hossein azizi 

This research investigates the geochemical characteristics of hydrothermal manganese deposits in the Su-laimani metallogenic district, Kurdistan Region of Iraq, to understand their formation processes, which mayaid in the exploration of manganese resources in the region. These deposits are intimately associated withvarious units of Mesozoic Qulqula Formation, including jasparite, umber, radiolarian chert, siliceous shale,brown claystone, and basalt sequences of the Penjween ophiolite in the Mlakawa - Tapa sura area. In theSulaimani district, two types of manganese deposits are found: strata-bound deposits with a thickness ofaround 200 meters, interbedded with late Cretaceous eip-ophilitic radiolarite chert of the Penjween ophiolitecomplex, and as exotic massive bodies within Eocene Merga Group, forming boulder placer deposits. Themanganese deposits exhibit geochemical characteristics such as intermediate MnO content (up to 24 wt.%),low levels of transitional elements (Co+Ni+Cu<0.01 wt.%), elevated concentrations of Ba (up to 4490ppm), and low total rare earth elements. Geochemical analyses reveal negative Ce anomalies (-0.016-1.024)and positive Y anomalies (3.422.3) in most samples, indicative of submarine hydrothermal processes withinthe Neotethys. However, some banded-type deposits show weak positive Ce anomalies (0.1), suggestingminor diagenetic influences. The presence of weak negative Eu anomalies (0.540.71) in all samples likelyreflects the low Eu content in the ultramafic parent rocks and the influence of low-temperature hydrothermalserpentinization fluids. In summary, the geochemical signatures suggest that these manganese deposits,associated with regional radiolarite facies within the Neotethys, originate from mid-oceanic ridge proximal todistal hydrothermal sources.

Pain, a complex and debilitating experience, significantly impacts the quality of life. It is considered as a primary reason for seeking medical care. Inflammatory pain, resulting from tissue injury, is characterized by the release of inflammatory mediators that activate nociceptive pathways, leading to heightened sensitivity. Assessment of inflammatory pain is necessary for understanding its mechanism and developing effective treatment strategies. This study provides an overview of the formalin test, a widely used animal model for assessing inflammatory pain. The test comprises distinct phases (phase I, interphase, and phase II), which reflect acute and tonic pain responses. As a tool for evaluating analgesic efficacy and pain mechanisms, the formalin test has been instrumental in advancing our understanding of pain biology and the development of novel therapeutic approaches.

Tourism becomes the largest and most diverse industry in the world, which, as the main source of income and work, plays an important role in the economic growth of the countries of the world. Accidents and crises play the role of inhibiting the development of the industry. Epidemics are distinguished from other crises by the fact that they usually leave the local government. Resilience strategy for quick recovery of destinations affected by the crisis has been introduced. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a research with the aim of investigating the role of resilience in the epidemic crisis in tourist cities. The present research method is analytical-descriptive in nature and it is a survey type by completing a questionnaire. At first, the path analysis model was used to determine the factors on the tourism resilience of the studied city (Shiraz) during the epidemic crisis. Therefore, according to the number of research criteria, the multiple regression test was implemented, which was directly considered first. The combination of resilience is determined as an independent variable on Shiraz as dependent changes. It is considered indirect in the next steps. In the stages of direct research, all research indicators have a significant effect on the dependent variable and there is a significant linear relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variable. The most direct effect is related to the social-cultural index and the most indirect effect is related to the economic index. In total, the social-cultural index has the highest correlation coefficient among the resilience indices, which indicates the most influential index on the epidemic crisis in Shiraz tourism. The economic index is on the second level. Finally, infrastructure and institutional-organizational indicators are placed in the next ranks with small distances.

Cigarette smoking remains a significant public health concern despite established cessation programs and their limited success rates. This persistent struggle compels us to explore innovative solutions. This review examines the potential of statins, the cholesterol-lowering medications, as a novel weapon in the fight against smoking addiction.Statins might offer a novel intervention for smoking cessation by potentially addressing two key aspects of addiction, inflammation, and the reward system. Addiction is often linked to chronic brain inflammation. Statins, with their potential anti-inflammatory properties, could dampen this inflammatory response, potentially weakening the addictive cycle of smoking. Additionally, they might influence the brain's reward system, which plays a crucial role in nicotine dependence. Dopamine, a neurotransmitter heavily involved in reward processing, is a key player. Nicotine triggers dopamine release, leading to pleasurable sensations that reinforce smoking behavior. This review suggests that statins might also modulate dopamine signaling, potentially reducing the pleasurable effects of nicotine, and reducing cravings.

