hossein ebrahimimoghadam

This study aims to examine whether transcranial direct current stimulation can effectively improve inhibitory control deficits and reduce students' tendency toward stimulant substance use.

Methods and Materials:

 This research employed a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest format. The study population included all 12th-grade students with stimulant substance use attending the Atieh Roshan Addiction Treatment Center in Shahriar in 2024. A total of approximately 100 12th-grade students were present at this center. From this population, 40 individuals were selected as the sample, based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, to conduct a targeted study. The statistical population consisted of all 12th-grade students aged 15 to 19 years with stimulant substance use in addiction treatment centers in Shahriar. Multivariate analysis of variance and SPSS26 software were used for data analysis.

 The results indicated the effectiveness of transcranial brain stimulation on emotional inhibition, aggression inhibition, mental rumination, benign inhibition, and the tendency toward stimulant substance use in students.

 It can be concluded that transcranial direct current stimulation can be effective in improving the psychological problems of individuals with substance use disorders.

The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) on the resilience of patients with breast cancer.

Methods and Materials: 

The statistical population of this quasi-experimental study included all women aged 25 to 65 years with breast cancer in Qazvin in 2022, among whom 45 participants were selected using convenience sampling and randomly assigned to three groups of 15 individuals. The research instruments included the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, the Acceptance and Commitment Therapy package (Hayes et al.), and the Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy package (Hawton et al.). Data analysis was performed at the descriptive level using mean and standard deviation, and at the inferential level using Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) and Bonferroni post hoc test with SPSS-22 software.

The results of the study showed a statistically significant difference in resilience levels between breast cancer patients in the experimental groups (ACT group and CBT group) and the control group (P < 0.05). In other words, both interventions, ACT and CBT, significantly improved resilience in breast cancer patients compared to the control group. Furthermore, the Bonferroni test results indicated no statistically significant difference in the effectiveness of ACT and CBT on resilience in breast cancer patients.

Therefore, it can be concluded that both psychotherapies are beneficial for enhancing resilience in breast cancer patients.

 Sexual function is an important part of the life of menopause women with type 2 diabetes and changes in it, especially in menopause, can affect their health. The sexual function of these women can be affected by various factors. The purpose of the present study was to investigate mediating role of the sleep quality and distress tolerance in the relationship between anxiety and depression with sexual Function in menopausal women with type 2 diabetes.

This study employed a correlational design. The statistical population consisted of postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes in Tehran city in 2023. The sample size was selected based on Kline model (2023). A sample size of 300 was selected using convenience sampling method. Data were collected using the female sexual function index of Isidori and et al (2010), depression inventory-II of Beck and et al (1996), anxiety inventory Beck and et al (1988), Pittsburgh sleep quality index of Buysse and et al (1989) and distress tolerance scale of Simons and Gaher (2005). Data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS-28 statistical softwares.

The findings showed that there were significant direct effects of anxiety, depression, sleep quality, and distress tolerance on sexual function. Also, the results showed that sleep quality and distress tolerance have a mediating role in relationship between anxiety and depression with sexual function. Also, the proposed model demonstrated acceptable fit to the data (P<0/05, NFI=0/91, GFI=0/92, IFI=0/99, RMSEA=0/05). Further analyses of the data revealed that 93% of the variance of sexual function was explained by anxiety and depression through the mediating role of sleep quality and distress tolerance.

Therefore, it is concluded that anxiety and depression negatively affect the sleep quality and distress tolerance, leading to impaired sexual function of postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes. So it is suggested to perform psychological interventions to reduce their anxiety and depression in these women.

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to numerous challenges in recent years, many of which have persisted even after recovery from the illness.

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of group-based positive psychotherapy in enhancing resilience and reducing COVID-19-related anxiety and job burnout among nurses working in COVID-19 care units.

This study employed a quasi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test measures, including an experimental group and a control group. The statistical population comprised nurses working in the COVID-19 intensive care units of Qaem and Shariati Hospitals in Mashhad between the years 2021–2022. A total of 26 eligible participants were selected through purposive sampling and randomly assigned to either the experimental group (positive psychotherapy, n = 13) or the control group (n = 13). Data collection instruments included the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (2003), the Corona Anxiety Scale developed by Alipour, Gadami, Alipour, and Abdulzadeh (2018), and Maslach’s Job Burnout Inventory (1981). The intervention group received eight weekly sessions of group-based positive psychotherapy, each lasting 90 minutes. Data were analyzed using univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).

