hosein azizi

Limited studies have been conducted on the effect of oral contraceptive pills on the subgroups of ovarian cancer, so we decided that conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the effect of preventive pills on ovarian cancer subgroups.

Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science and EMBASE were searched to identify studies on the association between OCPs and subtypes of ovarian cancer from January 1, 2000, through February 5, 2023. The pooled relative risk (RR) and odds ratio (OR) were used to measure this relationship.

A total of 48 studies were included. In the association between ever-use compared with never-use of OCPs and ovarian cancer risk, the pooled RR in cohort studies was 0.69 [95% CI: 0.61, 0.78], and the pooled OR of the case-control studies was 0.64 [95% CI: 0.59, 0.69]. For the relationship between OCPs and subtypes of ovarian cancer, there is a significant inverse relationship between OCPs and serous 0.72 [95% CI: 0.23, 0.82] and endometrioid 0.74 [95% CI: 0.64, 0.86], but no association between OCPs and clear cell 0.84 [95% CI: 0.60, 1.16] and mucinous 0.80 [95% CI: 0.63, 1.01].

This study shows a statistically significant inverse relationship between ever-use compared to never-use of OCPs and ovarian cancer risk. Also shows a statistically significant inverse relationship between serous and endometrioid cancer and OCPs, but no association between OCPs and clear cell and mucinous.

Ovarian granulosa cell tumors (GCT) are rare tumors with a late recurrence and a good prognosis. The current study investigated the fertility and obstetrics situation, survival, and the factors influencing the mortality of patients with these uncommon ovarian neoplasms.

This is a retrospective study on ovarian GCT patients admitted to the Al-Zahra hospital oncology department, the tertiary referral hospital in Tabriz, between 2009 and 2022. Data were collected from medical records. Chi-square/Fisher exact tests and t tests were used to compare categorical and quantitative variables between the alive and dead patients, respectively. The Kaplan-Meier curve was used to present patients’ survival.

The study involved 65 patients with ovarian GCT. The presence of ovarian cysts statistically increased the survival of GCT patients (P=0.028). The advanced tumor stage (P=0.023), fast tumor growth (P=0.001), and tumor relapse (P=0.001) are significantly correlated with mortality in the affected patients. However, age and adjuvant chemotherapy were not associated with survival.

There was no evidence of increased survival with the use of adjuvant chemotherapy. Tumor staging is an important prognostic factor. Advanced stages were associated with inferior survival, and only prospective studies can ascertain their definite role.

The growing number of aging people, ensuring their quality of life (QoL), and the social services designed for this population group are becoming increasingly significant concerns. This study explored how socioeconomic status and self-care affect older adults’ QoL.  This cross-sectional study included 322 older people living in Tabriz in 2021. The subjects were recruited using a multi-stage sampling method. Older persons were asked to complete the Socio-Economic Status (SES) questionnaire, the Self-Care Behavior Questionnaire, and the Iranian version of the 12-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12).  A hierarchical logistic regression analysis model was used to investigate the factors influencing QoL. The regression analysis showed that marital status, social self-care, and self-care during illness significantly impacted the older person’s quality of life (p < 0.05). Twenty-nine and twenty-seven percent of the variance in the mental and physical health dimensions, respectively, were predicted by the variables included in the model. Promoting social self-care and self-care during illness had a positive relationship with the QoL of older persons. These results can serve as a reference for future studies pertinent to self-care for older adults.

One of the most serious human threats is the emerging disease called COVID-19. Due to its rapid spread around the world, it was raised as a global concern by the World Health Organization (WHO). This study aims to assess the role of adherence to preventive measures (wearing masks, social distancing, and washing hands) in reducing COVID-19 infection

In this case-control study, participants were 143 patients with positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test results (case group) and 143 patients with negative PCR test results (control group) referred to the Moein Health Center in Miandoab County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. Data were collected through an interview using a researcher-made questionnaire. STATA software, version 14 was used for data analysis.

In this study, the data of 298 people (143 controls and 155 cases) were examined. The odds of positive PCR test results in people who did not adhere to social distancing guidelines, wearing masks, and washing hands were 37.11, 9.042, and 14.50 compared to those who adhered to these preventive measures (P<0.001). 

