hamid rahimi

 The phenomenon of work-family conflict is important for individuals and organizations, because this conflict in organizations leads to important consequences such as job burnout, emotional burnout, reduced productivity and job performance, and reduced individual well-being. Based on this, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of work-family conflict on the emotional burnout of teachers in Qom city with the moderating role of perceived organizational support.

The type of research was structural equation modeling and the statistical population included all teachers in Qom, 3864 people, of whom 390 were selected as a sample using the Cochran formula and stratified random sampling method. In this research, three questionnaires of work-family conflict, emotional burnout and perceived organizational support were used to collect data. Research data analysis was performed using SPSS version 26 and Smart Pls statistical software at descriptive (frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, skewness & kurtosis) and inferential levels (structural equation model).

The path coefficient of the variables showed that work-family conflict on emotional burnout (Beta=0.625, t=19.45, P=0.000) had a positive & significant effect and perceived organizational support has a negative & significant effect on emotional burnout (Beta=0.127, t=-2.97; P=0.004) and the moderating role of organizational support was confirmed.

The results showed that organizational support can have a moderating role in the relationship between work-family conflict and burnout. Therefore, the more the individual and his/her environmental conditions can control work-family conflict and the more support the individual perceives from the organization, the less emotional burnout the individual will experience.

This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of four-corner strategy on development of mathematical problem-solving skills in fifth grade students.

The type of research in terms of implementation, it is semi-experimental in the form of a post-test design with a control group. In this plan, the participants were divided into two experimental groups and control group. In the experimental group, the independent variable was the implementation of the four-corner strategy method, and the control group was the implementation of traditional method. The research sample was selected from among 72 students who were randomly divided into two groups. The researcher compared the variables between the two groups, such as previous knowledge, intelligence test, age and parents' progress. After completing the study, the researcher determined a test to solve mathematical problems, which included 25 paragraphs of multiple choice types.

The results showed that in solving math problems, the average score of the experimental group was 19.03, while the average score of the students of the control group was 15.92. Also, in the math achievement test, the average score of the experimental group was 18.97, while the average score of the control group students was 15.83. The independent t-test showed that these differences are statistically significant.

The results of the research showed that the students of the experimental group performed better than the students of the control group in solving math problems.

Ethical leadership in organizations, particularly in educational centers and institutions, plays a pivotal role in fulfilling functions and achieving desired objectives. Therefore, the aim of the present research was to evaluate the perceived ethical leadership of school principals in the city of Isfahan from the perspective of teachers. This research is descriptive-survey in nature, with the statistical population comprising teachers in Isfahan. Using Cochran's formula and cluster random sampling, 313 participants were selected as the sample. Data were collected using the standard ethical leadership questionnaire by Kalshoven et al. (2011) with 38 items across seven components. The validity of the questionnaire was assessed through face and construct validity. The reliability of the questionnaire was estimated at 0.89 using Cronbach's alpha for ethical leadership. Data analysis was performed at both descriptive and inferential levels using SPSS and Amos Graphics software. The results indicated that the status of ethical leadership of principals, from the teachers' perspective, is above average. This means that the school principals under study are in a favorable condition regarding public orientation, ethical guidance, role clarity, integrity, concern for stability, power sharing, and fairness. Additionally, a significant difference was found in teachers' perception of ethical leadership styles based on their years of service.

The purpose of this research was to examine the relationship between intellectual capital, organizational learning, and organizational inertia.

A descriptive-correlation study was conducted with a statistical population of 623 employees at Kashan University. A sample of 150 employees was selected using Morgan's table. Three questionnaires were used to measure organizational inertia, intellectual capital, and organizational learning, with reliability assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.75 for organizational inertia, 0.87 for intellectual capital, and 0.90 for organizational learning).

The results indicate that the mean scores for intellectual capital and organizational learning were higher than the criterion score, while the mean score for organizational inertia was lower. Path analysis revealed that both intellectual capital (Beta=-0.61) and organizational learning (Beta=-0.61) have negative and significant relationships with organizational inertia.

Organizations facing technological complexity and competitive environments must avoid stagnation and resistance to change. By leveraging intellectual capital and enhancing organizational learning and knowledge sharing, managers can better prepare for organizational change and reduce inefficiencies.

Value:

 The lack of organizational change and resistance to development pose significant risks to organizations. Overcoming organizational inertia is crucial for fostering creativity, innovation, and problem-solving capabilities within an organization.

