hedayat nazari

The profile of mental disorders has been changing over time. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents in the Lorestan province of Iran.

This community-based cross-sectional study was done on 1001 children and adolescents aged 6-18 years from Lorestan province randomly selected by multistage cluster sampling method. Children and their parents were interviewed using the Kiddie-Sads-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL). Also, the comorbidities of psychiatric disorders were evaluated.

According to obtained results, 25.1% of participants were diagnosed to have at least one psychiatric disorder. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders was not significantly different between the two sexes (OR=0.876, P=0.378) and three age groups (P>0.05). this prevalence was significantly higher in rural areas than in urban areas (OR=1.997, P=0) and was significantly lower in children of fathers with a high school diploma or higher education compared to children of less-educated fathers (P<0.05). On contrary, it was significantly more prevalent in children of mothers with high school and bachelor’s degrees compared to illiterate mothers. (p<0.05). The most prevalent psychiatric disorders were oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) (5.9%), separation anxiety disorder (5.3%), and depressive disorders (5%). The most prevalent groups of psychiatric disorders included anxiety disorders (11.2%), behavioral disorders (9.4%), and mooddisorders (5%). Behavioral disorders were highly comorbid with anxiety disorders (20.7%).

Mental disorders affect a high proportion of children and adolescents in Lorestan province.There is a need for psychiatric facilities to provide for the needs of families to child mental health services.

Anthropometric studies in children and adolescents are important to screen changes in growth and puberty. Hence, standard percentiles and cutoffs are set by the World Health Organization (WHO), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and Iranian national criteria. This study aimed to examine and compare the prevalence of weight disorders in children and adolescents in Lorestan province according to different criteria.

Children and adolescents (6–18 years) were randomly selected from the urban and rural areas by the multistage stratified cluster sampling method. All Iranian citizens aged who resided in Lorestan province for at least one year were eligible to participate in this study. After obtaining consent forms, researchers gathered the accurate anthropometrics and body mass index (BMI) measurements.

A total of 866 children and adolescents took part in the study, 447(51.6%) of whom were girls and 419 (48.4%) were boys. The overall prevalence of overweight and obesity was 17% in boys and 12.5% in girls. The prevalence of underweight in girls was 5.8%; while in boys it was 4.5%. The total prevalence rate of underweight according to the national criteria was 5.2%. However, this rate increased to 12% and 12.6% by using WHO and CDC cut-off points, respectively. The highest prevalence of overweight was obtained by CDC (15.8%), followed by WHO (13%); while national cut-off points resulted in 9.7%. Furthermore, 9.2% of the studied population was found to be obese by WHO; while this rate was 4.2%, and 5% by CDC and national cut-off points.

This study indicated the coexisting prevalence of underweight and obesity and high prevalence of overweight among children and adolescents in Lorestan province. Furthermore, using the WHO and CDC criteria leads to overestimating the prevalence of weight disorder compared to the national cut-off points in Iran.

 Psychiatric disorders are common and impose a huge burden globally. The study aimed to examine the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in patients referring to a psychiatric clinic in Lorestan.

 This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in patients referring to a psychiatric clinic in Lorestan province

 A cross-sectional study was conducted with all people aged 18 years or older. Participants were selected by a convenience sampling method. Diagnostic interviews based on DSM-5 were held for 750 patients who were administered between January and June 2018. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS version 22 using absolute frequency, relative frequency, mean, and chi-square test.

 Women included 53% of the study sample. The most prevalent psychiatric disorders were anxiety (35.3%) and mood disorders (31.5%). Depression was the most prevalent mood disorder (63.6%), followed by generalized anxiety disorder (60%). The prevalence of psychiatric disorders was higher in people aged 21-30 (28.5%), the illiterate or primary education group (52.4%), housekeepers (29.5%), and married ones (51.8%).

 The majority of the patients referring to the psychiatric clinic suffered from mood and anxiety disorders. Therefore, public health authorities of the province need to take steps to warrant necessary measures, including mental health promotion policies, to improve the mental health status and prevent anxiety and mood disorders.
 

