hassan momtaz

Brucellosis is one of the most common infections in humans and animals. The dog has a main role in maintaining and transmitting this pathogen between humans and livestock. Close contact between dogs, humans, and animals may lead to the transmission of Brucella species, causing shared illnesses in humans and livestock and economic losses from abortion and stillbirth in animals. This research investigated the occurrence of brucellosis in dogs and compared the sensitivity and specificity of the Rose Bengal test with the traditional Wright test for diagnosing brucellosis in dogs. Blood was taken from 46 dog collars without an owner. Rose Bengal, Wright, and 2-ME tests were performed on serum and PCR was conducted on whole blood. The serum samples were first screened with the Rose Bengal test. All sera were then tested with Wright's or standard tube test and 2-mercaptoethanol to confirm positive animals. Based on the Rose Bengal test, the prevalence of brucellosis in the studied dogs was 15.21%. The rate of disease prevalence was determined by Wright and 2-ME methods, 10.86%, and by PCR method, 13.04%. In a titer of 1:80, the positive Wright test served as the diagnostic threshold. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for the Rose Bengal test were 100%, 95.12%, 71.42%, and 100%, respectively.According to this research, the Rose Bengal test has significant validity in the contamination of dogs with common strains between humans and livestock. It can also be used as a primary screening test with a titer of 1:80. For a definitive diagnosis, other tests and culture can be used if necessary.

Breast cancer remains a significant global health concern, with challenges in treating advanced stages necessitating the exploration of novel therapeutic approaches. Bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) have shown promise in cancer immunotherapy by targeting cancer cells and modulating immune responses. This study investigated the effects of Helicobacter pylori-derived OMVs on the activation of the Snail/β-Catenin gene cascade in regulating inflammation and cell migration in a mouse model of breast cancer.

The OMVs were extracted from the culture of H. pylori strain 26695 (ATCC 700392) using ultracentrifugation. In the mouse model, the vesicles were injected intraperitoneally into Balb/c mice with breast tumors. Tumor growth was assessed through histological examination of tumor samples. IgA and IgG antibodies were measured using ELISA. The expression of E-cadherin and vimentin proteins was evaluated by immunohistochemistry, and real-time PCR was used for vimentin, Snail, α-SMA, and β-catenin in serum samples from the different groups.

The OMV treatment led to a significant increase in the expression of α-SMA, β-catenin, Snail, and vimentin genes, indicating a potential induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and enhanced cancer cell growth. Additionally, a decrease in vimentin expression and an increase in E-cadherin expression were observed, suggesting inhibition of cell migration. The study also revealed alterations in systemic IgA and IgG antibody levels, indicating potential immunomodulatory effects of OMVs.

These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of OMVs derived from H. pylori in breast cancer treatment by targeting gene cascades involved in cancer progression and modulating immune responses.

Due to the prevalence of leishmaniasis in different regions of the world and Iran and considering that pentavalent compounds of antimony have many side effects for the treatment of the disease; the use of medicinal plants has been emphasized. This research was conducted in order to determine the effect of the extract of the medicinal plant Dracocephalum moldavica L on Leishmania major Amastigote in laboratory conditions by colorimetric method.

In this experimental study, Leishmania Major standard strain was cultured in RPMI1640 culture medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum FBS and penicillin-streptomycin antibiotics and until full growth at 37 degrees temperature and 5% CO2 pressure in the incubator. It was kept in sterile conditions for 3-4 days. Then, in the stationary phase of growth, the effect of different concentrations of lemon balm plant extracts compared to the control drug on Leishmania major amastigote in laboratory conditions was investigated using the MTT colorimetric method.

The percentage of live parasites in the presence of different concentrations of lemon balm extract and effective compounds decreased significantly after different times of parasite culture. The IC50 value of lemon balm extract and effective compounds at different times showed a significant effect in inhibiting Leishmania major.

Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains circulating among populations and crossing borders constitute a major problem for health control and require a fast and simple genotypic approach. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence, molecular types and drug resistance pattern of S. aureus isolated from Hospitalized Patients in teaching Hospitals of Ahvaz. this cross-sectional study was from April to September 2023, MRSA strains were identified by phenotypic and molecular methods. The antibiotics studied were), Cefoxitin (15 μg) Gentamicin (10 μg), Ciprofloxacin (5 μg), Erythromycin (15 μg), Clindamycin (2 μg), linzolide(10μg), azithromycin(5 μg). The tests were performed according to the guidelines of clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). It also detected the mecA gene of Methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains (MRSA). 470 Staphylococcus aureus samples from patients hospitalized in different departments of Ahvaz Hospitals included 283 blood culture samples, 75 wound samples, 72 body fluid samples and 40 catheter samples, and 321 (68.3%) MRSA isolates were reported. All these 321 MRSA isolates were tested with ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, linezolid, gentamicin, erythromycin, and azithromycin antibiotics. Also, the results of molecular identification of the mec A gene in 321 strains of S. aureus showed that 312 strains carry the mec A gene. The high prevalence of S. aureus samples can be caused by long-term hospitalization of patients in the ward and excessive use of antibiotics to treat the infection and increased resistance in isolates. As a result, more monitoring of the hospital's infection control department, as well as the expansion of the correct use of antibiotics, seems necessary and important.

Today, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has emerged as a significant health concern among long-term hospitalized patients, particularly those with weakened immune systems such as cancer patients. This is primarily due to MRSA's ability to resist antimicrobial agents and drugs. The objective of this study is to determine the antibiotic resistance pattern of MRSA in cancer patients admitted to hospitals in the southwest region of Iran. The samples collected from these patients were cultured on blood agar and EMB medium. Subsequently, the positive samples containing S. aureus were identified using a phenotypic method. The cefoxitin antibiogram was then applied to isolate MRSA. Additionally, the isolates were tested for simultaneous drug resistance against 12 different antibiotics. In order to detect the presence of the mec gene, the molecular method of PCR technique and electrophoresis of the obtained products were S. aureusS. aureusemployed. Out of the 41 S. aureus samples that were identified, 33 isolates were found to be methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Among these 33 MRSA isolates, the mec gene was present and they exhibited simultaneous drug resistance. Cancer patients, who frequently have catheters and receive drugs and blood products, are at an increased risk of being contaminated with this bacteria due to its presence on their skin and the hands of healthcare providers. The indiscriminate use of drugs and the subsequent rise in drug resistance can contribute to prolonged hospitalization and even death among these individuals. Considering that the Ahvaz hospitals, particularly Bagai Hospital, serve as major treatment centers for incurable and cancer patients in southwestern Iran, it is of great value and importance to investigate the resistance pattern in patients undergoing chemotherapy and post-transplantation.

Citrobacter freundi is an emerging foodborne pathogen of public health importance. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence and phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic resistance of Citrobacter isolates isolated from poultry meat in Shahrekord city. In this cross-sectional-descriptive study, 300 chicken, quail and turkey meat samples were examined for Citrobacter freundi contamination in Shahrekord city in 2024. The samples were examined by biochemical and molecular methods. The disc diffusion method was used to determine the sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics, and antibiotic resistance genes were examined using specific primers. Using biochemical methods, 24 isolates (8%) of Citrobacter freundi were isolated, which were also confirmed by molecular methods. The contamination was reported to be 12% in quail meat, 7% in chicken meat, and 5% in turkey meat. After confirming the bacteria using microbiological and molecular tests and performing an antibiogram, the highest resistance was reported to co-trimoxazole (70.83%). All strains were sensitive to the antibiotics gentamicin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, kanamycin, and cefotaxime. The presence of antibiotic resistance in Citrobacter freundii isolates in the present study and similar studies mentioned indicates the use of antibiotics in the treatment of livestock and poultry, which will vary depending on the type of region and the method of antibiotic administration.

Campylobacter, especially the two species Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli, having different strains and hosts, are considered one of the most important and common pathogenic bacteria between humans and animals. The present study was conducted with the aim of genetic classification of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli strains isolated from raw chicken meat.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 36 strains of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli strains isolated from raw chicken meat. In order to genotyping the isolates, three methods ERIC-PCR, RAPD-PCR, and Rep-PCR were used.

36 Campylobacter strains isolated from raw chicken meat were placed in 7 profiles in ERIC-PCR method, in 3 profiles in RAPD-PCR method and in 3 profiles in REP-PCR method.

