hoshang sarvar

Urban form is based on environmental conditions and planning decisions in the context of time.The study of urban forms,is important due to its effects on urban functions,including the quality of citizens access to services located in the city.Each of the urban forms is compact or scatter are impact in the access of citizens to services.The purpose of this research is to identify the urban form of urban neighborhoods in Maragheh and how citizens access to urban services.Research in terms of the nature of the descriptive analytical type that has been done through the documentary library study.in data analysis from Fuzzy method and GIS and SPSS software were used.The research findings show that the Maragheh urban form pattern has been developed intensively and scattered. That way,the city in the center and the old textures have compact and dense patterns and in the periphery and marginal tissues are scattered and semi-dispersed.On the other hand, the results of the correlation analysis between the dense form and the access index indicate is a significant correlation between these two variables.So that the access to neighborhoods and central areas is better than the marginal and the new ones.On the other hand,some accessibility indicators such as the ratio of communication network in central neighborhoods have a lower share than marginal neighborhoods. This factor,along with the establishment of many activities and facilities in this part of the city, has led a large amount of intra-city trips to the city's central neighborhoods,resulting in heavy congestion and traffic problems.

In recent decades, along with urbanization, various models have been used to urban growth prediction. In this regard, Urban models based on the automata technique have emerged under the paradigm of a self-organizing system, with cellular automata (CA) being the simplest but most popular in action What happens to each grid cell is defined by a transition rule or transition rules.If the transition rule requires that the state of a grid cell is only dependent on its state at a previous time step, such a model is called a Markov model, and is not considered a CA model. Cellular automata models have one additional feature: the transition rules operate on cells based on the local neighborhood of those cells. In this research, the spatial expansion of Maragheh city was simulated using Cellular automata- Markov chain hybrid model. Satellite images (Landsat) were used for land cover mapping, urban growth monitoring, and modeling land cover changes. Results represent high efficiency of Cellular automata- Markov chain in the urban spatial growth simulation. In the past three decades,development trend of Maragheh city has been more towards barren lands.According to the output of the model,this trend will continue over the next 17 years. So that, the city will be expended due to the transition of barren lands cells state to urban cells state,and 774 hectares from surrounding barren lands will be converted to urban lands. However, with continue of the previous trend, nearly 417 hectares of good agricultural lands will also change to urban lands.

One of the new approaches to urban development projects is the Urban Development Strategy (CDS) approach developed in 1999 with the goal of reducing poverty, sustainable development, promoting participation and creating good urban governance. The plan mainly emphasizes the economic growth of cities and, by identifying and using the potential and economic potential of the city, provides a basis for development in other aspects as well. In other words, sustaining environmental sustainability, sustainable social justice, and so on can be seen by creating sustainability, promoting sustainable development and providing sustainable financing. The city's development strategy is a tool in which participatory techniques are employed and its main goal is to provide sustainable urban development through social capacity building for the development of participatory perspectives and public action. Also, the urban development strategy aims to promote social justice in cities through the process of community participation and cooperation in order to improve the quality of life of all citizens.

The research type is applied and its method is descriptive-analytic. Therefore, analyzing the data of the questionnaire using SPSS software, and in order to develop a strategy for future development of the city from the SWOT analytical model and for designing the study area maps from GIS Has been used .

Therefore, the studies have been done and the results obtained by step-by-step regression show that the bankability index with beta 436 has the highest impact, competitiveness with .340 good urban governance with beta .259 And life expectancy index with beta of 255. The least effect on the development of the city of Zanjan. Using single-sample t-test (T) for citizens 2.65 and for specialists 2.70, the total is 0.713 with a significant difference.

Finally, by using the methods of weighting the indicators and evaluation criteria, ranked photo-capture method, first-class bank-capability index, second-place competitiveness index, life-satisfaction index, and fourth-rank urban management index. SWOT analysis shows that the best strategy for Zanjan is an aggressive strategy that exploits the strengths of opportunities.