 Spermatogenesis is the primary process of sperm production occuring in seminiferous tubules. Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) have the ability for self-renewal, differentiation, and the transmission of genetic information to subsequent generations. KLF4 and POU5F1 are transcription factors expressed in a wide range of tissues and play key roles in such processes as apoptosis, differentiation, proliferation, and cellular development. The present study aimed to assess the expression levels of KLF4 and POU5F1 genes in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs), embryonic-like stem cells (ES-like), and testicular cells, and identify the signaling pathways associated with them in the process of spermatogenesis.

In this experimental study, spermatogonial cells were extracted from mouse testes using enzymatic digestion method and cultured in GSC medium containing FGF, EGF, and GDNF. Thereafter, the expression of KLF4 and POU5F1 genes was examined in mESCs, SSCs, ES-like, and testicular cells was investigated using immunocytochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction methods, and protein-protein interactions and signaling pathways were evaluated using bioinformatics methods.

The KLF4 and POU5F1 genes exhibited positive expression in ES-like cells and testicular cells. The assessment of KLF4 mRNA and POU5F1 mRNA expression levels demonstrated that KLF4 expression is higher in mESCs and ES-like cells compared to other cells, while POU5F1 expression is higher in SSCs. Both KLF4 and POU5F1 are considered essential and powerful genes that share a common class and function.

The findings of this study indicated that KLF4 and POU5F1 play crucial roles in the proper development of sperm and are present in various types of cells, including mESCs, SSCs, ES-like cells, and testicular cells. These factors are key components of sexual stem cells and contribute to stem cell proliferation, making them potential diagnostic markers for these cell lines.

Growing evidence indicates that adolescent substance abuse is now an alarming concern that imposes a considerable socio-economic burden on societies. On the other hand, numerous studies have shown that due to specific neurophysiological features, the brain is more vulnerable to the adverse effects of psychoactive drugs at an early age. Unfortunately, these negative effects are not limited to the period of drug use, but can persistently affect the brain’s responsiveness to future exposures to the same or other types of drug. For researchers to develop pharmacological strategies for managing substance abuse disorders, they need to gain a deep understanding of the differences in behavioral outcomes associated with each type of drug across different age groups. The present study was conducted to review the experimental evidence revealing the mentioned differential effects with an emphasis on common drugs of abuse, including cocaine, nicotine, cannabis, and opioids. Although the cellular mechanisms underlying age-related effects have not been exclusively addressed for each drug, the most recent results are presented and discussed. Future studies are required to focus on these mechanisms and reveal how molecular changes during brain development can result in differential responses to drugs at the behavioral level.

Eco-innovation refers to the development of products and processes in the service of sustainable development, which uses scientific experiences, both directly and indirectly, to improve the environment. Eco-innovation is crucially important in the consumption of resources and pollution of the environment. Furthermore, it is one of the most fundamental factors in determining the success or failure of energy-consumption plans and protecting the environment. Thus, Eco-innovation is the cornerstone of sustainable development. The transportation industry is one of the main sources of environmental pollution. Analyzing efficiency of this industry helps people and societies to have a better understanding of its performance and develop better management strategies. The necessity of sustainable development in the transportation industry requires efficiency analysis over time. The Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) is one of the common approaches to assess performance over the course of consecutive periods. This paper used a double-frontier analysis approach to propose a modern analysis to measure efficiency. In the proposed approach, the common set of weights for MPI is yielded by taking into account the undesirable outputs in the efficiency analysis. This paper demonstrated the application of the proposed models by investigating freight transport in Iran. The proposed models for the MPI analysis to decompose overall efficiency into efficiency change and technical change enable the decision-makers to meticulously trace the Eco-innovation and environmental efficiency in this industry.

Adolescence is a critical period of development, transitioning from childhood to adulthood. During this period, extensive neural plasticity occurs in the central nervous system. These changes aim to establish individual independence and enhance cognitive capacity. Significant neurochemical changes also occur in the brain during adolescence. For example, the brain’s dopaminergic system is fundamentally reorganized, possibly associated with associative learning and motivational behaviors. In addition, dopamine receptors in both cortical and subcortical areas reach their highest levels during adolescence. Furthermore, higher cortical mechanisms do not fully control the heightened activity of the limbic system in adolescence. These distinct developmental pathways in different regions of the brain during adolescence may lead to increased risk-taking behaviors in adolescents and their engagement in addictive behaviors. Exposure to drugs at different stages of development can lead to lasting changes in the structure and function of the brain. However, it is important to note that mature brain systems can compensate for synaptic changes caused by drugs, whereas developing brain systems may incorporate these changes, leading to a stable event in cellular response. Research has explored morphine’s significant opioid impact on memory and learning in adults, yet few studies have examined the effects of acute morphine exposure on anxiety-like behaviors during adolescence. In our previous studies, we have examined the effects of short-term and long-term exposure to opioids during adolescence on learning and memory with behavioral and electrophysiological approaches up to adulthood. In addition, this study intend to investigate the effects of acute morphine exposure during adolescence on locomotor activity and anxiety-like behaviors from adolescence to adulthood.