The results indicated that positive group therapy had a significant impact on increasing resilience (F = 167.614), reducing COVID-19-related anxiety (F = 5.762), and decreasing job burnout (F = 39.975) among nurses working in COVID-19 care units.

 Positive group psychotherapy was found to be effective in enhancing resilience, reducing COVID-19-related anxiety, and alleviating job burnout among nurses working in COVID-19 care units. Therefore, this therapeutic approach is recommended for improving these outcomes in healthcare professionals.

Marital infidelity, like many other social phenomena, is a multi-faceted, complex and extensive event that involves many potential factors. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the structural model of predicting attitudes towards marital infidelity based on attachment with the mediation of ways of coping in married men and women in Tehran.

The research method used was descriptive correlation. The statistical population of the present study included all married men and women in Tehran in 2023. 420 people were selected by convenience sampling from counseling and psychotherapy centers in the 3rd district of Tehran. The research instruments included a demographic questionnaire, "Revised Adult Attachment Scale", "Attitudes towards Infidelity Scale", and "Ways of Coping Questionnaire". The validity of the instruments was measured using content validity using a qualitative method, and reliability was measured using the internal consistency method by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS. 26 and Amos.24.

Secure attachment (P<0.01, β=0.300) negatively and significantly, and anxious (P<0.01, β=0.549) and avoidant attachment (P<0.01, β=0.583) positively and significantly predict the attitude towards marital infidelity. Secure attachment with the mediation of emotion-focused coping (P<0.01, β=-0.265) and problem-focused coping (P<0.01, β=-0.308), anxious attachment with the mediation of emotion-focused coping (P<0.01, β=0.296) and problem-focused coping (P<0.01, β=0.255) and avoidant attachment with the mediation of emotion-focused coping (P<0.01, β=0.335) and problem-focused coping (P<0.01, β=0.344) predict the attitude towards marital infidelity.

The attachment predicts positive attitudes toward infidelity through the mediation of emotion-focused coping and problem-focused coping. Therefore, it is suggested that family counselors and psychologists focus on attachment and coping ways in couple therapy to correct people's attitudes toward infidelity.

The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) on death anxiety and life hope in breast cancer patients.

 Methods and Materials: 

The statistical population of this study consisted of women aged 25 to 65 years diagnosed with breast cancer in Qazvin city in 2022. A total of 45 participants were selected using convenience sampling as the research sample. The research tools included the Death Anxiety Scale (Templer), Life Hope Questionnaire (Snyder), the ACT protocol (Hayes et al.), and the CBT protocol (Houghton et al.). The data were analysed with analysis of covariance and post-hoc tests through SPSS-26. 

The results of the Bonferroni test revealed that Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy significantly increased life hope in breast cancer patients more than Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (P<0.01). However, there was no significant difference between these two types of psychotherapy in terms of their effectiveness on death anxiety in breast cancer patients (P<0.784). 

Both Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy are effective and significantly impactful in breast cancer patients.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a serious and incapacitating but treatable disorder. The aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) on aggression, anxiety, and attention in people with OCD.

This was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population included girls with OCD in the junior and senior high schools in the 1st and 3rd regions of Tehran in 2022 which completed the Maudsley’s Obsessive-Compulsive Questionnaire. Among them, 30 people who had obsessive-compulsive symptoms were selected by purposive sampling and randomly assigned into two groups of 15 people, experimental and control. The experimental group underwent DBT (8 sessions of 90 minutes) and the control group did not receive any treatment. The Anxiety and Aggression Questionnaires and Continuous Performance Test were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using Repeated Measures ANOVA.

The findings showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of anxiety (F=120.993), aggression (F=257.308), and attention (F=11.058) (p<0.001). The mean of anxiety and aggression in the experimental group significantly reduced compared to the pre-test and the control group, and the mean of the attention significantly increased (p<0.01). In the follow-up period, stabilization was observed for attention and anxiety variables in the experimental group.