The rapid expansion of mass media, and in particular cyberspace, is one of the factors affecting people s health. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the life style affected by cyberspace and its effect on mental health.
The method of the following study is a descriptive survey with purpose. The statistic groups are the university students of medical university of Lorestan between 2015 and 2016. To take samples we used the Cochran formula and the numbers of participants is 361 in a random order. In this study, to analysis the data, we use the descriptive statistics in two ways. The first part is descriptive statistics and in second part the analysis is done by inferential descriptive statistics. Data analysis was done by SPSS19 and Amos software.
The findings of this study are as follows: mean score of lifestyle influenced by the virtual space was not the same among sex, social-economic and marital status. There was also significant relationship between lifestyle and mental health is affected by the virtual space. The Structural Equation Model study was also approved the data is collected with the theoretical framework.
Regarding the relationship between lifestyle and cyberspace and mental health it is recommended that authorities adopt programs that promote, expand and manage new mass media and thus enhance the mental health of students.

The existence of OCD-like symptom in patients with opium addiction , , the lack of a coherent, and shows the necessity of this study. The aim of this research is to study of prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in patients with opioid dependency that refer to the addiction clinics affiliated to the lorestan university of medical sciences.
This research is a cross-sectional descriptive study. In this study, 200 patients with opioid dependency who attended to the addiction clinics affiliated to the Lorestan University of Medical Science were selected by convenience sampling method from December to February in 2013. Data collected by using instruments including Demographic Questionnaire and Zohar-fineberg screening questionnaire obsession. Descriptive and inferential statistical indicators by spss-20 software were used for data analysis.
In this study all participants were man. The mean and standard deviation of the respondents’ age and term drug abuse were in order 41/72±11/96 and 12/02±8/87. Patients were % 71 married, % 56 self-employed and in terms of education % 43 level of diploma. Also, 31 patients were with (% 15/05) obsessive-compulsive disorder and 169 patients were (% 84/5) without obsessive-compulsive disorder.
In creating drug abuse disorder, other disorders and symptoms may contribute and have important roles. Therefore, diagnosis and attention to it is important. Accordingly, clinical specialists on the results of such research design appropriate clinical trials or modify of existing interventions.

A large number of epidemiological evidence in humans and experimental studies in rodents have hypothesized that Toxoplasma gondii is a potentially relevant etiological factor in some mood disorders..
The aim of this study was to investigate whether latent toxoplasmosis has any role in mood disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disease in Western Iran..
Patients and A total of 170 patients including 85 schizophrenia and 85 bipolar patients referred to the only psychiatric hospital in Lorestan province in Khorramabd city, Western Iran, and 170 healthy volunteers were screened for IgG and IgM anti-T. gondii antibodies by the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Structured questionnaires were used to obtain information on risk factors for T. gondii infection..
Out of the 170 psychiatric patients, 103 (63.5%) patients were seropositive for IgG antibody and 14 (8.2%) were seropositive for IgM antibody. Of the 85 bipolar patients, 54 (63.5%) and 6 (7%) were found positive for anti-T. gondii IgG and IgM antibodies, respectively; whereas among 85 schizophrenia patients, 49 (57.6%) and 8 (9.4%) samples were found positive for anti- T. gondii IgG and IgM antibodies, respectively. From 170 healthy volunteers, 73 (42.9%) tested seropositive for anti-T. gondii antibodies; 65 (38.2%) tested seropositive for IgG antibody and 8 (4.7%) tested seropositive for IgM antibody. There was a significant difference in T. gondii IgG positivity between the psychiatric patients and control groups (P = 0.009). Several risk factors, which were significantly related to T. gondii seropositivity in psychiatric patients are being in contact with cats (P = 0.004), eating unwashed raw vegetables (P We concluded that psychiatric patients in general and schizophrenia and bipolar cases in particular had a significantly higher relative frequency of T. gondii infection than healthy individuals of Lorestan Province, Western Iran..

Background and Attending to maltreatment is very important since it could have strong influence on different dimensions of personal and social life. The aim of this study was to predict major depression disorder based on childhood psychological maltreatment caused by maladaptive schemas and difficulties in emotion regulation.
A cross-sectional descriptive study was performed in 300 patients with major depression disorder attending Sediq Psychiatry Center in Lorestan Province. They were selected by convenience sampling in November 2014 to February 2015. Data Data was collected using a demographic questionnaire, Psychological maltreatment Inventory (AMI-24), Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-75), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS-36), and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D-24).
A positive significant relationship was found between psychological maltreatment and maladaptive schemas (a=0.01) (r=0.41, P0.05). Path analysis indicated that psychological maltreatment by the mediating role of maladaptive schemas and difficulties in emotion regulation could predict depression (P0. 05).
Considering the significant role of childhood psychological maltreatment by the mediating role of maladaptive schemas and difficulties in emotion regulation on predicting depression, clinical specialists are recommended to design appropriate clinical trials or modify current interventions.