In this study, adult male Wistar rats were used. The animals were housed under standard conditions with a 12-hour light/dark cycle and ad libitum access to food and water at 23±2°C. All experiments were conducted following ethical principles for working with laboratory animals and were approved by the Ethics Committee of the Research at Tarbiat Modares University with the ethical code (IR.Modares.REC.1398.052).Morphine exposure during adolescenceAdolescent male Wistar rats were assigned to the saline and morphine groups to investigate the effects of morphine exposure. In the morphine group, rats were injected subcutaneously (s.c.) with 2.5 mg/kg of morphine sulphate (Temad, Iran) on postnatal day 31. Then, behavioral studies were conducted from adolescence to adulthood, measuring the animal’s locomotor activity and anxiety-like behaviors. The timeline related to this type of morphine exposure and the behavioral tests are shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. Timeline of behavioral experiments in the group exposed to acute morphine during adolescence. Behavioral tests Open field test The study focused on the locomotor activity of rodents using an Open Field Test (OFT). The apparatus consisted of a square enclosed area (50×50 cm) with a height of 30 cm and virtual lines marked on it. Locomotor activity was measured by evaluating the distance traveled during the 5 minutes. Additionally, the time of the animal’s presence in the center of the open field was measured to indicate anxiety-like behavior. Elevated plus maze test An elevated plus maze was used to evaluate the anxiety-like behavior of the animal. In this test, rats were allowed to freely explore the device, including two open arms (38×5 cm) and two closed arms (38×5×15 cm) with a central junction (5×5 cm) for 10 minutes. The time spent in open arms and the number of entries into open and closed arms were measured. The entrance was counted whenever the animal entered the arm with all four paws. An inverse relationship was observed between increased entry into open arms and time spent in open arms with anxiety-like behavior, and vice versa.Investigating the effects of acute morphine exposure during adolescence on locomotor activity and anxiety-like behavior in the open field test As shown in Figure 2a, no significant difference in the traveled distance was found between the group exposed to the acute morphine pattern and the saline group during four weeks (P>0.05). These data showed that acute morphine consumption in adolescence did not have a significant effect on the locomotor activity of animals from adolescence to adulthood. Another parameter measured in the open field test was the duration of being in the center of the open field (Figure 2b). In the first week after the morphine injection, the time of presence in the center of the open field in the morphine group showed a significant increase (P=0.0499) compared to the control group. However, during the following weeks, the group exposed to acute morphine compared to the control group did not have a significant difference in terms of the duration of their stay at the open field center (P>0.05).Figure 2. The effects of acute morphine exposure during adolescence on locomotor activity and anxiety-like behavior in the open field test Investigating the effects of morphine consumption with an acute exposure pattern during adolescence on anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze testThis study analyzed three indicators of the time spent in the open arms and the number of entries into the open and closed arms as indicators of anxiety-like behavior to measure anxiety-like behaviors in the elevated plus maze. Two indicators of the time spent in the open arms (P=0.0368) and the number of entries to the open arms (P=0.0483) during the first week after morphine injection were significantly higher in the morphine group compared to the saline group. Nevertheless, the two groups had no significant difference in the following weeks (Figure 3a and b). These data showed that the group exposed to morphine with an acute pattern during adolescence had an anti-anxiety behavior pattern during the first week after morphine injection. Correspondingly, the data in Figure 3c showed no significant difference in the number of entries to the closed arms between the morphine and saline groups four weeks after receiving morphine (P>0.05).Figure 3. The effects of morphine exposure during adolescence on anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze test

In summary, the importance of these findings should be considered in the context of the importance of adolescence as a sensitive period of brain growth and development affected by environmental factors such as substance abuse. Finally, according to the results of the present study, future studies are needed to clarify the nature of the emotional experience of adolescents by examining receptors, signaling cascades, molecules, and brain structures involved in behavioral and cellular changes after exposure to morphine in adolescents. Ultimately, at the level of human societies, educational systems should pay special attention to teenagers and think of appropriate management programs to meet the psychological needs of this sensitive segment of society.