With extensive changes in educational environments, such as changes in students' needs, different teaching methods, changes in the characteristics of educational environments, and changes in teachers' demands, the need to acquire new knowledge is of great value and encourage teachers to actively participate in the yourself knowledge sharing process with colleagues seems essential, because acquiring new knowledge can have a positive effect on the level of learning, creativity, innovation, readiness for change and flexibility of teachers and increase their job success. But despite the many benefits inherent in knowledge sharing, many teachers refuse to share their knowledge with others. Hiding knowledge is a relatively common phenomenon in educational organizations and schools, which leaves destructive effects. For various reasons, teachers may not share the knowledge related to their job with other colleagues and in some cases, hide the knowledge from them. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the effective variables on reducing knowledge hiding in the organization. It is likely that variables such as psychological ownership of knowledge, altruistic behavior and intrinsic motivation are effective in increasing or decreasing knowledge hiding. Thus, the purpose of this research was the moderating role of altruism behavior and intrinsic motivation in effect of knowledge psychological ownership on knowledge hiding behavior in teachers.

Type of research, descriptive correlation and statistical population including teachers in Aran & Bidgol City that sample size was obtained equal to 250 people through the Monte Carlo model. The research tool included four questionnaires of psychological ownership of knowledge, altruism, internal motivation and knowledge hiding. The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed as construct, convergent and divergent. The reliability of questionnaires was obtained through Cronbach’s alpha for psychological ownership 0.74, altruism 0.77, intrinsic motivation 0.84 and knowledge hiding 0.71. The data analysis of the research was done at two levels of descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS version 26 and Smart Pls software.

The results showed that the mean of variables of psychological ownership and knowledge hiding were lower than criterion score and altruism and internal motivation were higher than criterion score. The path coefficient of variables showed that psychological ownership with (Beta=0.24) has a positive & significant effect on knowledge hiding, altruism (Beta=-0.17) and intrinsic motivation (Beta=-0.16) has a negative & significant effect on knowledge hiding.

Considering the positive and significant effect of intrinsic motivation and altruistic behavior in reducing the negative effect of psychological ownership of knowledge in knowledge hiding behavior, it can be seen that the moderating role of intrinsic motivation and altruistic behavior in reducing knowledge hiding behavior is significant and confirmed. Because motivation theory emphasizes the motivations that lead people to exchange knowledge and broadly determines knowledge behaviors, and altruistic behaviors consist of helping colleagues in the performance of their duties. That is, if teachers who have a high sense of psychological ownership may hesitate to exchange and share knowledge when requested due to internal motivation and altruistic behavior. Thus, it can be said that hiding or sharing knowledge depends not only on the level of one’s property relative to the purpose of ownership, but also on internal motivation and altruistic behavior. To prevent this phenomenon among teachers, the sense of collective ownership instead of individual ownership should be strengthened among teachers.

Teachers have a key role in training human capital in any society and human capital training is one of their most important tasks, so addressing the issue of their job engagement and its promotion is one of the essential issues. Thus the purpose this research was the explanation of teacher’s job engagement in teachers at Kashan City based on school's ethical climate and their quality of work life.

The type of research was descriptive-correlative and statistical population consisted all of teachers at Kashan City (N=3227) that by simple random sampling 320 ones, selected as sample. In order to collect data, three questionnaires of job engagement, ethical climate and quality of work life were used. The questionnaires validity was confirmed as content and construction. By using Cronbach Alpha Coefficient, the reliability of job engagement was estimated to be 0.93, ethical climate 0.87 and quality of work life 0.93. Data’s analysis done in levels of descriptive & inferential through Spss22 and Amos Graphic Software’s.

The findings showed that the means of ethical climate (97.73±12.18) was upper than criteria score 78, quality of work life (77.8±16.68) was lower than criteria score 78 and job engagement (67.32±10.75) was upper than criteria score 51. Also there is a positive and significant relationship between ethical climate and job engagement (r=0.30) and quality of work life and job engagement (r =0.43).

Considering the significant effect of ethical climate and quality of work life on job engagement, it is suggested that educational organizations in particular and other organizations in general, develop and strengthen the ethical climate and pay attention to improving the quality of working life of their staffs.