Aim and The objective of the present study was the comparison of the efficacy of pharmacotherapy with mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) in the reduction of the severity of symptoms in major depressive disorder (MDD).
Methods and Materials: This quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest and follow-up (1 month) was conducted from November to February of 2013. The statistical population consisted of all patients diagnosed with MDD by a psychiatrist based on DSM-5 diagnostic criteria and had medical records at the Sedigh Psychiatric Clinic in Khoramabad, Iran. The study participants consisted of 40 patients selected through convenience sampling method. The subjects were randomly assigned to the pharmacotherapy (n = 20) or MBCT groups (n = 20) and completed the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) (pretest). Then, the MBCT group received 8 sessions of MBCT and the pharmacotherapy group received a 20-mg fluoxetine capsule daily for 2 months. At the end of the intervention, posttest was performed on both groups. Data were analyzed using ANCOVA in SPSS software.
Findings: The results of the present study indicated a significant difference between the pharmacotherapy and MBCT groups (P The results showed that both treatment methods were effective in improving depression in patients. However, pharmacotherapy was more effective in reducing the symptoms of depression and MBCT had more persistent therapeutic effects. Therefore, based on the results of such studies, it is recommended that researchers design clinical trials with the integration of empiric therapy methods in future studies.

Burnout syndrome is one of the consequences and the results of occupational or job stress emerged in the form of emotional exhaustion feeling, depersonalization and decrement personal accomplishment. The aim of this study was to determine the occupational stress and its relationship with burnout syndrome in the academic members of Lorestan University of Medical Sciences.
This descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted on 111 of the faculty members via multistage sampling. Data were collected by the questionnaire of Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), and Osipow Occupational Stress Inventory (OSI- R). Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics as well as analytical statistics such as chi square, Kruskal-Wallis, Mann Whitney tests and Pearson correlation coefficient.
The results showed that the most of the participants had a low level of burnout three dimensions including emotional burnout (72.1%), depersonalization (81.1%), and the decrement of personal accomplishment (56.8%). Moreover 79.3% of samples had a low occupational stress, but there was a meaningful relationship between occupational stress and dimensions of burnout syndrome with an exception for the intensity of decrement of personal accomplishment.
Academic members were in an appropriate condition concerning burnout syndrome and occupational stress. However by applying some strategies to decrease stress and determining stress resources, we can improve their psychological health of academic members.

Many physical and psychological changes occur in women during pregnancy; and this period has been conceptualized as a time of vulnerability for women. The present study aimed at determining the mental health status of pregnant women. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 280 pregnant women serviced by Khorramabad health care centers were assessed. Random sampling method was used to select the health care centers, and the women were selected by systematic sampling. The research instrument was the standard GHQ questionnaire. Then the data were analyzed by one way variance analysis and t test using the SPSS software. The findings showed that 43.6%of the pregnant women were suspected in terms of mental health. The highest frequency was found for social function (7.81) and the lowest belonged to depression (2.86).There was a significant relationship between mental health of the pregnant women with unwanted pregnancy and gender of fetus. Furthermore, anxiety in the women in the third trimester of pregnancy was significantly higher than those in the first trimester of pregnancy (p<0.05). Regarding the importance of mental health of pregnant women and its effects on fetus and newborn, integration of psychological counseling in prenatal care programs is recommended.

Drug abuse is associated with numerous complications including hormonal disorders of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and spermatogenic disorders. We have compared the hormone concentration of pituitary-gonadal axis and the semen analysis in opioid-dependent and non-opioid-dependent men. In this case-control study, serum concentration of pituitary- gonadal axis hormones and semen analysis in 48 opioid-dependent men as eligible to participate in the study were compared with those in 12 non-dependent men. Free testosterone concentration in all test groups was significantly less than that in control group. Furthermore, the concentration of Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (DHEAS) in all test groups except those addicted to heroin was less than in those in control group. Concentrations of LH, FSH, prolactin, SHBG, progesterone and estradiol, normal and abnormal sperm count in test groups were significantly different from control group. However, in all test groups, sperm motility rate was less than control group. No significant relationship was found between the concentration of sex hormones and the status of sperms motility. Chronic use of opioids will affect testosterone hormone and sperm, and it will cause hypogonadism and impairment of sperm motility.