According to the results, the effective method to control the COVID-19 pandemic is adherence to preventive measures (wearing masks, social distancing, and washing hands) with public participation and cooperation of government organizations.

Attention deficient-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most prevalent psychiatric diagnosis in preschool children. The present study aimed to translate and determine the validity and reliability of the Persian version of Conners Early Childhood Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder Questionnaire–Parents’ Form in Iranian children aged 3-6 years.

We included 1,013 pediatrics aged <6 years in 2017-18 in Tabriz, Iran. In the first step, the questionnaire was translated into Persian using the re-translation method. Then, the content validity of the questionnaire was evaluated by ten specialists. Finally, the concurrent validity of the questionnaire was simultaneously compared with the children’s Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). ROC curve was used to determine the best cut-off point, and sensitivity and specificity were measured to determine the questionnaire’s diagnostic value compared to the clinical psychiatric interview. The test-retest method was used to determine reproducibility using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). The internal consistency was also evaluated with Cronbach’s alpha test.

Of all the 1,013 participants, 569 (56.2%) were female. The overall modified kappa agreement and concurrent validity coefficients were 0.76 and 0.70, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the questionnaire was estimated 86.8% and 79.4%, respectively. The ICC was calculated at 0.90, and the questionnaire’s internal consistency was calculated at an overall Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.88.

The Persian version of Conners Early Childhood Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder Questionnaire–Parents’ Form exhibited proper reliability and validity for screening the Iranian pediatric population.

The emerged validated tool from the present study can be used in the first-line health system in the public and private sectors for physician and non-physician healthcare providers, especially family physicians in primary health care.

Klotho is an aging-suppressor gene that encodes a single-pass transmembrane protein and acts as a hormone. In this study, we aim to investigate the serum α-Klotho level in male opioids addicts with normal kidney function compared to healthy male non-smokers and smokers in Tabriz, Iran.

Participnts were 87 men with normal kidney function referred to Sina Educational Research and Treatment Center in Tabriz, Iran (29 opioids addicts, 29 healthy non-smokers, and 29 healthy smokers). Blood samples were collected to measure the soluble a-Klotho level using an ELISA kit. Furthermore, blood creatinine (Cr) and hemoglobin (Hb) levels was measured. Body mass index (BMI) was also calculated for all participants.

In addicts, BMI, Hb, and Cr levels were significantly lower than in healthy non-smokers and smokers, but their Klotho level was higher (P>0.05). The Klotho level in healthy smokers was significantly lower than in healthy non-smokers and addicts. The Klotho level of healthy smokers decreased as the pack year increased, but the duration of opioid addiction had no significant association with the Klotho level. There was no significant difference in the Klotho level between control groups (non-smokers and smokers) and men with addiction to different types of opioids.

The Klotho level in male opioid addicts is significantly higher than in smokers. There is a significant negative correlation between BMI and Klotho levels among men with normal BMI and overweight. Further studies are recommended in these fields.

 The effect of Centaurea behen (Cb) on patients with systolic heart failure is not known academically. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Cb on improving the quality of life (QoL) and echocardiographic and biochemical blood parameters in patients with systolic heart failure.

 This study was a parallel double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial of 60 patients with systolic heart failure, was conducted from May 2018 up to August 2019. Intervention group received 150 mg twice daily Cb capsules for two months + Guideline directed medical therapy (GDMT), and control group received GDMT + placebo capsules for two months. The main aim of the present study were to assess the QoL based on the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) and the Minnesota living with heart failure questionnaire (MLHFQ). Independent T-test, paired T-test, and ANOVA were used for the analysis.

 At the beginning of the present study there were no significant differences between study groups in terms of QoL and clinical results. After treatment, the average values of QoL based on MLHFQ and 6MWT instruments were significantly improved 15.5 and 36.18, respectively (P<0.05).