The achievement of organizational ambidexterity in the dimensions of exploration and exploitation in the educational system can be created by increasing and growing thinking skills and intellectual capital. For this reason, paying attention to it and trying to identify and strengthen the key elements effective in its success and excellence is one of the duties of researchers and scholars. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate the effect of entrepreneurial thinking skills on organizational ambidexterity with the mediating role of intellectual capital in teachers of Isfahan.The research method was descriptive-correlational, and the statistical population included teachers of Isfahan City who were selected as a sample of 340 people using the Krejcie and Morgan table and the stratified cluster random sampling method.The research tools included three questionnaires on organizational ambidexterity, entrepreneurial thinking skills, and intellectual capital.The reliability of the tools was also estimated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient for thinking skills 98/0, organizational ambidexterity 97/0, and intellectual capital 90/0. Data analysis was performed descriptively and inferentially using Amos version 22 and SPSS version 26 software.The results showed that the total effects of entrepreneurial thinking skills, intellectual capital, and intellectual capital on organizational ambidexterity were positive and significant, and the mediating role of intellectual capital in the effect of entrepreneurial thinking skills on organizational ambidexterity was positive and significant. Based on this, educational and curricular affairs authorities and planners should take the necessary measures to familiarize teachers with entrepreneurial thinking skills in the education system and learning environments.

Considering the current economic conditions of the country, the number of helpless companies and the importance of financial helplessness are increasing day by day. The increase in economic factors affecting financial helplessness has also increased the complexity of investment decisions for these companies. For this purpose, the approach presented in this research, taking into account various financial criteria, provides the possibility of dynamic forecasting of Financial Distress for these decision makers. makes The approach introduced in this research is first by clustering the companies in the proportional cluster of financially helpless and non-helpless with the help of artificial neural network method, self-organizing mapping (SOM) and then by using the data envelopment analysis method based on the worst performance (WPF-DEA). A dynamic forecast of the financial helplessness of the companies admitted to the Tehran Bahadur Stock Exchange was carried out. Using the mentioned method, 105 companies were evaluated and the result of the inefficiency of these companies was predicted during 5 time periods from 2015 to 2019. The dynamic data coverage analysis model based on the worst performance has the ability to evaluate the inefficiency of the examined units, including companies that are members of the Stock Exchange and Securities Organization. Data envelopment analysis has been able to successfully identify the financial helplessness of companies as inefficient decision units.

With the outbreak of Covid 19 disease, many jobs and organizations have been closed, and universities are no exception to this rule, and this issue has imposed a great psychological burden on students. Thus the purpose this research was investigating different dimensions of coronary anxiety among students in University of Kashan. The type of research was descriptive-survey and statistical population consisted all of students at University of Kashan in academic years 2021-2022 (N=7452) that by Cochran Formulate and accidental sampling 434 ones, selected as sample. In order to collect datas used from a researcher-made questionnaire of coronary anxiety in 39 closed-response items in five components (social-communication anxiety, economic-financial anxiety, religious-spiritual anxiety, mental anxiety and physical anxiety) on based five-point Likert scale with a standard score 3. By using Cronbach Alpha Coefficient, the questionnaire reliability was estimated to be 0.95. Data’s analysis done in two level of descriptive & inferential. The results showed that the mean of all components of corona anxiety was higher than the average (3). The highest average was related to physical anxiety component with mean and standard deviation (4.46±0.72). There is a positive and significant correlation between all dimensions of corona anxiety. The highest correlation between physical and mental anxiety was 0.67. Also, there was no significant difference between students’ corona anxiety according to gender.  According to the results of the research, the mean of all the components of corona anxiety in social-relational, economic-financial, religious-spiritual, psychological & physical dimensions was above average and somehow in an unfavorable situation. There is a positive & significant correlation between all dimensions of corona anxiety. With the increase of corona anxiety in every dimension, anxiety in other dimensions also follows. Because anxiety, as a variable, creates and threatens health in different dimensions and has been confirmed by many researchers in numerous studies.