Drug abuse and addiction is a social and medical burden which has drastic consequences in the community. There has been various rehabilitative and healing programs for the addicts.The conducted studies have shown that therapeutic community treatment model is an appropriate method for restoring the addicts to society. The present study tries to evaluate the impact of TC treatment programs on the addicts’ personality characteristics.

This interventional study includes all the male addicts for whom the detoxification period has been finished. The subjects were selected using easy random sampling method form clients referred to TC center. At the beginning of the study, SCL90 questionnaire was filled out by psychologist for each sample, then 60 cases were selected based on the sample size formula. The subjects participated in a training TC program for three months daily except weekends. At the end of a three-month program, SCL 90 was given to the subjects to be completed and the data were gathered and analyzed.

The results showed that the subjects before entering the study were: 16.7% normal, 40% border personality disorder, 30% sick and 13.4% very sick. After intervention of TC, 25% normal, 66.7% with suspicious,8.3% sick. None of the cases were highly sick after the TC intervention.The mean of the marks for personality disorders before the TC intervention was 2.4± 0.92,after the intervention it was 1.83 ± 0.56.The Willcoxson rating test showed a significant difference between the severity of personality disorders before and after the TC intervention(p<0.001).

As it was mentioned in the findings, the implementation of TC intervention had a significant effect on the scores obtained for personality disorder. So administrators and policy makers who are responsible for addiction control are recommended to develop and support the centers for Therapeutic Community and endeavour to provide a life without narcotic substances.

Depressive disorder is one of the most prevalent mental disorders and causes disability and early death. This disorder leads to increased economic burden for people and society. Mental disorders are the cause of 15 percent of disability and early death in developing countries. According to the joint report of W.H.O and the word Bank, depressive disorder is the first one among the ten most important causes of disability and disablement all over the world. Thus the diagnosis and treatment of this abnormality is very important for patients, families and society.

The aim of this cross–sectional study was to screen the depressive disorder in people aged 20-64 in Khorramabad city. Data were collected by Beck Depression Questionnaire that detects depression. Khorramabad city has tow region and each region has three areas. The sample (2740 persons) was selected from all areas by a clustered and systematic sampling method. Data were analyzed by statistical software.

33.4 percent had symptoms of depression. 25% of the affected patients had minor depression, 7.4% had moderate and 1% had sever depression. The prevalence of depression was highest in age group 50-64 years and lowest in age group 30-46 years. Depression was higher in women (34.3%) than men (32.4%). The highest rate of depression was in widowed (43.3%) and the lowest rate of prevalence was in married (29%). The rate of depression in non-specialists workers was higher (43.2%) than officers (16.2). The rate of depression in primary school and diploma person (17.4%) was higher than less educated or illiterates (7.1%) and university educated (8.6%) people. The lowest prevalence of depression was in persons with more than two million Rials salary (3.5%) and highest prevalence of depression was in persons with salary lower than two million Rials. the prevalence of depression was related to factors including age, marital status, educational status, occupation, family, salary and house status (p<0/001). But, there were not statistically significant related to sex, geographic area.

Mental health is usually neglected but, its prevalence and disability is not lower than infectious diseases according to the physician’s experiences and epidemiologic studies. Thus, appropriate diagnosis, management and treatment of it is very important for patinas, family and society and decreases economic and mental problems.

Women suffer more often from depression than men. Social research suggests that high androgen levels cause aggressive behavior in men and women, and consequently cause depression. The purpose of this study was to determine serum levels of androgens, especially testosterone, in patients with depression. In this case-controlled study, we measured serum testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels in 30 women with depression and 30 control subjects of the same age, weight, body mass index (BMI) and menstruation cycle. Total testosterone and free testosterone levels were significantly higher in patients with depression (202.3 ng/dl and 0.4 ng/dl respectively) than in the control group (140.3 ng/dl and 0.1 ng/dl respectively). There was no significant difference in dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels. This study may indicate a role of androgen, especially testosterone in the pathogenesis of depression.