The current study showed that DBT has an effect on anxiety, aggression, and attention in girls with OCD. The results of the present study can be used to prevent and treat girls with OCD.

The present study was conducted to predict job burnout based on mental fatigue and effort-reward imbalance among nurses in the post-corona era. The present research method was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population included all the nurses working in the hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences who have taken care of patients with COVID-19 in recent years, in 2023, out of which 200 people were selected as a sample using the available and non-random sampling method. The data were collected using Maslach & Jackson's Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI, 1981), Johansson et al's Mental Fatigue Scale (MFS, 2010) Siegrist et al's Effort-Reward Imbalance Questionnaire (ERIQ, 2009). Multiple regression analysis was used to analyze the data. The findings of the research showed that mental fatigue and effort-reward imbalance were able to predict job burnout (p<0.05) and explained 54.1% of the variance of job burnout. Therefore, it can be concluded that mental fatigue and effort-reward imbalance play a significant role in predicting job burnout and it seems necessary to pay attention to these factors to reduce job burnout in nurses in the post-corona era.

Sexual function is an important part of the life of postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes and changes in it, especially in menopause, can affect their health. The sexual function of these women can be affected by various factors. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the mediating role of distress tolerance in the relationship between anxiety and depression and sexual function in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes.

The present research is descriptive. The statistical population in this research included postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes in Tehran City in 2023. A sample size of 300 people was selected based on Kline model and by convenience sampling. Data collection tools included Isidori’s Female Sexual Function Index, Beck’s Depression Inventory-II, Beck’s Anxiety Inventory, and Simons and Gaher’s Distress Tolerance Scale. The data were analyzed using structural equations modelling.

The findings showed that the direct effects of anxiety, depression, and distress tolerance on sexual function were significant (p=0.001). Also, the results showed that distress tolerance has a mediating role in the relationship between anxiety and depression and sexual function.

According to the results of the current study, sexual function of postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes can be affected by anxiety, depression, and distress tolerance. It is concluded that anxiety and depression affect the distress tolerance and cause defects in the sexual function of postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes; so it is suggested to reduce their anxiety and depression in psychological interventions for these women.

 The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of problem-solving training on drug addiction, mental health, and sensitivity to rejection in drug-dependent individuals. The semi-experimental research method was pre-test, post-test with a control group and a three-month follow-up. The statistical population of this study included people with a history of opioid use who referred to one of Nasim-Shahr addiction treatment centers in 1400. 40 qualified people were selected based on the entry and exit criteria and using the available sampling method and were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. The data collection tool was substance abuse questionnaire (Salehifederdi and Barerfan, 2017), mental health questionnaire (Keyes, 2006) and rejection sensitivity questionnaire (Downey and Feldman, 1996). Both experimental and control groups were pre-tested using research tools. Then the experimental group received problem solving training during 8 sessions of 60 minutes, and no training was implemented for the control group. At the end of the interventions, both experimental and control groups were post-tested using research tools. A follow-up test was done after three months from both groups. The data were analyzed using the repeated measure analysis of variance test. The findings showed the effect of implementing the independent variable on the variables of craving for drugs (P = 0.001, F = 36.02), mental health (P = 0.001, F = 23.11) and sensitivity to rejection (F = 0.001). P = 0, F = 24/51) is significant.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate structural equation modeling of sexual function based on sleep quality with mediating role of distress tolerance in menopause women with type 2 diabetes. The present research is the correlation. The statistical population in this research included postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes in Tehran city in year 2023. The sample size was selected based on Kline model (2023) and with convenience sampling of 300 people. Data collection tools included the female sexual function index (FSFI-6) of Isidori and et al (2010), Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) of Buysse and et al (1989) and distress tolerance scale (DTS) of Simons and Gaher (2005). Statistical analysis of data was performed using SPSS and AMOS-28 software. The findings showed that the direct effect of sleep quality and distress tolerance were significant on sexual function. Also, the results showed that distress tolerance has a mediating role in relationship between sleep quality with sexual function. Also, proposed model had an acceptable fitness to the data (RMSEA=0/056, P-value<0/05) and analyses also revealed that %90 of variance of sexual function was explained by sleep quality through the mediating role of distress tolerance. Therefore, it is concluded that sleep quality affect the distress tolerance and cause defects in the sexual function of postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes, so it is suggested to reduce their sexual function in psychological interventions for these women.