Recently, due to an increase in national, regional, and global changes as well as a reduction in job dependence, organizational commitment, and job satisfaction, a complex, unstable, and uncertain environment has been created. In such conditions, organizations and senior managers should undertake some actions such as the identification of talents, the creation of a talent repertoire in their organizations to identify key positions and to prepare a succession plan for all key positions both horizontally and vertically (Kim et al, 2019). Succession planning, as a subsystem of human resource management, has an impact on organizational learning, stability, and development while promoting financial performance of the organization, turnover rate, and employees’ job satisfaction (Ojeyemi, 2021; Ugoani, 2020). According to Barton (2019), succession is a process during which the talented forces of an organization are prepared in line with the organization’s strategies and plans to take on sensitive jobs and key positions. Succession is a process by which organizations develop and promote capable and talented forces through proper planning (Raby & Valeau, 2021). Despite the importance of competencies and succession, few studies in the field of human resource management, especially in the water and sewage industry, have examined human resource management measures comprehensively with an emphasis on succession. All companies deal with the issue of succession. Kashan’s Water and Sewerage Company, as a service company, is not an exception. Succession management and planning are highly important for this company since about 25% of its managers will be about to retire by the end of 2023, which justifies the need to carry out a succession plan. The present study aims to develop a model of succession management system for the water and sewage company in Kashan.

This study was a qualitative-quantitative one in terms of methodology. It was conducted in several phases, the first and two of which were qualitative while others were quantitative. In the first phase, the researchers identified 80 competences based on academic sources as well as the information provided by the Kashan’s Water and Sewage Company. In the second phase, the identified indicators were evaluated by the managers and elites of the company; the results of Delphi research method yielded 33 competency indicators grouped in individual, managerial, and job categories. In the third phase, the identified competences were surveyed for prioritization with respect to managerial positions by using the TOPSIS multi-criteria technique.

The results showed that the least weight was on emotional intelligence (as an individual competence), customer orientation, and project management (as managerial competences). The highest weight was on time management, thinking skills, communication skills, and responsibility taking manner (as individual competences) along with planning skill, organizational belonging, work commitment, problem-solving skill, and team work (as managerial competences). Also, the general status of Kashan’s Water and Sewerage Company in terms of individual and managerial competencies showed that this company had the highest scores in the competencies of belonging and organizational loyalty, moral intelligence, and work commitment, and it had the lowest scores in the competency of succession and people management, performance management, and project management.

In terms of company’s obtain results (such as lowest scores in succession and people management, performance management, and project management), it has suggested the promotion of these competencies as priorities of individual and organizational management skills development programs. Therefore, several practical suggestions have been offered for developing and a providing a deeper analysis of the current status of the company. First, different methods for training and the development of the candidates can be implemented: using training outside the organization as well as internal development programs (i.e., training and internal development in ways such as practical learning with a manager, coaching, job rotation, and assigning challenging roles to people). Additionally, the company managers can hold educational, training, and in-service workshops in order to make employees aware of their career paths, the possibility of promotion, and the job responsibilities of the current and possible future. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the succession program as a tool to identify employees’ justifiable educational and training needs. Given that one of the competencies that can be improved is the competency of performance management, it is essential to identify the performance indicators and measure the productivity of human resources for developing and improving the human resources of the organization based on succession plans.

The realization of sustainable growth and development of universities and higher education institutions can be created with the help of quantum management skills, organizational learning and intellectual capital in universities. Because universities are places for producing, organizing and transferring knowledge, that in this process the role of employees as intellectual and human capital is evident and vital. Based on this, the aim of this research was to investigate the effect of perceived quantum management skills on reducing organizational inertia with the mediating role of intellectual capital and organizational learning. The type of research was descriptive-correlation and the statistical population included employees at University of Kashan that by using Morgan's table 150 people were selected as a sample. The research tools were four questionnaires of quantum management skills, organizational inertia, intellectual capital & organizational learning. The reliability of questionnaires was estimated through Cronbach's alpha coefficient for quantum skill 0.70, organizational inertia 0.75, intellectual capital 0.87 and organizational learning 0.90. Data analysis was done at the descriptive and inferential level by using SPSS and Smart PLS statistical software. The results showed that the mean of the variables of quantum skills, intellectual capital and organizational learning was higher than the criterion score and the mean of organizational inertia was lower than the criterion score. Path coefficients showed that intellectual capital with (Beta=-0.51), quantum skills with (Beta=-0.26) and organizational learning with (Beta=-0.50) on organizational inertia has a negative & significant effect. Quantum skill with (Beta=0.42) on intellectual capital and with (Beta=0.45) on organizational learning has a positive & significant effect. In addition, the mediating role of organizational learning and intellectual capital in the effect of quantum skills in reducing organizational inertia was confirmed.