All investigated strains had a polymorphic band pattern, which shows a high rate of polymorphism in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli genomes. The methods used in this study are powerful tools for genotyping of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli, but according to the findings, the ERIC-PCR method is a more suitable method than other methods for typing and classifying Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli strains.

Tuberculosis (TB) is an old issue that is presently measured as a significant challenge. The present survey was aimed to assess the genetic diversity of M. tuberculosis strains isolated from patients with TB in Karaj, Iran.

Seventeen M. tuberculosis isolates from 2012 to 2013 were collected and subjected to an IS6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism (IS6110-RFLP) analysis. Demographically, 6 females and 14 males who had Iranian citizenship were included in this study.

Sixteen different genetic types were obtained after enzymatic digestion and RFL analysis. Copy numbers of IS6110 in each isolate ranged from 0 to 12. The majority of isolates (66%) harbored copy numbers between 6 and 12. Each isolates harbored 6.9 copies of the IS6110 marker. Nine isolates harbored 10 to 12 copies of the IS6110 marker, 5 isolates harbored 6 to 10 copies, and 2 others harbored copies less than 6. No copy of IS6110 was found among the 4 isolates. No relationship was found between gender and copy numbers.

The high genetic diversity found amongst the M. tuberculosis isolates maybe show different sources of infection and the importance of reemerging of the TB. However, further surveys should perform to assess other molecular epidemiologic aspects of M. tuberculosis in Iran.

Q fever is a zoonosis with a worldwide distribution caused by an intracellular rickettsia known as Coxiella burnetii. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence and molecular epidemiology of C.burnetii in bovine abortion cases in the Zagros dairy industry in Shahrekord, analyzed by ELISA and PCR methods. This study, conducted from September 2016 to July 2017, collected serum samples from 96 cows that had aborted at least two months prior to the study. Additionally, 72 milk samples were obtained, including 20 bulk tank milk samples at two-week intervals, and 52 individual milk samples from the cows whose blood serum was taken. Anti-Coxiella burnetii antibodies in blood serum were detected using an ELISA assay kit, and the genomic detection of C. burnetii in milk samples was confirmed by Nested-PCR method. The results showed that the overall prevalence of C. burnetii infection in the Zagros dairy industry in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province was 41.6% ELISA positive (40 positive samples). The molecular epidemiology of C. burnetii infection tested by PCR was 5% in bulk tank milk (1 positive sample) and 23.07% in individual milk samples. These findings indicate that Q fever in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province has a high prevalence and is likely endemic. Moreover, seemingly healthy cows can play a role in the transmission of C. burnetii..

Campylobacter species are one of the most important pathogens causing bacterial gastroenteritis, which are generally transmitted through food of animal origin. The present study was conducted with the aim of genetic classification of Campylobacter isolated from raw milk of cows, sheep and goats in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province.

43 isolates of Campylobacter isolated from raw milk of cows, sheep and goats in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinces were selected and confirmed by ERIC-PCR method.

The studied isolates revealed banding patterns ranging from 100 to 2000 open pairs, which were further classified into 5 main profiles with a similarity coefficient of simple matching at a similarity level above 80%. Except for 100% affinity which was observed in 1 case, other isolates had genetic affinity between 54% and 98%.

The placement of the studied isolates in several subgroups showed the acceptable discrimination power of the ERIC-PCR technique in Campylobacter genotyping and the presence of different sources of contamination of dairy products with this pathogen. ERIC-PCR method is a simple, fast and low-cost method to describe the genetic diversity of different Campylobacter strains, including Campylobacter jejuni and coli strains.

Leptospirosis is actually a general term used for human and animal diseases caused by several serovars of the spiral-shaped bacterium Leptospira interrogans. This disease can cause heavy economic losses by causing complications such as abortion, stillbirth, infertility, reduced milk production, mastitis, etc. In this research, all sampler were 92 contain: 79 blood samples from cows with a history of abortion and 13 bulk tank milk samples were collected every ten days from Zagros industrial dairy farm in Shahrekord and were analyzed for one year. In order to check the traces of Leptospira hardjo and Neospora caninium in blood serum and milk serum the studied samples, the ELISA method was used, after which 4 samples (5.06 percent) were infected with Leptospira hardjo in blood serum and 1 sample in milk serum. 27 samples Neospora caninum (29.34 percent) were infected   of all blood and milk serums. In the sediment samples of tank milk, PCR test was performed to search for Leptospira harjo, and 3 samples (23.07%) were positive. The results of this study showed that due to the relatively high contamination, Leptospira hardjo and Neospora caninum are important factors causing abortion in Zagros industrial dairy farm in Shahrekord, so due to heavy economic losses, necessary measures to control and eradicate these factors are very necessary.