Over 100 million sperm are daily produced by the male reproductive system for the purpose of reproduction and fertility in male gender. During embryonic development, primordial germ cells migrate to the testes and transform into undifferentiated germ cells called spermatogonia, which are destined to develop into mature sperm through a process called spermatogenesis. Successful spermatogenesis and thus efficient fertility are dependent upon various factors, including Sertoli cell efficiency. Studies have reported a direct correlation between the morphology of Sertoli and germ cells indicating the importance of these somatic cells inside the spermatogenic tubes. The first structural investigations and possibilities about the function of these cells date back over 150 years when 23-year-old Enrico Sertoli first assessed the structure of these somatic cells. The results of years of research on various functions and effects of these cells have contributed significantly to studies on infertility. This has drawn more attention to the characteristics and mechanisms of physiological action of Sertoli cells, as well as the analysis of disorders related to them so that an effective step can be taken in the treatment of male fertility problems.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the expression level of the important transcription factor POU5F1 in spermatogonial stem cells with age and to present the expression patterns of this factor in the mouse spermatogenic tube.

In the present study, spermatogonial stem cells were isolated after extracting the testicles of two-week-old and sixteen-week-old adult mice purchased from the Pasteur Institute of Iran. The cells were cultured in a StemPro-34 medium containing specific growth factors. Also, after fixing and preparing the tissue, they were incubated with primary and secondary antibodies, and an immunohistochemical examination was done with a confocal microscope. Then, real-time PCR analysis was used to quantitatively investigate the expression of the POU5F1 transcription factor.

While in the immunohistochemical analysis, high expression of the POU5F1 transcription factor was observed in the infant's testis, the number of POU5F1 positive cells in the seminiferous tubules of the adult testis was higher than that of the infant. Also, real-time PCR analysis showed that the level of POU5F1 gene expression in newborn SSCs was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than 16-week-old SSCs.

The results can reveal the foundation of new dimensions in the relationship between epigenetic factors and the differentiation power of stem cells, which should be considered in research on the differentiation of spermatogonial stem cells into sperm cells.

Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) can generate embryonic stem-like (ES-Like) cells, both of which possess the potential for pluripotent stem cells. The gene ZBTB16 (Zinc Finger and BTB Domain Containing 16) plays various roles in signaling pathways, cellular differentiation regulation, and growth. The aim of this research was to identify signaling pathways associated with the ZBTB16 gene using bioinformatics methods and investigate the expression levels of this gene in SSCs and ES-Like cells.

In this experimental study, initially, 100 genes with connections to ZBTB16 were extracted from the protein database and analyzed using relevant software. Subsequently, ES-Like cells were extracted from mouse testicular SSCs and cultured. Then, the expression of ZBTB16 in ES-Like cells and SSCs was examined through immunocytochemistry and immunohistochemistry staining.

The results indicated that the expression of ZBTB16 was demonstrated in the undifferentiated population of SSCs and ES-Like cells. It was found that deleting ZBTB16 from the gene network could disrupt undesirable signaling pathways since ZBTB16 is involved in enriching specific pathways as a specific transcription factor.

The experimental findings can support the analysis of spermatogonial cell growth in both in vivo and in vitro. Bioinformatics methods, by identifying biological functions that ZBTB16 regulates, have shown that ZBTB16 can be used as a target gene to weaken certain undesirable pathways.

In stem cells, the activation of specific powerful factors, such as OCT4, NANOG, KLF4, and SOX2, in conjunction with transcriptional control, triggers potency in both sperm-producing and cancerous stem cells. In the present study, we not only construct a protein-protein network and examine the roles of these factors in the development and advancement of testicular germ cell cancer but also explore the immunohistochemistry of the mentioned genes in pseudo-embryonic stem cells (ESC-like cells).

In this experimental study, the String database was used along with software tools, such as Cytoscape and Gephi, to examine the strength and interaction between these genes and construct functional networks. Following this, spermatogonial stem cells were isolated from mice, and after culture, ESC-like cells were manually generated from them. Subsequently, the expression of OCT4, NANOG, KLF4, and SOX2 in these ESC-like cells was investigated using immunocytochemistry (ICC).

According to the bioinformatics results, the target genes exhibit very strong interactions with each other, leading to the enhancement of their functionality and the enrichment of signaling pathways, particularly in cancer. Furthermore, the permanent expression of the OCT4 gene and the expression of the NANOG, SOX2, and KLF4 genes were demonstrated in ESC-like cells.

These data provide further insights into the potential of ESC-like cells. Given the highly interconnected network among these mentioned genes, their roles in enriching cancer pathways, and their key role in advancing spermatogenesis for male infertility treatment and cancer diagnosis, they have significant importance. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the potential therapeutic applications of these genes and open avenues for further research in these areas.

Morphine passes through the placenta and selectively accumulates in the nervous tissues of the fetus. In the present study, the effect of exposure to morphine during embryonic period on cognitive functions such as attention and impulsive behaviors in male offspring has been investigated.

