hossein kamani

The most important pollutant in surface water sources is turbidity. The aim of the study is to determine the most effective thyme plant extract as a natural coagulant to remove water turbidity and compare it with alum as a chemical coagulant..

In this study, plant extracts obtained from Thymus vulgaris (Tv), Thymus kotschyanus (Tk), and Thymus eriocalyx (Te) were used as natural coagulants for elimination of water turbidity. Then, the best of plant extract was confirmed by ninhydrin and FTIR analyses and the effect of simultaneous use of plant extract with chemical coagulant of aluminum sulfate (alum) was investigated in the hybrid ratio of 1:1, 2:1, and 1:2. Then, the effect of parameters include of pH, coagulant dose, turbidity removal efficiency, and the most suitable solvent for coagulant extraction were studied.

The results of this study showed that among the natural coagulants, Tv had a higher efficiency in elimination of water turbidity, and the highest amounts of turbidity elimination for Tv, alum, and Tv/alum hybrid coagulants was 94, 90, and 96, respectively. According to the results of this study, the most effective solvent for preparing plant extracts was 1M KCl solvent.

The natural coagulant removes more turbidity from water than the chemical coagulant, and the simultaneous use of natural and chemical coagulants with a 1:1 ratio was more effective.

 Urinary tract infections (UTIs) and anemia are significant disorders that occur during pregnancy, potentially leading to severe complications.

 This study explored the prevalence of urinary tract infections and anemia, along with their associated factors, among pregnant women.

 A cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted with 700 pregnant women attending clinics in Khash, Iran, in 2022. A self-administered questionnaire collected data on the socio-demographic and clinical factors of these women. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the chi-square test in SPSS software, version 22. Multiple logistic regression models were used to calculate the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI).

 The prevalence rates of anemia and urinary tract infections were 63.6% (95% CI: 59.8 - 67.1) and 49% (95% CI: 45.2 - 52.7), respectively. Significant associations were observed between anemia and the number of medical care visits, smoking status, the use of iron and folic acid supplements, history of abortion, and thalassemia (P-value < 0.05). Additionally, income level, previous history of urinary tract infections, education level, and syphilis were significantly associated with UTIs among pregnant women (P-value < 0.05).

 The prevalence rates of anemia and UTIs among pregnant women are high. Consequently, standard antenatal care services, as recommended for the early identification of risk factors, should be emphasized by the Ministry of Health and its stakeholders to mitigate the high prevalence of anemia and UTIs during pregnancy and their associated complications.

In recent decades, one of the environmental concerns is contamination with emerging pollutants of microplastics. Microplastics enter the environment through wastewater treatment plants and can absorb harmful pollutants. This study investigated microplastic pollution in the sludge of Zahedan wastewater treatment plants. To investigate microplastic pollution in the sludge of Zahedan wastewater treatment plants, 5 kg samples of sludge were passed through stainless-steel sieves and digested using H2O2 solution. NaCl was used based on density to separate microplastics. FESEM and FTIR analyses were used to investigate the surface morphology and polymer type of microplastics. The abundance of microplastic particles in the sludge ranged from 71-95 N/Kgdry.sludge, and their size varied from 25-500 micrometers. The most common color observed was transparent, and the fiber shape was the most prevalent. The study highlights the importance of addressing microplastic pollution in wastewater treatment plants to prevent harmful effects on the environment. Also, the data obtained from this study can be used to improve the treatment process and understand the removal of microplastics in urban wastewater treatment plants.

The use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine and medical applications has increased widely and the possibility of contamination of water sources with such compounds has increased which causes adverse effects such as increased bacterial resistance and digestive disorders. Therefore, the aim of this study was to use the ultrasonic process with Fe-doped TiO2 nano-particle in the Removal of flumequine.

The present study was an experimental-laboratory study conducted as a batch system. nanoparticles were synthesized by the sol-gel method and SEM, XRD, and DRS analyzes were used to determine the properties of nanoparticles. The effect of different variables including pH (3-11), initial concentration of flumequine (25-75 mg/L), and concentration of nanoparticles (200-600 mg/L) at different times (15-60 min) Was examined in sonocatalytic removal of flumequine. 

The results of this study showed that the maximum removal efficiency of flumequine was 96.5 % at pH 3, initial concentration of 25 mg/L, and a nanoparticle dose of 600 mg/L, a reaction time of 60 minutes was obtained using ultrasonic waves with a constant frequency of 35 kHz.

Due to the high removal efficiency of sonocatalytic process, the use of this process for the removal of flumequine in water and wastewater treatment processes is recommended.