Lyme disease is caused by a gram-negative spirochete bacterium called “Borrelia burgdorferi” and can be transmitted by the bite of infected ticks to humans and animals. This disease has a global geographic distribution Dogs can be infected by the bite of the Ixodes ricinus tick.

This study aims to detect the prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi in guard dogs in Isfahan, Iran.

In this study, blood samples were collected from 97 guard dogs with an average age of 3.5 years in Isfahan city and analyzed by the blood smear method and the nested polymerase chain reaction method (molecular study). The data were statistically analyzed in SPSS software (version 24) using Fisher's exact test and chi square.

Twelve samples (12.37 %) were found molecularly positive, which were for 10 male dogs (10.30 %) and two female dogs (2.06 %). There was no evidence of the presence of bacteria in the blood smear and hematological changes were not found in complete blood count tests (CBC Test) performed on infected samples. There was a significant difference in the levels of infection between the age groups of 1 to 2 years (P=0.029) and between this age group (1 to 2 years) and the age group >3 years (P=0.032. (There was a significant difference in infection levels between dogs with different gender.

The prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi in dogs of Isfahan City is relatively high. Due to the ease of transmission of this pathogen between humans and animals, special attention should be paid for its control and timely detection.

Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen in humans and animals, which can cause contaminating dairy products. In this research, 250 traditional dairy products, including butter, yogurt, cheese, curd, and cream, were prepared from different parts of Shahrekord city and transported to the microbiology laboratory of Shahrekord Azad University in sterile containers with ice. The isolation of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria was done according to standard protocols and molecular methods. Genetic evaluation of biofilm was done by PCR method to detect the most common biofilm coding genes (icaA, icaB, icaC, icaD, bap, fnbA, fnbB, clfB, clfA). From the total of 250 examined samples, 50 samples (20%) were positive for Staphylococcus aureus. Contamination was reported in 26% of curd, 24% of butter, 22% of cheese, 16% of cream, and 12% of yogurt. The frequency of the mentioned genes was reported as 74%, 68%, 64%, 76%, 30%, 96%, 90%, 32% and 28% respectively. In the microtiter plate method, biofilm reaction was observed in 30 isolates (60%), strong biofilm was observed in 20 isolates (66.66%), and weak biofilm was observed in 10 isolates (33.33%). No biofilm reaction was observed in 5 isolates (16.66%). Based on Fisher's exact test, a statistically significant relationship was reported between the studied genes and strong and moderate biofilm reaction.

Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen that causes listeriosis in humans and animals. Microbial contamination of food usually leads to widespread food poisoning in the form of widespread epidemics in the region, which is very significant in terms of public health and is one of the most important issues in developing countries. The aim of this study was to determine the contamination of Listeria monocytogenes in dairy products using culture method and final confirmation by PCR method. In this study, 150 different dairy samples offered in the market were purchased randomly. The samples were transferred to the laboratory under hygienic conditions and examined. In addition to culture medium experiments, positive samples were evaluated for final confirmation and identification of the pathogen by molecular PCR.14 (9.33%) positive samples including 6 samples of white cheese (4%), 4 samples of cream cheese (2.6%), and 3 samples of curd (2%) were positive for contamination. Antimicrobial susceptibility to 16 antibiotics was highly sensitive to clindamycin (47.37%). It is noteworthy that it was resistant to several drugs.The presence of Listeria monocytogenes in dairy products (cheese, cream cheese, and whey) was proven. Based on the results, people who consume contaminated dairy products are at potential risk of listeriosis. As a result, food safety authorities must establish an effective standard for examining the presence of Listeria in food.

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common causes of food poisoning in humans. Various methods including genotyping based on protein A (Spa typing) and PCR-based methods have been used for genetic classification of this bacterium. In the present study, Spa gene tracking was used for genotyping of Staphylococcus aureus isolates.