The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) on the resilience of patients with breast cancer.

Methods and Materials: 

The statistical population of this quasi-experimental study included all women aged 25 to 65 years with breast cancer in Qazvin in 2022, among whom 45 participants were selected using convenience sampling and randomly assigned to three groups of 15 individuals. The research instruments included the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, the Acceptance and Commitment Therapy package (Hayes et al.), and the Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy package (Hawton et al.). Data analysis was performed at the descriptive level using mean and standard deviation, and at the inferential level using Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) and Bonferroni post hoc test with SPSS-22 software.

The results of the study showed a statistically significant difference in resilience levels between breast cancer patients in the experimental groups (ACT group and CBT group) and the control group (P < 0.05). In other words, both interventions, ACT and CBT, significantly improved resilience in breast cancer patients compared to the control group. Furthermore, the Bonferroni test results indicated no statistically significant difference in the effectiveness of ACT and CBT on resilience in breast cancer patients.

Therefore, it can be concluded that both psychotherapies are beneficial for enhancing resilience in breast cancer patients.

The primary objective of this study is to compare the effectiveness of Spiritual Therapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on illness-related worries in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome.
 
The research method employed is quasi-experimental (pre-test, post-test with a control group). The research tools include spiritual therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy packages, as well as the Illness Worry Questionnaire, which consists of 23 items. The content validity for the entire scale was 0.95. The statistical population included patients diagnosed with fibromyalgia (referred to the clinic in Tehran in 2024). A total of 36 participants were selected through purposive sampling and were randomly assigned to two experimental groups (12 in the Spiritual Therapy group and 12 in the Acceptance and Commitment Therapy group) and one control group (12 participants). For hypothesis testing, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used, and SPSS version 23 software was employed.
 
The research findings, based on the pairwise comparison of post-test mean scores of worry, among the ACT group, the Spiritual Therapy group, and the control group, indicate that the significance level for all groups is (sig<0.05). Therefore, the difference between the mean scores is statistically significant, and the research hypothesis is accepted with 95% confidence.
 
Given that the effect size (η²>0.36) is significant, both Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Spiritual Therapy have a strong impact on reducing illness-related worries in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. Furthermore, Spiritual Therapy is more effective in reducing worries than Acceptance and Commitment Therapy.

The aim of this research was to compare the effectiveness of problem-solving skills training with self-talk training on mental health and rejection sensitivity in individuals dependent on substance abuse.

The current study employed a quasi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test, and follow-up assessments, using a control group. Among all 470 individuals seeking treatment for opioid use disorder at Nasim Rahaii Treatment Center in 2022, 60 participants were conveniently selected and randomly assigned to three groups of 20 individuals. The research instruments included the standard Mental Health Questionnaire (Keyes, 2002) and the Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire (Feldman, 1996). The first experimental group received 8 sessions of problem-solving skills training, the second experimental group received 10 sessions of self-talk training, and the control group did not receive any intervention. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance.

The findings indicated that both training methods had a significant effect on reducing rejection sensitivity and improving mental health in individuals with opioid use disorder. Additionally, the follow-up analysis using Bonferroni test showed that problem-solving skills training was more effective than self-talk training in reducing rejection sensitivity. However, no significant difference was observed between the two methods in terms of their impact on mental health.

Consequently, addiction specialists and therapists can incorporate these training approaches alongside pharmacotherapy and other conventional methods to enhance psychological functioning and prevent relapse in individuals with substance dependence.

The present research aimed to model the relationship between reality testing and object relations with psychological well-being through the mediation of defense mechanisms in grief disorder.

Methods and Materials: 

The research method was correlational and of the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) type. The statistical population included all individuals who met the diagnostic criteria for grief disorder and visited psychological clinics in District 1 of Tehran in the year 2022. The sample size, considering the number of observed variables and allocating a coefficient of 15 for each observed variable, was selected as 240 individuals through a convenience sampling method. Data collection tools included Bell’s Reality Testing and Object Relations Questionnaire (1988), Andrews’ Defense Mechanisms Questionnaire (1993), and Ryff’s Psychological Well-being Questionnaire (1995). In this study, structural regression equation modeling and SPSS22 and Amos 23 software were used for data analysis.