 Based on the MLHFQ, and 6MWT tests, the consumption of Centaurea behen root extract was associated with significant improvement in the quality of life of patients with systolic heart failure.

blasphemy is a rare phenomenon in history. These works, which were written with the aim of slandering, that is, blaming, blaming and slandering his opponent and his thoughts, are rooted in relative, ethnic and Arab rivalries, but after Islam, gradually focusing on topics such as: jurisprudential and theological religions, political leaders, sects. Imams, Sufism, and Sufism have developed and, most importantly, have maintained their historical framework, the Arabic title of example, and the like to this day.Studies show that the flow of blasphemyo graphy is also a function of the flow of Islamic historiography and most of almost all blasphemyo graphy belong to the Islamic East.blasphemyo graphy, although they have been criticized and debated by elites and elders from the beginning due to their unjustified and immoral appearance, but for special and debatable reasons, they have opened their historical place in Islamic literature.However, out of about 80 books, only 24 are available in manuscript or print. Historically, factors such as racial or linguistic factor, ethnic-tribal factor, socio-political factor, psychological factor of enmity and misunderstanding, belief and ideological factor, profit motives and exaggeration have played a role.The contribution of these works in guiding and strengthening the faith of the followers may not be clarified, but it can be claimed that they played a major role in social conflicts and seditions.

Primary health care system provides appropriate prevention and primary mental care services only for rural population. Therefore, the Community Mental Health Center (CMHC) was developed to provide mental health services in urban areas. The present study aimed to outline the performance, achievements, and challenges of CMHC in Tabriz, Iran.

 

This was a qualitative pilot study with in-depth interview approach. The outcomes, implications, and challenges of CMHC in Tabriz city were evaluated from 2015 to 2019 using three methods, including conducting in-depth interviews with two executive managers, holding focus group discussion (FGD) with managers and mental healthcare providers, and collecting mental health care indicators from the patients’ health records. After evaluating the challenges, appropriate recommendations to improve mental health services in urban areas were presented.

 

A total of 17 specialists and general medical doctors collaborated in this study. During the study, 1053 initial visits and/or screenings and 2313 patients with psychological disorders were identified and recorded. Moreover, a total of 988 mental training sessions were held for patients and their families. Five main themes, including the necessity for establishment and objectives, implementation process, achievements, challenges, and recommendations, were identified during in-depth interviews and FGDs.

 

It seems that CMHC is an appropriate strategy and model for providing basic mental health services, especially in metropolitan cities. Longitudinal studies with a randomized controlled trial design as well as cost-effectiveness evaluation studies are required to confirm CMHC in the Iranian context.

Protective reactions or neutralized antibody produced after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) infection has a major impact on herd immunity induction and outbreak control. This feature potentially can open up unique opportunities for disease management.[1]

The most common cause of death and serious disability in cyclist’s crashes is traumatic brain injury. The The present study aimed to provide accurate statistics and information on traffic accidents based on epidemiologic characteristics and outcomes of cyclists’ injuries in East Azerbaijan province‑Iran, based on International Classification of Diseases ICD-10 and International Classification of Diseases 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) guidelines.

This cross‑sectional study was conducted in Tabriz, Iran, on 317 cyclists who sustained an injury through road traffic accidents. Multivariable Cox regression, reported as hazard ratios (95% confidence interval), quantified the association between explanatory variables such as age, gender, and anatomical regions with mortality.

The present study included 317 trauma patients with an average age of 34.72 (SD= 24.14) years old; 89.6% of the patients were male. Collision with truck or van, pick‑up, and automobiles collisions (42.9%) were the most common counterpart vehicle used [V13]. The most common anatomical regions affected by the cyclists were head injuries (72.2%) (S00–S09). The highest proportion of injuries incurred by cyclists was superficial (46%) [S00-T00]. Closure of skin and subcutaneous tissue of other sites were the most clinical modification provided for the patients(54.1%) (86.59). The obtained regression coefficient showed that age increased the odds ratio of mortality by 0.02.

Men were the most injured group. Head injuries were the most common injuries. Skin and subcutaneous tissue sutures commonly require surgery. Also, the chance of mortality increases with age. All cyclists need to wear a helmet to reduce head‐impairing injuries.

An estimated 25% to 30% of patients presenting to family physicians have psychiatric disorders (PDs). Accurate diagnosis of various PDs requires valid and well-designed screening tools and psychiatric interviews. There is no rapid and low-cost tool for PD screening in primary health care (PHC).

To determine the validity and psychometric properties of the Iranian Rapid Assessment for Psychiatric Illness Screening Instrument (IRA-PISI) in PHC.