100 samples of raw chicken meat were collected from chicken meat supply centers in the market of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. Samples were tested for Staphylococcus aureus bacteria by microbial culture and molecular methods and the presence of Spa gene in strains detected by PCR and enzymatic digestion.

Out of the total of  23 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus studied, 6 isolates lacked the Spa gene. In the rest of the isolates, a fragment with a size of about 1100 to 1500 bp was detected, and based on the detected gene fragment, 17 isolates containing the Spa gene were divided into four genotypes I to IV; So that 9 isolates were in SpaI genotype, 3 isolates in SpaII genotype, 3 isolates in SpaIII genotype and 2 isolates in SpaIV genotype.

The presence of high genomic diversity in these isolates indicates cross-contamination of contamination and therefore can be prevented from the presence and growth of this bacterium in food by implementing quality control and food safety standards during the production process.

In this study, 100 blood samples of tick-infested dogs in Isfahan were collected and examined for molecular detection by Nested polymerase chain reaction (Nested PCR) method. Seven blood samples were found to be infected with Anaplasma phagocytophilum and their results were positive. Hematological studies of positive samples were showed that, in one of them, severe anemia, low hematocrit and neutrophillia without leukocytosis was seen.In four of them, anemia and neutrophilia (in 2 of them had leukocytosis also) was seen. and in two other positive samples, only neutrophilia was seen. In morbidity of the Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in tick infested dogs, our examination and stastical analysis of data reveals that, age and contamination of the environement were affected but the genus were not affected the incidense of the disease.This study were conducted in four seasons of one year and it was done by the first time in Esfahan,middle province of Iran.

isolated from patients' infections and to determine the pattern of antibiotic susceptibility in patients referred to Shahrekord hospitals.

Antibiotic susceptibility model was performed by disk diffusion method based on CLSI model. Isolated isolates were analyzed by PCR for the presence of mecA target gene and confirmation of SCCmec typing.

45 patients (27.10%) out of 166 patients had positive culture of Staphylococcus aureus, of which 11 (24.44%) were male patients and 34 (75.55%) were patients. Oxacillin resistant and 36 isolates (80%) were resistant to cefoxitin and 45 isolates (100%) were phenotypically MRSA. These isolates were confirmed by molecular method (presence of mecA gene carrying molecule by PCR).100% of patients with Staphylococcus aureus infection were methicillin resistant and 95.5% were MDR. Of 100 methicillin-resistant isolates (isolates containing mecA gene), type V was detected in 53.33% of isolates. Also, TypeIII and Typr IVa were detected in 26.66% and 17.77% of isolates, respectively.

More than half of the staphylococcal infections in this study were caused by Staphylococcus aureus and more than 48% of the isolates were resistant to methicillin. The highest resistance to penicillin was observed. The high prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus is a serious danger to society.

Urinary tract infections represent a major expensive, common public health problem worldwide due to their high prevalence and the difficulties associated with their management.

This study aimed to characterize the Enterobacter cloacae strains isolated from urinary tract infections in the medical diagnostic laboratories of Shahrekord, Iran.

Urine samples from patients with urinary tract infections from the Shahrekord medical diagnostic laboratories located in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran, were collected from June 2019 to February 2020. When the samples were cultured, the different isolates of E. cloacae were identified by biochemical tests. Biofilm production capacity was evaluated. Bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics was determined using the Kirby Bauer method, and antibiotic resistance genes were researched by the multiplex PCR technique.

In this study, 65 isolates of E. cloacae were obtained. The highest percentage of resistance was observed for co-trimoxazole (84.62%), ampicillin (76.93%), tetracycline (73.85%), and above half of the E. cloacae strain isolates (53,85%) were strongly involved in biofilm production. Some genes, including qnr A, qnr B, qnr S, tetA, tet B, sul1, bla CTXM, bla SHV, and(2)la, ant(3)la, and aac(3)IIa, were detected in the genome of these isolates.

The strains are multi-resistant, and their resistance has already reached the carbapenem class. This requires further investigation, and urgent measures must be adopted.