Female rats received morphine subcutaneously twice a day in doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg during pregnancy (days 11 to 18). In the behavioral study, the 5-CSRTT (5-choice serial reaction time task) was used.

In the training phase of the behavioral test, the prenatal morphine group needed more days to learn the test than the saline group. In the baseline condition, the animals exposed to morphine in the embryonic period showed more impulsive and obsessive responses compared to the saline group.

Behavioral results show a direct effect of exposure to morphine during embryonic period on delayed learning and impulsive behaviors in adulthood.

Drug addiction is a recurring chronic disease characterized by repeated and compulsive drug use and seeking behavior, despite awareness of its negative consequences. Relapse, which refers to a person's return to old patterns of behavior and drug use after a period of abstinence, is a significant concern in addiction treatment. One of the main concerns in addiction treatment is the high rate of relapse, even during a short period after withdrawal. It is common for individuals to experience relapse shortly after completing treatment. Exposure to the drug itself, drug-related cues and coping with stress are three factors induce relapse. To investigate and address the issue of relapse, significant efforts have been made to develop extinction-reinstatement models in laboratory animals. Modeling a human psychological disorder such as addiction in animals is not possible due to its complexity, laboratory animals can be used to simulate human psychological issues objectively and behaviorally, with measurable parameters. Over the past decades, animal models of relapse have been developed to investigate and address this neurobiological phenomenon. These models primarily focus on seeking behavior and drug taking, using methods such as spontaneous administration of substances and conditional place preference. This review article provides description of these two main models in relation to the "reinstatement" phenomenon.

During the Qajar era, some scholars pointed out the reasons for poverty in Iran, and some research was also done on approaches to solve economic problems. Thaqa-ul-Islam Tabrizi was one of the clerics who spoke out during the Constitutional Movement in the form of letters, treatises and political-economic articles, proposing solutions to overcome the obstacles to Iran's economic development. In this essay, the reflections of this cleric on the economic issues of the Qajar era will be examined on the basis of institutionalism, using a historical approach of analysis and interpretation. Although the theory of institutionalism had not yet emerged and reforms such as the development and expansion of human resources were not planned in the period under discussion and the ideas expressed by Thaqa-ul-Islam are considered as a retrospective of this theory, it seems that the thoughts of this cleric can be explained with the components of this theory. Since the institutionalists view the economy as nothing more than the transaction of property parcels and see institutions as facilitators of this exchange, a picture of efficient government and Thaqa-ul-Islam's approach to achieving this goal was first drawn. It then examined the role of the government as the largest institution in creating a legal system that supports property and its role in legislating and monitoring the law. Finally, the relevant laws to improve the quality of human resources through education, budget, taxation, liquidity volume, the National Bank, customs, roads, agriculture, trade and industry were reviewed. The result of this study is that Thaqa-ul-Islam considers the government as the greatest institution and useful institutions can be authorised and supervised through an amendment in the form of the constitution in the form of laws. Economic reforms would have been accessible through these institutions. Secondly, in his opinion, an efficient judiciary belonged in the constitution to guarantee the principle of property and facilitate investment.

The Muteh–Golpayegan Metamorphic Complex is located within the center of the Sanandaj-Sirjan Metamorphic Zone. The strain parameter measurements by the strain ellipsoid including strain ratio in the XZ principal plane, strain ellipsoid (RXZ), strain ellipsoid shape (K), and strain intensity (D) exhibit prolate  shape for the amphibole mineral for the deformed amphibolitic rocks in the Muteh–Golpayegan Metamorphic Complex. Several kinematic shear sense indicators consist of the asymmetric fold, kink fold, boudin, S/C fabrics, oblique grain shape, and mineral fishes show a dextral shear sense. The quantitative kinematic analyses highlight that Wk varies between 0.6 and 0.93, implying a general shear flow with 42% < simple shear <74% and 26% < pure shear <58%.

Nowadays pain is the most commonly reported symptom in clinical practice. It is defined as “a complex emotional and sensorial experience that is associated with potential or actual damage” [1, 2]. Pain pathways represent a complex sensory system, with emotional, cognitive, and behavioral elements having evolved to detect and integrate a protective response to noxious stimuli [3, 4]. The protective nature of pain is true for acute pain, which is provoked by a specific disease or injury. However, chronic pain is not protective and is considered a disease state [5]. Pain sensitivity is one of the factors that determine the perceived severity, course, prognosis, and also treatment efficacy of clinical pain. It can be defined as increased or decreased pain responsiveness to noxious or non-noxious stimuli [6, 7]. Reduced sensitivity to pain is associated with the risk of delayed diagnosis or undermined treatment efficacy of conditions associated with acute pain. On the contrary, hypersensitivity is unpleasant and increases health care costs, risk of anxiety, and susceptibility to chronic pain conditions [8, 9]. Pain sensitivity widely varies among different individuals. There are several reports that factors, including genetic and environmental factors, affect an individual pain perception and sensitivity [8]. One of the environmental factors affecting pain perception that has not yet received much attention is the history of drug abuse [10].