This psychometric study was performed among a convenience sample of 257 outpatients presenting to the first-line health services in Tabriz. Psychiatric interviews via DSM-5 were used as the gold standard. The validation process included the face validity (literature review and expert comments), content validity, estimating the best cutoff point, and measuring the sensitivity and specificity of the questionnaire compared to the psychiatric interview. Temporal and internal reliabilities were measured by test-retest and Cronbach's alpha coefficient, respectively.

The final questionnaire consisted of 14 items (with a score range of 14 to 70) after removing seven questions from the initial questionnaire (21 items) during the validation process. The sensitivity and specificity of the questionnaire compared to psychiatric interviews were 83.62% and 75.17%, respectively. The overall relevance and the best cutoff point (score) were 0.91% and 28, respectively. Interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Cronbach's alpha coefficient were 96% and 83%, respectively. The ICC of items/questions ranged from 89.3 to 100.

The IRA-PISI has appropriate validity and reliability for screening common PDs among outpatients presenting to first-line healthcare providers.

Suicide is recognized as a public health issue in Malekan County through a health community assessment. A community-based suicide prevention program was conducted during 2014-2017.

This health system research was conducted in seven steps, including conducting systematic reviews, gathering expert opinions, improving the coverage of suicide attempt records, conducting research to identify regional risk factors, conducting follow ups and managing the individuals attempting suicide, training health gatekeepers, and launching public awareness campaigns. Our goal was to lower the rates of suicide, and suicide attempt by 15% and 20%, respectively. Multiple logistic regression was calculated to estimate the adjusted odds ratios and the 95% confidence intervals.

821 suicide attempts and 32 suicides had been recorded in the county. 70% of the suicides had been committed by men while the majority of attempters were females (64%). Most of the suicides (18cases-56.25%) had occurred in the spring while the majority of suicide attempts (288cases-35.8%) had been recorded in the summer. The common methods (62%) suiciders used were hanging and poisoning, which increased death risk significantly (OR: 8.5, 95% CI: 2.9–76.99). The incidence rates of suicide and suicide attempts reduced from 11.22, and 203 per 100,000 in 2013 to 2.63, and 157 in 2017, respectively. Suicide re-attempts also diminished from 12% in 2013 to 6.7% in 2017.

Suicide, SA, and re-attempt were lowered by 75%, 22%, and 42%, respectively. Practical Implications. The practical framework that emerged out of the present study can be used for generating future suicide prevention strategies. Furthermore, our study highlights the need to consider a wide range of contextual factors when developing suicide prevention programs.

Health managers often do not have adequate information for decision making on what strategy makes an effective impact on suicide prevention. Despite the availability of global Suicide Prevention Programs (SPP), no previous investigation has developed combinations of a review study with expert opinions. This study was aimed to identify effective programs for suicide prevention.

We used two methods for selecting the effective SPP. (1) review of systematic reviews: we systematically searched to find relevant review studies through Medline, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, and gray literatures. (2) Expert panel opinions: effective programs identified from the previous step were combined with expert views via the Hanlon method.

A total of 27 since some of them were reports met the inclusion criteria. After full‑text screening 9 records included. We found the following 12 SPP for prioritizing and rating the most effective interventions by an expert panel: (1) case management of Suicide Attempters (SAs), (2) identification and treatment of depression, (3) registry for suicide, (4) identifying local determinants of Suicidal behavior (SB), (5) public awareness campaigns, (6) gatekeepers’ training, (7) conducting research, (8) school‑based training, (9) improving knowledge and attitudes, (10) restricting access to means, (11) at‑risk people screening, (12) mass media.

Seven effective SPP identified after combined 12 included interventions with expert panel opinion: (1) Case management of SAs, (2) Identification and treatment of depression, (3) Improving a registry for suicide, (4) Identifying local determinants of SB, (5) Public awareness campaigns, (6) Training gatekeepers, and (7) Conducting research.

Animal bites are of the major health threats. Delayed post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), especially in frail older people, may lead to mortal risks in this age group. The aim of this study was to investigate the pattern of delayed PEP in animal-bites injuries and to identify its contributing factors in older people of Tabriz city, Iran.