The research results showed that the indirect relationship of object relations to psychological well-being through defense mechanisms (β = -0.32) is significant (p ≤ 0.01). Also, it was determined that the indirect relationship of reality testing to psychological well-being through defense mechanisms (β = -0.35) is significant (p ≤ 0.01).

Based on the results of the present study, the research model was confirmed in terms of significance and fit indicators. The findings highlight the role of reality testing, object relations, and psychological well-being in grief disorder, hence, these findings can have clinical applications and be effective in therapeutic programs related to grief disorder.

The research was aimed at structural equation modeling of academic procrastination based on motivational beliefs with the mediating role of academic vitality among students. This descriptive research was of correlation type based on structural equation modeling (SEM). The statistical population consisted of all 2nd grade high school students in Hamedan in the academic year 2022. In this research, 304 people were selected using cluster multistage sampling. Data collection tools included Solomon and Roth Bloom’s Academic Procrastination Questionnaire (1986), Pintrich and Digrott’s Motivational Strategies for learning questionnaire (1990), and Martin and Marsh’s academic vitality questionnaire (2008). Data was analyzed by SPSS-25 and Amos-24 software. The results showed that motivational beliefs predicted academic procrastination directly (β= -0.47), academic vitality predicted academic procrastination directly (β= -0.45), and motivational beliefs with the mediating role of academic vitality predicted academic procrastination (β= -0.26). According to the results, motivational beliefs and academic vitality are among effective factors on academic procrastination. In other words, students can be helped to overcome their own academic procrastination by intervening and improving motivational beliefs and academic vitality.

The purpose of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of emotion-oriented group counseling and Lyubomirsky's happiness education on life expectancy in adolescents with a history of suicide. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group with a follow-up period of two months period. The statistical population of the study consisted of all male students in the first and second year of high school in the 20th district of Tehran in the academic year of 2022-2023 who had a history of suicide attempts and were referred to the education counseling center. 45 people were selected purposefully and randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group. The tool of research was Miller's Life Expectancy Questionnaire (MHS, 1988). The intervention of emotion-oriented group counseling and Lyubomirski's happiness training was implemented in 8 sessions of 120 minutes twice a week as a group for the first and second experimental groups. The data were analyzed using mixed analysis of variance. The results showed that there is a significant difference between the groups in the post-test and follow-up of life expectancy (P<0.05) and Lyubomirski's happiness education significantly affects the life expectancy of adolescents with a history of Suicide was more effective and a significant difference was observed between the two treatments (P<0.05). Therefore, it can be said that there is a significant difference between Lyubomirski's happiness training and emotion-oriented group counseling.

This research was conducted with the aim of modeling the structural relationships of attachment styles with readiness for addiction with mediating variables of strategies to cope with stress and cognitive regulation of emotion in recovering addicts.

This analytical-cross-sectional study was conducted on 300 rehabilitated addicts (18 to 55 years old) selected from 4 addiction treatment centers in Amol city in 2022 using stratified random sampling. The tools used in this research were questionnaires of attachment styles, readiness for addiction, strategies to deal with stress, and cognitive regulation of emotion. Data analysis was done based on structural equation modeling in Amos 22 software.

Attachment styles affected readiness for addiction with mediating variables of stress coping strategies and cognitive regulation of emotion in recovering addicts (P = 0.006, P = 0.0001). Attachment styles had a direct relationship with stress coping strategies in recovering addicts (P = 0.000). Attachment styles had a direct relationship with the cognitive regulation of emotion in recovering addicts (P = 0.0001). Cognitive regulation of excitement had a direct relationship with readiness for addiction in recovering addicts (P = 0.0001). Stress coping strategies had a direct relationship with readiness for addiction in rehabilitated addicts (P = 0.025).

Considering the predictive power of the variables, the results can be used in the interventions and trainings in addiction treatment clinics.