Sox2 (SRY box2) is an essential transcription factor that plays a vital role in spermatogenesis and regulates the genes in this process. Sox2 is important for pluripotency, self-renewal, and even spermatogonial stem cell differentiation. This gene is found in pluripotent and specialized cells, and it is involved in their biological activities.

Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis was performed during spermatogenesis using NCBI, STRING, and Cytoscape databases. Then, after isolating spermatogonial stem cells from 6 C57BL/6 mice, mouse embryonic stem cells and ES-like cells were prepared. In the following, Sox2 expression was examined in differentiated and undifferentiated spermatogonia by immunohistochemistry (IMH), immunocytochemistry (ICC), and Fluidigm PCR (polymerase chain reaction). Finally, the results were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests at the significance level of p<0.05.

The results of this experiment showed that contrary to expectations, Sox2 has cytoplasmic expression in undifferentiated cells and nuclear expression in differentiated cells in in vitro conditions. In addition, the expression of Sox2 increased during differentiation. Fluidigm PCR showed a significantly higher expression of Sox2 (p<0.05) in differentiated compared to undifferentiated spermatogonia. Sox2 has an interaction with other genes during spermatogenesis such as Oct4, Nanog, Klf4, Stra8, Smad1, Tcf3, and Osm.

Sox2, which is known as a pluripotency marker, has a vital role in spermatogenesis and could be a differential marker. Sox2 has strong connections with other genes such as Oct4, Nanog, Klf4, Tcf3, Osm, Stra8, Lim2, Smad1, Gdnf, and Kit.

The resilience approach strengthens tourism against disasters and crises and increases its ability to absorb and reduce changes. Therefore, one of the new practical approaches to continuing tourism development is resilience. Shiraz is one of the essential tourist cities. Since various accidents such as floods and terrorist attacks have occurred in it, which disrupts its tourism development, it needs to use a resilient approach to its tourism development. This research aims to measure Shiraz tourism's internal and external resources, compare it with competitors, and finally provide the necessary strategies with a resilience approach. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical. Data collecting was performed using experts’ opinions on several occasions using questionnaires. Regarding validity, the relevant field professor approved the questionnaire, and its reliability is based on Cronbach's alpha test result of 0.915, which indicates high reliability. The independent and dependent variables are resilience and the development of tourism. The statistical population is the city of Shiraz, and the statistical sample is 33 tourism experts (including employees, students, university professors, and business owners) who have been selected with the snowball method. The results indicate that most of the tourism resources of Shiraz with a resilience approach are strategically balanced and close to each other and are similar in weight and strategic proportion. Suitable air and ground transportation infrastructures, high investment of the public and private sectors in the field of tourism in Shiraz, and strong advertisements in the field of attracting tourists are among the most strategic resources of Shiraz. Finally, strategies for developing Shiraz tourism with the resilience approach have been presented.

The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a multiple criteria decision-making method extensively used in various fields. Prioritization of decision criteria or alternatives from pairwise comparison matrices in AHP has been studied extensively. This article proposed the “Double-Frontier DEA” approach for prioritization in AHP. This new approach uses two optimistic and pessimistic DEA models to obtain the best local priorities from a pairwise comparison matrix, regardless of whether it is fully consistent or not.

One of these methods is Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The combination of DEA and AHP (DEAHP) is used to obtain and aggregate weights in AHP. Studies show that DEAHP fails in obtaining and aggregating weights in AHP and sometimes produces priority vectors contrary to evidence for inconsistent pairwise comparison matrices that limits its application.

This new approach uses two optimistic and pessimistic DEA models to obtain the best local priorities from a pairwise comparison matrix, regardless of whether it is fully consistent or not. Some numerical examples, including a real application of AHP for selecting an innovation team for a university, are provided to specify the advantages of the proposed approach and its potential applications.

Originality/Value:

 The double-frontier DEA approach generates true weights for fully consistent pairwise comparison matrices and best local priorities for inconsistent pairwise comparison matrices, that are logical and fit subjective judgments of decision-makers.

Alkaline phosphatase, BMP, and GATA proteins are important factors in the process of spermatogenesis. This study aims to investigate the effect of alkaline phosphatase, GATA, and BMP expression on spermatogenic stem cells, embryonic cells, and embryonic stem-like cells (ES-like) in C57BL mice.