The present study was performed to evaluate the occurrence and pattern of antibiotic resistance of Enterococcus faecalis strains isolated from fish and shrimp samples caught from the Persian Gulf. A total of 240 seafood samples caught from the Persian Gulf, including 120 fish and 120 shrimp samples were collected from Bushehr province. The presence of Enterococcus faecalis was confirmed using microbial culture and biochemical tests. The pattern of antibiotic resistance of Enterococcus faecalis isolates was evaluated using Disc Diffusion Method. Fifty-four out of 240 (22.50%) samples were contaminated with Enterococcus faecalis. The contamination of Enterococcus faecalis in fish and shrimp samples were 30% and 15%, respectively. Enterococcus faecalis strains isolated from fish and shrimp samples had the highest resistance to gentamicin (100%), tetracycline (100%), erythromycin (100%), cefazolin (90.74%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (88.88%) antibiotics. Resistance to chloramphenicol was not observed in any of the isolates. The results of the study showed that fish and shrimp can be considered as possible sources of antibiotic-resistant Enterococcus faecalis. Therefore, complete cooking of seafood before consumption, observance of hygiene in fishing and sale centers and prescribing antibiotics according to the results of the disk diffusion test can prevent gastrointestinal infections caused by antibiotic-resistant strains of Enterococcus faecalis.

Trypanosoma evansi is a blood parasite protozoan that causes trypanosomiasis or surra in variety of economic valued animals such as camels and horses. One of the economic impacts of trypanosomiasis is abortion in camel. Present study was conducted to investigate the presence of T.evansi DNA in aborted fetuses of Iranian unicorn camel (Camelus dromedaries) using PCR method. In this study 225 abomasal contents of aborted fetuses were collected from camel herds in the east and center of Iran. The results of this study showed 38 (16.9 %) of 225 aborted fetuses were infected with genotype T.evansi. The findings of this study indicate a high presence of trypanosomiasis infection and according to the clinical signs of female camels, trypanosomiasis is one of the important factors to abortion in camels and take control programs, such as removal of artheropoda carriers to reduce the economic losses of this protozoan parasite in Iran are necessary. In this study, for the first time, a parasite was detected as the main cause of abortion in Iran in the contents of the aborted fetuses of female camels.

Enterococci are an important and diverse group of bacteria that are known to be resistant to most antibiotics used to treat diseases. In this cross-sectional study, 104 samples of red meat and 1000 urine samples suspected of urinary tract infection in the border city of Kermanshah were examined for Enterococcus faecalis. First, the samples were approved by biochemical and molecular methods, then in order to evaluate their ability to produce biofilm, Microtiter Plate method was used and their sensitivity to antibiotics was also determined by Kirby-Bayer method. Enterococcus faecalis infection in human samples and red meat samples was reported to be 5% and 40.38% respectively. In the strains isolated from red meat samples, the highest resistance was reported to be to Streptomycin while the lowest resistance was to Vancomycin. In the human isolate samples, the highest resistance was reported to be to Co-trimoxazole ,while the lowest resistance was to Nitrofurantoin . In strains isolated from red meat, ebp A, ebp B and ebp C were reported to be 71.43%, 59.52% and 64.28% respectively. No statistically significant relationship was observed between biofilm production and ebp genes in these isolates. However, in strains isolated from urine, a significant relationship was detected between ebp genes and biofilm production. Similarly, it was reported that there was no statistically significant relationship between the meat type and the virulence gene type. But, the findings of the study showed a significant relationship between the frequency of efa A, gel E, ace and esp genes.

Various methods, such as genotyping based on coa gene and PCR-based methods, have been used to genetically classify Staphylococcus aureus. In the present study, coa gene tracking was used for genotyping of Staphylococcus aureus strains.

Of the 220 clinical samples obtained from the most common nosocomial infections in hospitalized patients in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, 92 samples (41.81%) were infected with Staphylococcus aureus and were traced in 46 isolates of coagulase encoding gene. Based on a multiplied band of coa gene proliferation isolated in coa+ isolates, four I to IV genotypes were identified from the coa gene, with 29 isolates in the coaI type, 9 isolates in the coaII genotype, 3 isolates in the coaIII genotype, and 5 isolates in the coaIV genotype. In the RFLP test using the AluI enzyme, in the coaI type isolates, there were three 140,170,210 bp fragments, in the coaII type isolates, two 450 and 260 bp fragments, and in the coaIV type isolates, three 450,170 and 210 bp fragments were observed, but in the isolates belonging to coaIII type, no enzyme digestion was found.

