance system and the language of the people, the people’s demands and how they interacted with the political system, and the quality of their influence on politics can only be evaluated by criteria such as political participation. It is important to note that various events and occurrences, influenced by political actors and competing, parallel forces both inside and outside the government’s decision-making, have contributed to the widening scope of the crisis. However, for the purposes of this study, the term crisis refers specifically to the period of Rouhani’s administration.

The analysis revealed that the inefficiency crisis and distribution crisis, along with more institutionalized crises of identity and influence, erodes legitimacy at different levels, thereby reducing political participation. This study aimed to demonstrate the relationship between crises and political participation, highlighting how the inefficiency of Rouhani’s government and its inability to distribute economic and political resources fairly led to a decline in legitimacy, increased dissatisfaction, and a drop in political participation. Specifically, four major failures of the 11th and 12th governments were identified, namely, foreign policy failures, mismanagement of the Ministry of Science, failure to control the monetary and financial crisis in various markets, and failure to manage COVID–19 pandemic.

The issue of the Kurds has been one of the most challenging ethnic issues in contemporary Iran. Most of researches that have been done in connection with the Kurds, have focused on how this ethnic relate to the sovereignty, and less has been done on the internal socio-political life of the Kurds. In other words,the main assumption of most of the researches related to the Kurds emphasizes the homogeneity of the Kurdish community, while from the point of view of this article, the Kurds are not a homogenous group like many other communities. The dynamics of Kurds' social transformation, which are based on the two distinctions of tradition-modernity and convergence-divergence, have led to the emergence of social cleavages among them. Therefore, in this regard, we have tried to examine the most important social cleavages and their political consequences among the Kurds with using the Historical Sociological approach, and the library studies and interview techniques. The results of this research showed a set of traditional and modern social construction cleavages such as tribal, religious, linguistic, generational, and gender cleavages along with some political cleavages such as ideological conflicts, political elites' competitions, and conflicts. Party and intra-party differences among the Kurds have caused the political identity of the Kurds to be a plural political identity and no political movement among the Kurds can ever become hegemonic.

The purpose of the present study is to review the impact of the European Jewish Congress (EJC) on the Relationship between Iran and the European Union (EU). The research method is descriptive-analytic and the results showed that the EJC by its penetration into the European parliament have been influential through abusing disputes between Iran and the EU to achieve its goals and deteriorate bilateral ties between two countries. The EJC as one of the most important institutions of the Israel lobby in Brussel has had the most influence on Iran-EU relations. This congress could fulfill its political and strategic objectives by the strategy of negative propaganda and highlighting Iran’s threat. Moreover, the EJC has been influential on decreasing bilateral ties between Iran and the EU by increasing heavy sanctions, restrictive measures, high-ranking European officials’ avoidance of travelling to Iran, and the critical tone of Europe in its resolution and statement against Iran’s policies.

Despite the high acceptability of the extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) procedure in the treatment of urinary stones at all ages, it is necessary to use a variety of analgesic drugs during the procedure, especially among children.

We aimed to evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine-ketamine (DK) and midazolam-ketamine (MK) compounds in the sedation of children (2-6 years old) undergoing ESWL.

This randomized, double-blind clinical trial was performed on children aged 2 to 6 years with renal stones undergoing ESWL. The participants were randomly assigned to the DK and MK regimen groups (dexmedetomidine, 0.05 mcg/kg within 10 minutes infusion; midazolam, 0.05 mg/kg within 3 minutes infusion; ketamine, 0.5 mg/kg bolus injection). The patients were assessed with respect to sedation degree, post-procedure hemodynamic status, recovery time and awakening, and operator satisfaction.

Recovery time was significantly shorter in the DK group than in the MK group. Also, the DK regimen was more analgesic than the MK regimen; therefore, the need to repeat ketamine administration was less. There was no difference between the 2 methods in terms of cooperation at the time of separation of children from their parents, patient cooperation during the procedure, average verbal response time and average cooperation time after entering recovery, and operator satisfaction with the operation. No side effects were observed in the 2 groups.

Ketamine with dexmedetomidine is associated with greater analgesia and shorter recovery time; however, sedation time was longer (insignificant) in ketamine with midazolam than in ketamine with dexmedetomidine. Thus, ketamine with dexmedetomidine is more preferred.

Probability density functions of the involved random variables are essential for the reliability-based design of offshore structures. The objective of present research was the derivation of probability density function (PDF) for the local joint flexibility (LJF) factor, fLJF, in two-planar tubular DK-joints commonly found in jacket-type offshore structures. A total of 162 finite element (FE) analyses were carried out on 81 FE models of DK-joints subjected to two types of axial loading. Generated FE models were validated using available experimental data, FE results, and design formulas. Based on the results of parametric FE study, a sample database was prepared for the fLJF values and density histograms were generated for respective samples based on the Freedman-Diaconis rule. Nine theoretical PDFs were fitted to the developed histograms and the maximum likelihood (ML) method was applied to evaluate the parameters of fitted PDFs. In each case, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and chi-squared tests were used to evaluate the goodness of fit. Finally, the Inverse Gaussian model was proposed as the governing probability distribution function for the fLJF. After substituting the values of estimated parameters, two fully defined PDFs were presented for the fLJF in tubular DK-joints subjected to two types of axial loading.