In this cross-sectional study, the census method was used to obtain data from health records of older adults who were referred to Tabriz's Rabies Treatment Center between March 2013 and March 2018. The delay was defined as starting PEP longer than 24 hours after a suspected rabies virus exposure. The relations between delayed PEP and each of the predictors were investigated using the chi-square test in univariate analysis. The decision tree model was applied to predict the delay time of PEP.

A total of 322 older people with a mean age of 67.62 ± 7.18 were studied. In all, 31.7 % of the older persons victims who were bitten by an animal had a delayed PEP. Urban victims (34.1%) compared to rural (16.3 %), stray animal victims (42.0 %) compared to an owned animal-bite victim 24.6 %, all other animal bite-related victims (39.9 %) compared to dog-bite injuries (23.8%) experienced a higher frequency of delayed PEP. The decision tree revealed that animal ownership status, animal status, and animal species were the most important factors for predicting delayed PEP (p < 0.001).

The possibility of delayed PEP in older adults bites victims, increased if the animal was ownerless and escaped. A reasonable approach to tackle this issue might be to conduct larger population studies in the future.

Fotouh al-Baldan Book is the only historical source which pays full attention to the historical-financial and jurisprudential narrations and issues of conquered lands in addition to mentioning the conquests of different regions and therefore it can be called a ‘historical and jurisprudential historiography’. Although Belazari, like many of his contemporaries and historians, has reported financial narrations in the documentary and oral manner (said, told me, told us, etc.) and has not mentioned the written reference, it can be said with certainty that he quoted all the financial narrations of this book from written financial references of historians, narrators, and jurists except for some cases that Belazari referred to local reports. These narrations, which amount to 151 cases, have been quoted from 13 historical and jurisprudential financial references, some of which are now available such as the books of Al-Kharaj Abu Yusuf, Yahya bin Adam, and Al-Amwal of Qasim bin Salam and many are missing. On the one hand, most of the financial sources cited by Belazari in Fotouh al-Baldan are also considered in terms of documentation and credibility of the narrators and their elders.

One of the features of contemporary historiography is the emergence of a new style called ‘the financial historiography’. Financial historiography investigates some of the human actions taken towards earning his/her livelihood. Applying the concept of financial historiography as an independent department or discipline (field) may not be so common in historical studies, but the writings of great thinkers such as Voltaire, Vico, Montesquieu, Adam Ferguson, Adam Smith, and John Miller show that they had achievements with this approach from the Enlightenment Era (18th century) onwards. Although they considered the concept of ‘economic historiography’ for the first time, it seems that Muslims paid attention to the ‘financial historiography’ issue in the specific style and context of that time, that is, centuries earlier than western writers of financial affairs. For example, Abu Yusuf (182 AH) in his book Al-Kharaj states certain viewpoints on the financial issues of the government and proposes certain criteria that precede the proposed principles of Adam ‌smith (1776 AD) that were proposed 1000 years later as the four criteria of taxation (i.e. justice, certainty, ease of collection, and economic efficiency). Muslim authors compiled many jurisprudential-hadith and historical monographs with financial topics under titles such as properties, ransom, trade, khums (1/5 of properties), weights, quantities and rates, and the like from the half of the second century AH. Of course, written financial works were not limited to monographs, and it can also be found in general histories, local histories, geographical sources, and conquests. In addition to mentioning the conquests, Belazari has paid significant attention to financial issues and has benefited from monographs and other financial resources of the second and third centuries in Fotouh al-Baldan.

This research intends to validate the Fotouh al-Baldan references by using the library method with a historical-analytical approach relying on two criteria of written references continuity with oral narration and the documentary criteria and reliability of financial resources cited by Belazari.