the aim of the research is to investigate the relationship between teachers' perception of synergistic leadership style and innovative performance with the mediating role of job self-efficacy and job independence. The type of research was descriptive-correlational, and the statistical population consisted of 3327 teachers in Kashan city that by using Morgan's table and stratified random sampling method 337 people were selected as a sample. The research tool included four questionnaires of synergistic leadership (Yousof Boroujerdi et al, 2021), innovative performance (Scott & Bruce, 1994), job independence (Zare Ahmadabadi et al, 2018) and job self-efficacy (Wilk & Moynihan, 2005). The reliability of the questionnaires was estimated through Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.99 for synergistic leadership, 0.89 for innovative performance, 0.96 for job independence, and 0.88 for job self-efficacy. In order to analyze the data, statistical software such as SPSS and Smart Pls were used at the descriptive & inferential levels. The results showed that the mean of all four variables of synergistic leadership, innovative performance, job independence and job self-efficacy was above average. Path coefficients showed synergistic leadership with (Beta=0.14, P=0.003), job independence with (Beta=0.575, P=0.001) and job self-efficacy with (Beta= 0.28, P= 0.001) has a positive and significant effect on teachers' innovative performance. Therefore, it can be concluded that if teachers have a positive perception of synergistic leadership, they will have more job independence and self-efficacy. The synergistic leadership by increasing job independence and self-efficacy can help to increase and improve the innovative behavior of teachers.

Organizations with anomic characteristics lack life, social cohesion and moral spirit and are considered as organizations promoting chaos. But if the culture that governs the organization is a moral culture and the personality dark aspects of individual be pale, working sweetly is accompanied by a sense of satisfaction and self-actualization. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to investigate the moderating role of ethical culture in relation between dark triad of personality with organizational anomie. The statistical population included teachers of Aran and Bidgol cities in academic year 2021-2022 that sample size was obtained equal to 350 people through the Monte Carlo model and simple random method. To collect data’s, three standard questionnaires of organizational ethics culture, organizational anomie and dirty dozen measure of the dark triad were used. Data analysis was performed at both descriptive and inferential levels using statistical software’s. The results showed that the mean of each dimension of personality dark triad was lower than criteria score, the mean of organizational ethical culture was above average and mean of organizational anomie was lower than the criteria score. The correlation matrix showed that there is a positive and non-significant relationship between the dimensions of Machiavellianism, narcissism and Psychopath with organizational anomie. There is a negative and significant relationship between ethical culture and organizational anomie. Also step by step regression coefficient showed that moderating role of ethical culture in effect of dimensions of personality dark triad on organizational anomie was negative and significant.

Teachers play an important role in the education of human capital of any society, and the education of human capital is one of their most important duties, therefore, addressing the issue of their psychological well-being and improving it, is considered one of the essential issues. Therefore, it is expected that the leadership style and its related components are effective in communication, morale, motivation, satisfaction and psychological well-being of teachers. Thus the purpose of this research was assessment of teachers' perceptions of visionary leadership style and the effect and it’s effect on psychological well-being with the mediating role of mental toughness.

 The current research was descriptive-correlational and the statistical population included 3252 teachers of Kashan in the academic year of 2021-2022, who by using Cochran's formula and stratified random sampling method 334 teachers were selected as a sample. In order to collect data, three standard questionnaires of visionary leadership style, psychological well-being and mental toughness were used. The reliability of the questionnaires was obtained through Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.99 for visionary leadership, 0.82 for psychological well-being and 0.94 for mental toughness. Data analysis was done using SPSS and Amos softwares.

The results showed that mean of teachers' perception of visionary leadership style (3.56) is higher than average (3), psychological well-being mean (65.82) is higher than average (63) and mental toughness (45.93) is higher than average (42). The path analysis coefficients of the variables showed that the total effects of visionary leadership on psychological well-being was 0.96, visionary leadership on mental toughness was 0.50, and mental toughness on psychological well-being was 0.95.

According to the results of the present research, educational organizations can improve the psychological well-being of employees by developing their leadership styles and adopting appropriate leadership styles, such as the visionary leadership style, which is more suitable for the goals of educational centers.