Urban texture as one of the main components of the urban systems, in period of time and contemporaneous with socio-economic transition should be consider by planners, until to meet various needs residents, including residence, transport, security, leisure, and so on. the neglect of this issue can causes to fatigue and inefficiency of them in the urban system. currently This is clearly in big and historical cities in the world, including the Iranian cities. City development in suburbs due to the profiting motives for real estate owners and economic justification for urban management cause the neglect of a wide range of inner areas in the cities and getting rid of them from development cycle. The research method in this stud is developmental Applied and study method is Documentary and descriptive- analytical. The required data to indexes of rusty texture According to the indicators approved by the Ministry of Road and Urban Planning Through documental method Were collected. In order to grading Exhaustion of fatigue texture areas using Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP) and The Polls of experts Intended indexes in the next stage Using Geographic Information System(GIS) for each physical Sub-index a layer Was prepared. Eventually by determining weights to each index and using weighted overlay toll in geographic information system, final map for Rusty texture based on selected indexes Was drawn and dose of frazzle for areas of selected zone Determined.The results show 27% of this urban zone have Medium to high fatigue. also in area analysis unit of under study zone, area5 with having 45.3% have the most fatigue. versus area1 with having 12% fatigue have the Lowest   fatigue Among all areas.

Today, one of the most important spaces which has been considered and visited by tourists and has gave many opportunities for tourists, is urban spaces. What makes a city dynamic and attractive, and causes satisfaction among citizens and attracts tourists are history, rich culture, urban visual beauty and landscape which their special appearance is visible in urban symbols and elements clearly. In this study, with respect to the importance of tourism industry in urban sustainable development, the role of urban symbols and elements in attracting tourists, with analytical – descriptive method in an academic context, is investigated. In this regard, questionnaire with a simple random sampling has been used in order to collect data from tourists. Some of the findings of this study indicate that the tourism spaceof Tabriz has been influenced by the historical space of the city. In this regard, there is a strong subjective and cultural relation between visitors and symbols and elements which have been constructed according to the culture of Iranian-Islamic society. Also, the analyses using SPSS and one-way ANOVA and linear regression tests shows that there is a significant relationship between land use surrounding the elements and tourism attraction and also between using information technology for announcement of symbols and elements and urban tourism development. Today, the largest and the most important tourism attractions in each city are ancient, national, religious and culturalbuildingsand symbols. Using urban symbols as a means of conveying meaning has been common in all ages and cultures. Recognition of these symbols and inserting them within the domain of tourism can play an important role in the sustainable development of the cities and also the achievement of different aims of this effective and helpful industry. Since the mid-twentieth century, urban symbols have become one of the most attractive tourism destinations and boosted the tourism industry of related countries. Passing important historical events in Iran, particularly in Tabriz metropolis has allowed architects and artists by designing the various elements anywhere in the city make Tabriz, along with other cities, have more beautiful and various symbols and visual elements in the city which has resulted in attracting tourists to the city. The method of this research is considered as descriptive-analytical. Data has been collected in two ways, namely library and field. In the descriptive section, using papers, reports, researches and related documents, essential information has been provided and the general view of the research scope has been attained. In the analytical part, with respect to the richness of tourist attractions in Tabriz, relying on descriptive studies, objective observations and questionnaire have been used. Alpha coefficient of Cronbach test equals with 0.79 and because it is more than 0.7, we can conclude that the questions regarding this variable have an extremely appropriate validity. Statistical population of this study is the urban tourists of Tabriz in 2013. The sampling method in this research is as cluster sampling accompanied with simple random among members of the statistical population and 100 tourists have been selected as sample. To analyze data and test hypotheses,one way ANOVA test and linear regression tests has been used which have been analyzed using SPSS. Discussion and Based on what was mentioned in different parts of the discussion, there is a strong subjective and cultural relationship between visitors, symbols and elements of Tabriz which have been constructed in proportion to the culture of Islamic-Iranian society. Analyses using SPSS and one way ANOVA and linear regression tests show that there is a significant relationship between the land use surrounding the elements, symbols and tourist attraction. In this regard, it is possible to refer to significant relationship between theannouncement of symbols, elements and urban tourism development and also insignificant relationship between physical components of elements and tourist attraction. According to experts, urban tourism provides a great cultural, social and economic opportunity for metropolises which plays very effective role in improving the quality of life of citizens in different dimensions. In this regard, creating tourism outlines can be used as one of the methods of revitalizing the urban spaces and tourist attractions. Tourism outlines, in the case of having mentioned values ​​and characteristics, can change their surrounding context. One of these particular spaces is symbols, elements and persistent signs which have been created over many years in the form of buildings, monuments and public passages. With respect to the capability of Tabriz metropolis, with its ancient history in this aspect and its strategic location as well as the increase of urban tourists of Tabriz in recent years, the role of urban symbols and elements in attracting touristswas investigatedin an academic context. According to the discussions, it is practicable to perceive that each specified symbols in Tabriz can be assessed as a relatively desired state for attracting touristswhich in addition to supplying the tourist demand of citizens, are responder for domestic and foreign visitors.