In this experimental study, spermatogonial stem cells were isolated from three heads of 4-week-old C57BL mice, and embryonic stem cells and ES-like cells were prepared. Alkaline phosphatase staining test was performed on spermatogenic stem cells, embryonic cells, and ES-like cells. The expression of BMP and GATA genes was analyzed using Fluidigm PCR. Protein-protein interaction networks were isolated and drawn using databases.

Positive alkaline phosphatase expression in stem cells and negative expression in testicular Sertoli cells indicated the presence of this enzyme in pluripotent cells. The gene expression of BMP and GATA in spermatogonial stem cells (6.3 and 2.7, respectively), embryonic cells (3.2 and 4.4, respectively), and ES-like cells (8.5 and 2.5, respectively) was positive, but not statistically significant. Bioinformatics studies showed the regulatory role of these genes and their direct effect on alkaline phosphatase.

BMP and GATA genes, along with alkaline phosphatase enzymes, play a crucial role in controlling embryonic and spermatogonial stem cells, maintaining their pluripotency, and guiding them towards differentiated cells.
Keywords:

With the rise of the Safavid government, Shiite scholars had to theorize this institution of monarchy in political jurisprudence. However, the lack of an exemplar and the inconsistency of the model of monarchy with some theological thoughts of Shiites was considered a challenge in this practice. Eventually, by maintaining the theological foundations, believing that any type of government in the occultation era is usurped, they compromisingly came to terms with the monarchy concept and considered it necessary. In this model, the Sultan, a divine gift, was at the head of the society and should never be disobeyed. Although during the constitutional period, some scholars were in favor of the continuation of this idea, some Shiite jurists considered some of the components of the Ma'mouleh monarchy to be the source of Iran's economic and political crises. They proposed a law-bound sultan in their written works and statements, which openly challenged some of the components of the Ma'mouleh monarchy. This article, with a descriptive-analytical method and based on library sources, especially the political treatises of Iranian scholars, aims to answer the question "What factors have caused the change in the discursive approach of Shia scholars regarding the monarchy?". First, the discourse of the Ma'mouleh monarchy with its components and also the background of thinkers' interest in this discourse is analyzed. Then the discourse of constitutional monarchy along with its components is dissected. Since the turning of the discourse requires the weakening of the previous discourse and the existence of an alternative discourse in the second stage, in the end, the change of the economic context and the inefficiency of the Ma'mouleh monarchy and the flaw in this discourse is explained, and also the simultaneousness of this flaw which is accompanied by the existence of alternative governance, that is the conditional monarchy is discussed. Therefore, these two data together include the reasons and factors of this discursive turn of the leading scholars. This change of discourse was therefore important for the leading scholars, which was a necessary introduction to the fundamental reforms of the government in Iran.

The most important Manto-type deposits are located in the Coastal and Central Cordillera, northern Chile. Manto-type copper deposits have been reported in Iran in Saveh-Jiroft zone, the volcanoes of eastern Iran, the volcanic-intrusive complex of Alborz-Azerbaijan, Sabzevar zone, and Sanandaj-Sirjan zone. Nasim copper deposit is located in the northwest of Bardaskan, northeastern Iran. The deposit is part of the Iranian Plateau, Sabzevar Subzone, and Oryan region, located at the end part of the Khaf-Kashmar-Bardaskan magmatic belt. The geological units in the area include the Late Tertiary (Paleocene-Eocene), volcanic rocks, and sedimentary rocks including conglomerate and limestone. In Nasim deposit, mineralization has been done in conglomerate unit as a particular horizon. This unit is composed of volcanic fragments with carbonate and volcanic cements. Chalcocite is the most important and main sulphide mineral in the study area. Alteration can be divided into pre-mineralization and syn-mineralization stages. Pre-mineralization includes Celadonite, Carbonate, Silicified, and Propylitic alteration. Syn-mineralization consists of small amounts of Chlorite, Zeolite, and Calcite. In this system, the chemistry of solution is different from those of other systems such as IOCG, massive sulfide, porphyry etc., due to completely reduced and iron and silica-deficient solution.

Nasim deposit is located in northeastern Iran, 50 kilometers northwest of Bardaskan. The study area is part of the Iranian Plateau, Sabzevar subzone, and Oryan region, which is located in the end part of the Khaf-Kashmar-Bardaskan magmatic belt. The most important Manto-type deposits of Iran are located in Bardaskan region. The study area includes Paleocene-Eocene volcanic rocks, major volcanic and minor intrusive fragments. In this study, the chemistry of solution was investigated based on alteration and paragenesis in Bardaskan region.