Understanding the importance of innovative and creative behavior of teachers in school is a vital and challenging issue for education officials and researchers, because schools, as professional learning communities, have the duty to support innovative behaviors. In fact, since schools and teachers are expected to train students who will be a creative and innovative workforce in the future, the importance of innovative behavior of teachers as agents of change and role models for students in this way is obvious. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the innovative climate on the innovative behaviors of teachers with the mediating role of knowledge sharing. The current research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlation in terms of execution. The statistical population included 3252 teachers of Kashan citythat by using Cochran's formula and stratified random sampling method 351 people were selected as a sample. In order to collect data’s, three questionnaires of innovative organizational climate (Cigel and Kaumer, 1987), knowledge sharing (Van den Hooff & De Ridder, 2004) and innovative behavior (Kanter, 1988) were used. The validity of the questionnaires was done in face and structure (confirmatory factor analysis). Through Cronbach's alpha coefficient, the reliability of the innovative climate questionnaire 0.88, innovative behavior 0.90, and knowledge sharing 0.77 estimated. Data’s analysis of the research was done using SPSS and Smart statistical software at two descriptive and inferential levels. The results showed that the mean of the innovative atmosphere (2.96) was slightly lower than the average (3), the mean of innovative behavior (3.95) was higher than the average (3) and the mean of knowledge sharing (4.11) was higher than the average (2/5). Path coefficients showed that innovative climate with (Beta=0.425, P=0.001) on innovative behavior, knowledge sharing with (Beta=0.15, P=0.002) on innovative behavior and innovative climate with (Beta=0.40, P=0.001) has a positive and significant effect on teachers' knowledge sharing, and the mediating role of knowledge sharing was confirmed in the effect of innovative climate on teachers' innovative behavior. In fact, when teachers perceive the climate of the organization as supportive of innovation, they will be more willing to share knowledge and transform tacit knowledge into explicit knowledge, and in fact, a suitable platform is provided for knowledge distribution among teachers, the exchange of information takes, and this issue is the basis and potential for the occurrence of innovative behavior.

Imami jurists have considered panderism as one of the crimes that results in fixed corporal punishments (hadd). All the penal laws after the Islamic Revolution, including the Islamic Penal Code of 2013, follow the well-known opinion of the jurists and consider panderism as a crime results in prescribed and fixed punishment(hadd). The present study has criticized this view with an analytical-critical method and has considered the discretionary punishment awarded by the judge (ta’zir) for this crime to be more justified and rational. The article also studies various elements of the material and mental pillars of panderism. Through a jurisprudential-legal analysis of panderism in cyberspace, the article studies possibility of the occurrence of physical behavior of "bringing together" through mere acquaintance with novelty communicational technologies and participation in panderism physically or virtually. The article further examines the necessary circumstances for committing panderism and its effects on fornication and sodomy. Finally, the article examines the place of "knowledge substituting intent" and "matching the intent of the perpetrator with a criminal incident" in the mental element of this crime.

E-Learning is an important tool in higher education in the digital age and has led to the creation of a learning environment on based learner, flexibility in learning methods and the introduction of changes in teaching and learning process in higher education system. This changes led to challenges such as increasing or decreasing academic performance. Thus the purpose this research was the analysis of relationship between quality of e-learning system and student’s academic performance. The type of research was descriptive-correlative and the statistical population included students at University of Kashan (N=6473), through Cochran's formula and stratified random sampling 236 ones were selected as a sample. In order to collect data’s, used from the e-learning system quality questionnaire consisting of 47 answers closed items. To determine academic performance, the average of four semesters leading to the corona pandemic period was used. The reliability of the questionnaire was estimated 0.91 through Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data’s analysis was performed at two levels of descriptive and inferential statistic. Findings showed that the mean of all components of e-learning system except evaluation quality (2.90±0.95) is higher than the cut-off point 3. The mean of the students’ academic performance (16.45±1.58) is higher than the average 10. Pearson correlation coefficient showed there is positive & significant relation between quality of e-learning system and students’ academic performance. In addition, regression coefficients showed that among the components, only the component of class holding quality (Beta=0.23 & P= 0.015) can predict students' academic performance.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the mediating role of psychological security in the effect of perceived ethical leadership style on teachers' voice behavior. The current research was descriptive-correlative, and the statistical population included primary school teachers of Ray city in the academic year of 2022-2023 as many as 849 people, and the sample size was obtained 383 people by using Cochran's formula and stratified random sampling method., Three questionnaires were used in order to collect data: ethical leadership questionnaire by Brown et al. (2005), Hames' voice behavior questionnaire (2012), and Edmonson's psychological security questionnaire (1999). The reliability of the questionnaires was obtained through Cronbach's alpha coefficient: 0.88 for ethical leadership, 0.85 for voice behavior, and 0.90 for psychological security. Research data analysis was done by Smart Pls and Spss statistical software at descriptive and inferential levels. The results showed that the mean of ethical leadership (3.06) is slightly higher than the average (3), and the mean of voice behavior (3.23) and the psychological security of teachers (3.71) were higher than the average (3). The effect coefficients showed that ethical leadership with (Beta=0.74, P=0.001); psychological security with (Beta=0.134, P=0.001); and ethical leadership with (Beta= 0.53, P=0.001) have positive and significant effects respectively on the voice behavior; the voice behavior of teachers; and psychological security.