In citing the early references, quoting his elders, despite adhering to the common tradition of historians and narrators of the first to sixth centuries, namely using the ‘attribution and oral narration’ method, Belazari had access to many ‘written references’ of these narrations, so it can be seen that although he has utilized the words like said, told me, about… and told us from the historians and jurists such as Waghedi, Madaeni, Abu Yusuf, and Qasim bin Salam, etc., in compiling Fotouh al-Baldan (conquests of lands), he has not mentioned any names of his cited financial sources. However, concerning the continuity between written references and oral narrations in the first centuries, he mentioned reasons such as the invalidity of the mere narration of Sheikh Hadith without having a written document for his narrations, the mere invalidity of Wejade and referring to the book without listening to the narrator sheikh (elder) and the author of the book, the Arab historical memory being a myth, and the unique place and value of writing in Qur'an, etc. It can be said that all the financial sources cited by Belazari in Fotouh al-Baldan are written, and this indicates the validity of the financial resources (especially the missing ones) cited by Belazari and, consequently, the historical validity of the Fotouh al-Baldan book. In Fotouh al-Baldan, with the exception of a few narrators and authors elders whose authenticity are in doubt, Belazari cites a total of 13 financial resources in mentioning the financial narrations (151 narrations) out of a total of 8 historians and jurist authors in which most of the resources are authentic and valid in terms of documentation and credibility of its narrators, elders, and authors. This also indicates the historical authenticity and credibility of the Fotouh al-Baladan book.

Animal bites account for tens of millions of injuries annually. The present study aimed at identifying the epidemiological patterns of animal bites and factors affecting the delay of post-exposure prophylaxis for the injured patients in Hurand, northwestern Iran.

In this cross-sectional study, data were collected from medical records of animal bite victims who were referred to the rabies center of Hurand between 2014 and 2017. The epidemiological pattern of animal bites and factors affecting delayed initiation of post-exposure prophylaxis was investigated using the Poisson regression.

The majority of animal bites occurred in males and people aged 5-15 years. Moreover, most injuries were caused by dog bite. The most commonly affected organs were the lower limbs. The risk ratio of delay in vaccination for men was 0.88 compared with women. Delay in post-exposure prophylaxis was more common among rural residents and those bitten by cats.

According to the results, males, rural residents and people aged under 15 years of age are most vulnerable to animal bites. Designing a comprehensive educational program for these target groups seems essential for reducing animal bites. In addition, to prevent delays in vaccination, factors such as sex, animal type, location of events and the extent of bites should be considered.

By following the works of Shia jurists, various aspects of expediency are raised, including the concept of "social expediency". The meaning of this concept, which is opposite to the individual interest, is the interests that exist in the field of society and have examples such as establishing order and proper management of society, promoting the level of education and culture in Islamic society and things like that. Examination of jurisprudential texts shows that although individual interest has an effective role in legislating the rulings, but in the position of conflict with social interests, it is usually overshadowed and in the view of Sharia, typical and social interests always take precedence over individual interests. Nevertheless, the important thing is that every decision or discretion cannot be classified as social expediency. According to Shia jurists, social expediency has rules and criteria that define and revise its boundaries from other issues. In this article, an attempt has been made to explain the limits, criteria and indicators of the concept of social expediency. It should be presented in Shiite jurisprudence in order to limit or block the possible abuses.

The world is becoming an urban world, with more than sixty-six percent of the world's population projected to be located in cities by 2020. Thus, urban management in the future in general and in the 21st century in particular, will face some kind of challenge; Scientific and research centers and international development organizations have now introduced the "good urban governance" approach as the most effective, least costly and sustainable way of managing and addressing these challenges. In this article, with the descriptive-analytical method and the use of library resources and research articles, the concept of good governance indicators as an effective tool for the implementation of inclusive development is evaluated and the obstacles and challenges facing its realization are explained. The results show that the implementation of good governance in the field of urban management in the country in the long run of the development process, improves the overall standard of living of the people and people enjoy the right to development in accordance with the patterns of their society, provided that together with the constituent elements Such as transparency, the rule of law, accountability and political participation. Therefore, the level of attention to these elements in Iran can be the basis for achieving development and increasing the efficiency and dynamism of the administrative-political structure.

there are Discontinuous outcrops of volcanic rocks in the northern regions of Maku. The volcanic rocks were metamorphosed in the green schist facies. These volcanic complex were bimodal and compose of acidic and basic lava and pyroclastic rocks. The lava of this unit covers the Cambrian and equivalent of Lashkarak rock units and is progressively covered by Devonian dolomitic units. The geochemical data of metabasic and metarhyolite rocks signify transitional to alkaline nature of the primary magma and they have a negative gradient of REE and LREE / HREE ratio of those rocks are high and enriched inHFS elements. Metarhyolite rocks are similar to the rift setting rhyolites (A1-Type). Geochemical data indicate that the studied rocks are due to fractional crystallization of basic magma with crustal contamination, and in particular, the studied rocks have a genetic relationship and originate from a commen magma. The magma of the studied rocks generated by 3-10 percent partial melting of an enriched garnet peridotitic mantle source in an intra-continental extensional rift setting. This tectonic setting is concordant with the known extensional rift setting governed on other parts of Iran during the early Paleozoic, primary stages of generation and development of the Paleotethys.