This study was done in two parts: field studies and laboratory works. Sampling and structural studies were done while doing field studies. Logging drill cores was done for about 1000 meters in 20 boreholes. After field work, a total of 150 thin sections and 50 polished sections were prepared and studied to investigate petrography and mineralogy and to prepare geological map.
 

Geology of the area includes sequence of volcanic rocks of basalt, basaltic-andesite and andesite, respectively, formed in a non-marine environment. Conglomerate and limestone units formed after volcanic activity. Mineralization occurred only within the conglomerate unit due to useful porosity. Mineralization formed clearly post-dates conglomerate and limestone in the region. Chalcocite is the most important primary copper mineral in Manto Chalcocite systems, which has a high amount of copper and lacks iron. Mainly in the conglomerate unit, due to the good porosity of the conglomerate, the solution has risen up through the faults and penetrated into the conglomerate. Limited mineralization is observed in the carbonate rock. The mineralizations have no time and origin relationship with the volcanic cycle and the time of conglomerate formation. The porosity in the conglomerate and the fault structure in the region have played an important role in the mineralization.
Manto copper solution is a solution poor in iron and poor in silica, and it is completely reducing. This solution cannot react with lime under any conditions; so the mineralization rate is very low in lime, and this shows that the solution has a special chemistry.
Some exploration consultants have used the word agglomerate instead of conglomerate in Bardaskan. This is not acceptable because agglomerate is created during volcanic activity and its fragments consist of only one type of composition and have a rounded state (volcanic bomb). But conglomerate is formed during the erosion cycle and all the pieces are rounded when transported by river water or on the seashore. The use of the term agglomerate becomes a fundamental problem regarding the time and manner of formation of copper mineralization. Not knowing the exact time of Qata mineralization challenges the exploration.
 Alteration assemblage do not consist of epidote and quartz due to the lack of iron and silica in the solution. Moreover, the reducing solution is due to the presence of organic substances. Some researchers (e.g., Wilson and Zentilli, 2006; Tosdal and Munizaga, 2003) suggest a volcanic origin for Manto-type deposits. The volcanic rocks contain at least 5% primary magnetite. If the rocks are the origin, the solution will be rich in iron, but there is no evidence of iron-bearing minerals such as chalcopyrite and pyrite in the area.
Other researchers (e.g., Palacios, 1986; Oliveros et al., 2008) see intrusive rocks as the origin of these deposits. If the rocks are the origin, solution will be definitely rich in silica, iron, and aluminum, but there is no evidence of quartz-chalcocite mineral assemblage. Therefore, the determination of the origin of the deposits requires further studies and consideration of other factors.

We would like to thank Ferdowsi University of Mashhad and Kome Madan Pars Company for cooperating and supporting this research. We thanks the reviewers and editor(s) for their thoughtful contributions.

Measuring intertemporal efficiency variations (such as window analysis and the Malmquist index) has always been an interesting topic in the field of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). However, these methods overlook carry-over activities across two consecutive periods. Instead, they focus independently on individual time periods while also taking the time variation effect into account. In the real world of commerce, long planning and investment times can be a source of concern. To adapt to the long-time view, dynamic DEA integrates carry-over activities into the model and allows us to measure the special function of the period based on the long-term optimization during the whole period. Accordingly, dynamic analysis is needed when the data are available.

The present paper proposes the double-frontier dynamic DEA for simultaneously measuring system efficiency and period efficiency for multitemporal systems in which quasi-fixed input or interstitial periods are the source of intertemporal dependence between consecutive periods.

To illustrate this approach, an example is presented from the forests of Taiwan where the forest entity acts as the quasi-fixed input.

Originality/Value: 

In addition to the optimistic efficiency of the decision-making unit, this approach also considers its pessimistic efficiency. Compared with the traditional dynamic DEA, the double-frontier dynamic DEA approach has a higher differential power in identifying better-performing systems.

Considering possible plastic deformations for metals such as steel during design calculations reduces metal consumption in practice. In general, structural elements with heavy loads, such as shells of building structures, rockets, chemical reactors, thin-walled pipes and other structures, are designed using computational methods, in order to properly and scientifically design, plastic deformations should be considered in them. Laser welding is one of the most important and sensitive types of welding in metals, which has many applications in various industries. In the present study, the effects of laser processing on the mechanical strength of steel sheets and their resistance to bending loads caused by laser radiation have been investigated. The results of bending tests and computer simulation of elastoplastic deformation show that st37 carbon steel sheet subjected to local laser processing with surface melting due to increased mechanical strength can be used as a suitable replacement for more resistant and expensive alloys in advanced industrial and military applications.