universities to use their maximum power and capacity, they need to be independent in different parts of their mission and function. It is expected that the competencies of university administrators in various dimensions can help to achieve this. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of competencies of university managers on competitive advantage and organizational independence of universities. The type of research was descriptive-correlational and the statistical population included the administrative and educational directors of Kashan University with 261 people, which about 160 people were selected as a sample. In order to collect data, three questionnaires of managers' competence in the form of 38 items, competitive advantage with 16 items and organizational independence with 20 items were used according to the five-point Likert scale. The reliability of the questionnaires was obtained through Cronbach's alpha for managers' competence of 0.91, competitive advantage of 0.89 and organizational independence of 0.81. Data analysis was performed at descriptive and inferential levels by using Pls and Spss software’s. The results showed that the mean of each variable was higher than the standard score and was in a relatively favorable condition. Also, there was a positive and significant relationship between managers 'competencies, competitive advantage and organizational independence, and regression coefficients showed that managers' competencies can predict competitive advantage and organizational independence.

This study aims to identify financial criteria to evaluate and analyze the financial distress of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange and the dynamic forecast of corporate financial distress. Therefore, after a comprehensive review of the research literature and the main financial ratios used in previous studies, eight financial ratios widely used in previous research were selected. The research data was collected from the Exchange and Securities Organization data sources and existing data systems such as Tehran Stock Exchange, Codal.ir website, and Rahvard Novin software related to 106 companies. Then, the clustering process was performed for 105 companies using the SOM artificial neural network method. In this study, the number of existing clusters was considered equal to two clusters (financially distressed and non-distressed companies). After clustering the companies, the proposed DEA-DA model was implemented. Finally, the membership of the new company was predicted in the appropriate distressed or non-distressed cluster. The study's results indicated that the membership of the new company in the financial distress cluster was correctly predicted, and the proposed method made it possible to dynamize the financial distress forecast for decision-makers including corporate managers and investors by considering various economic and financial criteria.

Research has shown that variables such as authentic leadership, knowledge sharing and social capital among employees can play an effective role in increasing organizational innovation. Thus, this research examines the impact of authentic leadership on organizational innovation with mediating role of knowledge sharing and social capital among staff of the University of Kashan. The present study was a causal study and statistical population consisted of all staff and managers at University of Kashan (N=377) using Cochran’s Formula and simple randomized sampling, where 229 participants were selected as the sample. To collect data, the four questionnaires of authentic leadership, organizational innovation, knowledge sharing and social capital were used. Questionnaire content and construction validity were confirmed through Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, and the questionnaires’ reliability were estimated equal to 0.79 for authentic leadership, 0.70 for organizational innovation, 0.98 for knowledge sharing and 0.90 for social capital. Data analyses were conducted at the two levels of descriptive and inferential statistics through statistical softwares. Findings showed that authentic leadership style, knowledge sharing and social capital had the capability of predicting organizational innovation among employees and the mediating role of social capital and knowledge sharing in the impact of authentic leadership on organizational innovation among employees was positive and significant.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical, laboratory and imaging characteristics, and outcomes of hospitalized children with suspected COVID‑19 infection in Isfahan.

In this cross‑sectional study, all children aged<15years, who hospitalized as suspected case of COVID‑19 were enrolled. During this study, all demographic, clinical, laboratory, and imaging characteristics as well as follow‑up data and outcomes of the hospitalized children were recorded by pediatric residents using a questionnaire. The findings of studied populations in the two groups of definite/or suspected and negative COVID‑19 patients were compared.