This study aims to model structural relationships of schema with the readiness of addiction with the mediation variables stress coping strategies and cognitive regulation of emotion in addicts with drug rehabilitation.

This study is analytical-cross-sectional The sample consisted of 300 addicts with drug rehabilitation (18-55 years old) from 4 addiction treatment centers in 1401 in Amol city were selected based on stratified random sampling method. The questionnaire used in this study was Schema, Readiness of Addiction, stress coping strategies and cognitive regulation of emotion questionnaires. Analysis of data was performed based on the structural equations modeling in the software Amos 22. Sobel's test was used to examine mediating variables.

Findings showed that the schema affects the readiness for addiction with the mediation variables stress coping strategies and cognitive regulation of emotion in addicts with drug rehabilitation. The schema had a direct relationship with stress coping strategies in addicts with drug rehabilitation. It had a direct relationship with cognitive emotion regulation in addicts with drug rehabilitation. Cognitive emotion regulation had a direct relationship with susceptibility to addiction in drug addicts with drug rehabilitation. Stress coping strategies had a direct relationship with susceptibility for addiction in drug addicts with drug rehabilitation.

Considering the predictive power of the variables, the results can be used in interventions and trainings in addiction treatment clinics.

The aim of this study was to investigate the presentation of a structural model for predicting distress tolerance based on dark personality traits and perceived social support mediated by defense styles in divorce-seeking clients.

The research method was analytical-correlation by structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the present study was the clients seeking divorce in family counseling clinics in Tehran in 2021. The sample size of 260 people was selected by available sampling method and used by Simmons and Gahr (2005) Distress Tolerance Scale, Johnson & Webster's Dark Triangle (2010), Zimet et al.'s Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale (1988) and Defense Mechanism Questionnaire. Andrews et al. (1993) responded. The proposed model was then analyzed by structural equation modeling using SPSS and AMOS version 24.

The results showed that direct paths of personality traits and defensive styles were significant on distress tolerance (P <0.01). The direct path of perceived social support on distress tolerance was not significant (P <0.01). Direct paths of personality traits on perceived social support and defensive styles (grown and immature) on distress tolerance were significant (P <0.01), but the coefficient of personality traits was not significant on disturbed defense style (01 / 0 <P). Also, the direct paths of perceived social support on defense styles (disturbed and immature) were significant (P <0.01), but the direct path coefficient of perceived social support on the developed defense style was not significant (0.01). 0 <P). The results also showed that the indirect effects of perceived social support through the mediating role of defense styles on distress tolerance were significant (RMSEA = 0.077, GFI = 0.912, IFI = 0.959 and CFI = 0.957), but the indirect path of personality traits on distress tolerance was not significant with the mediating role of defense styles.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between reality testing and thematic relationships with the mediation of defense mechanisms in bereavement disorder.

The descriptive research method was correlation type. The statistical population includes all the people who referred to the psychological clinics of the 1st district of Tehran with the diagnostic criteria of grief disorder in 1401. The sample size according to the number of observed variables and assigning a coefficient of 15 for each observed variable, 240 people were selected using the available method. The data collection tool was Bell's (1988) Thematic Relations and Reality Test Questionnaire and Anders' (1993) Defense Mechanisms Questionnaire. In this research, Pearson's correlation test and SPSS22 and Amose 23 software were used to analyze the data obtained.

The results of the research showed that the indirect relationship between thematic relationships and reality testing through defense mechanisms (β=0.28) is significant (p≥0.01).

People with grief disorder, their anxiety level is lower and the level of irritability and impulsivity of these people is higher. Due to their mental conditions, these people create an image of reality instead of reality in order to achieve a relative level of health and mastery over the surrounding world. In addition, they have less ownership over their intrapsychic experiences.

The purpose of this study was to investigate theprediction of psychological distress based on mindfulness,personality traits, and health-related quality of life in patientswith multiple sclerosis.