Overall, the PCR-RFLP coa gene is a rapid and reliable method for the molecular identification and typing of erectile Staphylococcal isolates, and the high prevalence of coaI genotype in strains isolated from various clinical infections indicates that this type could be a potential source of Staphylococcus aureus spread in the community.

This study aims to specify the antimicrobial resistance pattern and virulence genes of Enterococcus faecalis isolated from urinary tract infections in Shahrekord, Iran.

Urine samples of 1000 people suspected of having urinary tract infections referred to Shahrekord medical diagnostic laboratories were examined. Biofilm assays were performed by microtiter plate test through reading the OD490. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was applied to study the virulence factors.

Enterococcus faecalis was detected in 60 samples. After performing microbiological tests, all samples were positive in the molecular analysis. Strong, moderate and weak biofilm reactions reported 66.67%, 25%, and 8.33% respectively. The most resistance reported to cotrimoxazole, vancomycin and amikacin and the lowest resistance to nitrofurantoin (8.33%) was reported. Statistical analysis with Fisherchr('39')s exact test showed a statistically significant relationship between biofilm production and resistance to cotrimoxazole, vancomycin and cefotaxime. Prevalence of efe A, ace, gel E, esp, cyl M, agg, cyl A and cyl B in strong biofilm formation isolates was reported 100%, 87.5%, 82%, 62.5%, 55%, 37.5% 25% and 22.5% respectively. There was a significant relationship between the frequency of efa A and strong biofilm reaction.

The presence of E. faecalis strains resistant to co-trimoxazole and vancomycin and present of some virulence factors is alarming the researchers. Since antibiotic resistance genes are probably transmitted among enterococci, and Staphylococci, controlling infections made by enterococci as well as the appropriate administration of antibiotics could treat the nosocomial infections effectively.

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis is an important pathogen that causes infectious diseases whose treatment is extremely formidable. Staphylococcus epidermidis enterotoxins with effects on intestinal epithelial cells can are be causing Create food poisoning in people. The aim of current study is to the identification of MRSE strains associated with food poisoning outbreaks in Isfahan. During six- months, 60 clinical specimens to isolated from strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis were screened. Following identification strains, MRSE isolates were isolated by PCR method and, and then antibiotic resistance pattern of them was determined by Kirby – Bauer method. The presence of the sea, seb, sed and, sei genes was analyzed by PCR. 45 isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis were isolated from 60 samples, 30 isolate (66.6 percent) were MRSE. MRSE isolates exhibited the highest rates of resistance to penicillin (80 percent), and cefoxitin (56.6 percent), while they showed the lowest resistance to levofloxacin (13.3 percent), and rifampicin (6.6 percent). The prevalence rate of Moreover, the frequency of enterotoxin genes sea, seb, sed and, sei was 60 percent, 63.3 percent, 13.3 percent and, 76.6 percent respectively, in the isolate. In this study, high percentage of MRSE isolates were antibiotic resistant and produced enterotoxin. Considering that these toxins are superantigen and can more intense the complications of clinical and nosocomial infections, detecting and rapid treatment of these infections are essential.

Genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates from tuberculosis patients in the multiethnic province of Alborz, Iran was assessed.

A total of 17 isolates in the period of 2012-2013 were collected and subjected to a Multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis (MLVA) consisted of 6 variable numbers of tandem repeats (VNTRs) including ETR-A, ETR-B, ETR-C, ElTR-D, ETR-E, ETR-F, 5 Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Units including MIRU10, MIRU16, MIRU26, MIRU39, MIRU40, and 1 Queen University of Belfast locus, QUB11.

This classified all isolates into 17 distinct MIRU-VNTR types, a reflection of a highly heterogenic population. Within the 12 used VNTR loci, ten proved highly or moderately discriminant according to the calculated HGDI scores. No cluster of isolates was identified in the study panel, giving a clustering rate of 0%, several events of SVL (N=5) and DVL (N=4) and TVL (N=3) were detected.

The greater heterogeneity observed here by MLVA-VNTR analysis is most likely due to limited background data in the study region rather than a genuine more heterogeneous population compared to other provinces of the country.