During 6 months’ period, 137 children with suspected COVID‑19 infection were evaluated. Mean age of studied population was 4.3 (0.38) years. The most common symptoms in order were fever, cough, dyspnea and diarrhea. The most common computed tomography scan findings were bilateral ground glass and subpleural involvements. The rate of mortality was 7.3%. COVID‑19 polymerase chain reaction test was positive in 22% of the patients. Based on the specialist’s diagnosis, 30/25 patients were definite/or suspected to COVID‑19 and reminder (79) were negative. O2 saturation <90%, was significantly higher in children with definite/or suspected diagnosis for COVID‑19 (46.7% vs. 22.4%, P < 0.05). Dyspnea and shivering were significantly higher in children with definite/or suspected diagnosis for COVID‑19 than those negative for COVID‑19(P < 0.05).Mean duration of hospitalization was significantly associated with level of lactate dehydrogenase (P < 0.05).

The clinical, laboratory, and imaging findings of our studied population were similar to other studies, but outcome was not similar which may be due to our studied population (inpatients cases). It is suggested that a better understanding of the infection in children may give important insights into disease pathogenesis, health‑care practices, and public health policies.

One of the main concerns of financial institutions for investing in companies is to evaluate financial performance and, most importantly, the financial distress of organizations applying for investment. Therefore, various approaches and tech-niques are used in this evaluation. Financial decision-making has always been associated with the risk of uncertainty. One way to help investors is to provide forecasting models for the overall corporate prospect. It is noteworthy that in all these approaches, various criteria are used to identify corporate financial distress. In this study, a dynamic worst-practice-frontier DEA model was used to identify financially distressed decision-making units over several time-periods. Another feature of the model presented in this study was to provide some improvement solutions for financially distressed decision-making units. Finally, a new ranking approach was introduced to evaluate companies based on the inefficiency trend over several time-periods. The study's approach provides decision-makers with the ability to evaluate the inefficient DMUs during each time-period according to the relationships between these time-periods. The efficiency slope can also be evaluated over time-periods, and companies can be ranked based on this slope. Finally, it is suggested to use this model to dynamically predict financial distress in various industries, including metals, rubber, automobiles, etc., so that compa-nies are informed of their financial distress promptly and take appropriate measures to prevent bankruptcy.

Due to the vital role of entrepreneurship, many efforts have been made to improve and promote it, the most important of which is the provision of entrepreneurship education programs in universities and educational institutions in different countries of the world. By studying the experiences of other countries, a proposed model for entrepreneurship education in Iran can be reached. The purpose of this research was to study of entrepreneurship education in higher education in selected countries comparatively. The research questions edited to considering types entrepreneurship education in terms of location, structure and trainers of entrepreneurship education. The method of the present study was a qualitative adaptation based on the use of a four-stage Bereday’s approach. The statistical population included different countries of the world and statistical sample consisted of several countries such as United States, Germany, Netherland, Philippine & Australia that were selected through purposive sampling. The method of data collection was documented and the validity of documents was assessed through internal evaluation (content accuracy) and external evaluation (document accuracy). Qualitative content analysis method was used to analyze the data. The findings showed that entrepreneurship education in all five countries studied is done more in the educational environment than in the workplace. In terms of types of educators (field specialists, entrepreneurship specialists and in combination), the highest similarity was between the United States, Philippine and Germany, and the Netherland and Australia were different from the other three countries. In terms of structure (single course, course and certification), the similarities were more in the form of single course and course. According to the findings, the appropriate model of entrepreneurship education in higher education in Iran can be used as a model for compiling courses (in the form of discipline, orientation, interdisciplinary and integrated) in all educational fields (Humanities, Engineering, Basic Sciences, Art and Medicine) or be formulated as an entrepreneurial university.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the mediating role of organizational resilience in the relationship between servant leadership style and social capital development among teachers in Delijan. The type of research is descriptive-correlational in terms of method and applied in terms of purpose. The statistical population includes teachers of Delijan city who were selected as a sample through Cochran's formula and stratified random sampling method. For data collection, three questionnaires were used by Patterson (2003) Servant Leadership Questionnaire, Nahapit and Gushal (1998) Social Capital Questionnaire, and Connor & Davidson (2003) Organizational Accountability Questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed in terms of content and structure. The reliability of the questionnaires through Cronbach's alpha coefficient for servant leadership was 0.93, social capital was 0.80 and organizational resilience was 0.91. Data analysis was performed at descriptive and inferential levels using Spss and Amos graphic software. The results showed that the mean of servant leadership style, social capital, and organizational resilience was higher than the average at the error level of 0.05. Regression coefficients showed that servant leadership style and organizational resilience have the ability to predict the development of social capital among teachers. The significant effect of organizational resilience as a mediator of the relationship between servant leadership and the development of social capital among teachers was also confirmed.