The research method is descriptiveand correlational. The statistical population of kidney patientswith multiple sclerosis who referred to the MS Association ofTehran were studying in 2020-2021, and 400 people wereselected by available sampling method (online method) andbased on Klein's model, and psychological distressquestionnaire. Kessler et al., Bauer et al.'s five-factormindfulness questionnaire, Zuckerman-Coleman Zuckermanpersonality questionnaire, and short version World HealthQuality of Life Questionnaire (2004) responded. The collecteddata were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient andmultivariate regression analysis. The results showed that thereis a negative and significant relationship between theawareness of personality traits (socializing and activity) andhealth-related quality of life with psychological distress(P<0.01). There is a positive and significant relationshipbetween personality traits (anxiety-psycho-brutality,sensationalism/impulsivity and aggression/hostility) withpsychological distress (P<0.01).

The results of multiple regression analysis alsorevealed that 67.1% of the variance of psychological distressis explained by mindfulness, personality traits and quality oflife related to health.

The findings of this research show thatmindfulness, personality traits and quality of life related tohealth are important in predicting psychological distress inpatients with multiple sclerosis.

It is of special importance to study the common practice among the members of the anti-cultural security sect and the disorders in the vision of rehabilitation and reform, as well as to prevent the tendency towards these sects.The present study was a cross-sectional descriptive sampling method in which 100 members of the country's anti-cultural security sect were selected and answered the demographic information questionnaire and the short form of the Minnesota Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire. The profile of individuals was interpreted in two ways: the highest elevation and T scores above 65. According to the findings of this study, 77% of the members of the anti-cultural security sect had at least one type of scale on the rise. Depression, self-morbidity and hysteria were the most common disorders among members of the anti-cultural security sect, respectively, according to T-scores above 65Based on the obtained results, a model for reducing sectarianism was presented which was validated using fuzzy Delphi technique. The results showed that the strategies of setting up sectarian medical clinics, rehabilitation programs through prisons and correctional centers, as well as public education programs were effective in reducing sectarianism.

the purpose of this study was to compare the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation and cognitive-behavioral therapy on obsessive compulsive symptom, obsessive-compulsive beliefs and guilty feelings in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder in Tehran.

The research method is quasi-experimental research (pre-test-post-test design with control group). The statistical population included all patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder referred to psychiatric centers and psychological services and counseling in Tehran. The sample size was 30 people who were divided into three groups (two experimental groups and one control group). The first experimental group received transcranial direct current stimulation for 24 sessions of 20 minutes. In the second experimental group, cognitive-behavioral therapy was performed for 10 sessions of 90 minutes and the control group did not receive any intervention. Research data were collected using the Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (1986),  Obsessive-Verity Questionnaire (2011), and guilty feelings of Kauger and Jones (1998). For data analysis, univariate analysis of covariance (ANCO) and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) were used by SPSS-v.21.

the results showed that both brain electrical stimulation treatments from the skull and cognitive-behavioral therapy separately reduced obsessive-compulsive beliefs and guilty feelings in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder (P< 0.05).

among the two treatments, the treatment of transcranial direct current stimulation was more effective than cognitive-behavioral therapy in reducing the obsessive compulsive symptom and guilty feelings, but it was more effective in reducing the cognitive-behavioral beliefs of obsessive beliefs; these results were also observed after one-month follow-up period.

The recent problems of couples necessitate the greater focus of research in this field on relationships between couples. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of transactional analysis training on communication skills and attribution beliefs of incompatible women in Tehran, Iran. The research method was quasi-experimental. The research population included all incompatible women who were referred to the psychological clinics of district 1 of Tehran, Iran in 2020. Thirty women were selected as the sample using convenience sampling and randomly divided into experimental and control groups (n=15 in each group). The experimental group underwent eight sessions (60-minutes sessions per week) of transactional analysis training. The follow-up was performed after 60 days. The research instruments included the Communication Skills Questionnaire, the Relationship Attribution Measure, and the Dyadic Adjustment Scale. Data analysis was conducted using repeatedmeasures ANOVA by SPSS software version 24.0. The mean± SD of the post-test scores of communication skills and attribution beliefs of incompatible women was (115.93±8.40) and (85.33±13.40) in the experimental group and (87.93±8.53) and (113.23±12.53) in the control group. The results showed that transactional analysis training effectively and persistently improves communication skills and attribution beliefs of incompatible women (p <0.001). Transactional analysis training can be recommended as an intervention to improve the quality of life of families with computability problems.