Adolescence is considered as a critical developmental period during which long-lasting changes occur in the brain. Accumulating evidence support the growing non-medical use of morphine during adolescence. However, the long-term neurobiological and behavioral effects of opiate exposure during this stage are still remained largely unexplored. The present study examined the long term effects of adolescent morphine exposure on withdrawal signs and the negative motivational aspects of morphine withdrawal syndrome induced by naloxone in adult morphine dependent rats.

Adolescent male Wistar rats (30 days old) were administered increasing doses of morphine (from 2.5 to 25 mg/kg, s.c.) every 12 h, for 10days. Control rats received saline with the same protocol. Thereafter, during adulthood (65 days old), they were rendered dependent on morphine and tested for opioid withdrawal-induced conditioned place aversion to investigate the negative motivational aspects of withdrawal syndrome induced by naloxone.

Results showed that adolescent morphine treatment significantly increases the expression of morphine withdrawal signs and potentiates naloxone-induced conditioned place aversion in adult morphine dependent rats.

It can be concluded that chronic morphine treatment during adolescence in rats causes prolonged behavioral (and most probably neurobiological) changes in the central nervous system, which results in alteration of morphine withdrawal in adulthood.

Surveillance has defined the systematic collection, continuous, analysis and interpretation of health-related information required for the planning, implementation, and assessment of public health performance. This study was aimed to determine the standard structure and components of COVID-19 surveillance and comparison with the Iranian present surveillance system to identify unforeseen components or need to be reviewed, weaknesses, strengths, and providing appropriate solutions.

In this qualitative study, two methods were used: a) reviewing the published guidelines of COVID-19 disease by the Iranian Center for Disease Control, from the beginning of the outbreak to April 19, 2020, and b) The opinion of experts and researchers. The standard structure and components of the COVID-19 surveillance (what standard surveillance must have) were compared with the components of the current surveillance system (what it has).

We found five main structures and 29 components and many various sub-components of the standard surveillance system for COVID-19. According to expert’s comments by comparing the standard surveillance with the current surveillance system, the components related to psychiatric and psychological aspects, epidemiological surveillance, standard precautions, especially for the health workers in close contact with the patient, reporting and social surveillance need to be revised or improved in the current guideline.

Epidemiologic surveillance is the most imperative and effective structure for COVID-19 control. Evaluation indicators are recommended to measure the ability and efficiency of the surveillance system, and also the evidence-based decision-making for appropriate disease control.

In recent years, suicide in Iran has become a growing concern. Although stressful life events (SLEs) are increasing as a global prevalence, suicide attempters (SAs) and the impact and association between suicide and SLEs are poorly understood.

This study aimed at examining the role and effect of SLEs in suicides and SAs.

This descriptive-analytical study was performed during 2014 to 2016 based on 186 records (through random quota sampling) of suicidal behaviors (SBs), including 154 SAs and 32 suicide cases in Malekan County, East Azerbaijan, Iran. A valid semistructured Life Event questionnaire (LEQ) with 43-items of common types of SLEs in the last year before SBs was used by trained interviewers through single sitting and face to face interviews. The point-biserial correlation and multiple logistic regression analysis were utilized to estimate the adjusted odds ratios and confidence intervals for suicide risk.

A significant correlation was found between SLEs scores and suicide (R = 0.739). Comparing SLEs types between the two groups of SAs and suicides, it was revealed that the highest odds ratios were related to financial problems (OR = 11.9; 95% CI = 4.00 - 35.85), early marriage (OR = 4.97; 95% CI = 1.68 - 14.65), exposure to new conditions (OR = 8.79; 95% CI = 1.3 - 59.22), and family conflicts (OR = 2.53; 95% CI = 1.23 - 6.53), respectively.

SLEs are most strongly associated with committing suicide. Suicide determinants are different from SA. SLEs management by health systems is imperative to improve life skills in suicide prevention.