The prevalence of asthma has increased dramatically among children. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of asthma symptoms among school‐age children in Zahedan, southeast of Iran.

In this cross-sectional study, 1,600 primary school girls and boys were examined by multistage random sampling. Data were collected using the International ISAAC Questionnaire. The data were analyzed in Stata.14 software using chi-square test, multiple logistic regression and Kappa coefficient.

The prevalence of asthma based on physician diagnosis was 6.2%. The prevalence of asthma was statistically significant in girls with 8.3% and boys with 4.2% (P

Epidemiological research pointed to an association between air pollution and increased mortality from cardiovascular complications. There is a relationship between the incidence of cardiovascular complications and increased levels of C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). The present study aimed to determine the relationship between particulate matter concentration (PM10) and C-reactive protein in healthy youth in Zahedan.

This longitudinal study was performed from February 2016 to October 2017. The concentration of suspended particles (PM10) was measured by the environmental method once every 6 days and on all dusty days. Moreover, in different conditions of air pollution, the amount of C-reactive protein in the blood samples of 40 volunteers aged 18-30 years was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The relationship between biomarkers and different air pollution conditions was investigated using a t-test.

The minimum, mean, and maximum concentrations of suspended particles (PM10) were reported as 30.75±9.8, 187.5±183.44, 2366.75±936.38 micrograms per cubic meter, respectively. The lowest rate is in February and the highest in August. Moreover, the minimum, mean, and maximum concentrations of C-reactive protein were obtained at 12±.96, 3.88±1.69, 9.95±2.39 μg/ml, respectively. Plasma C-reactive protein levels in air pollution conditions were significantly higher than those obtained in normal conditions (P<0.05).

As evidenced by the obtained results, there was a direct relationship between the dust storm and C-reactive protein. Since cardiovascular and respiratory diseases are exacerbated when the concentration of particulate matter is above the standard, health programs and individual care need to receive assiduous attention.

Air pollution is one of the most important environmental risk factors that exposure to it can cause many acute and chronic effects on human health. Some regions of Iran, especially the western, southern and southeastern provinces of the country, have been affected with dust storm for years. Studies on the frequencies of dusty days in the country show that central pits of Iran and the cities of Zabol and Zahedan have the highest incidence of dusty days. The purpose of this study was to determine the concentration of suspended particles with aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm or less (PM2.5) in various seasons and months during 2019 in Zahedan.

In this descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study samples were typically collected once every 6 days during a 24-hour period as well as on dusty days using an air sampler (PQ200 / BGI) from July 2018 to July 2019.

The results show that the mean concentration of PM2.5 in Zahedan during this study was 36.86 µg/m3. The maximum and minimum PM2.5 daily concentrations in the sampling days were also measured as 130.8 and 4.75 µg/m3, respectively.

In conclusion, 88% of samples contained PM2.5 concentration above the WHO 24-hr air quality guideline level (25 µg/m3), which could be due to the high incidence of summer dust storms. This indicates that particulate matters are a serious health threat to people living in those areas and calls for the implementing measures to tackle the problem.

The existence of heavy metals in drinking water is a serious threat to consumers chr('39') health in terms of the likelihood of suffering from diseases related to contaminated water consumption. this study aimed to determine the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk of heavy metals in drinking tap water in Zabol city, Iran.

In this cross-sectional study 50 samples were collected from different points of the urban drinking water network of Zabol city in Winter 2019 And according to the standard method were analyzed by ICP- OES device. The mean concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, nickel, lead, manganese, zinc, copper, and iron were compared with national 1053 standards of Iran, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the World Health Organization. also, health risk assessment for children and adult age groups was carried out based on the guidelines of the U.S EPA. All analysis of data and human health risk assessment were estimated by using the Excel software.

Among the metals, the mean concentrations of arsenic (0.0407 mg/l) and cadmium (0.0034 mg/l) were higher than the permissible values of Iranchr('39')s 1053 national standards
and the World Health Organization. hazard index (HI) was 9.62 for children and 4.12 for adults and the total carcinogenic risk was 1.79×10-3 and showed the highest level of carcinogenic risk.

The results of this study show the existence of a significant risk of incidence of non- cancerous diseases as well as a very high risk for cancer diseases as a result of prolonged exposure for the local population (especially children). Therefore, the necessary measures must be taken as soon as possible to reduce the amount of water pollution by the responsible organizations.

Among water pollutants, Natural Organic Matters (NOMs) are highly important for making problems in water treatment plants.

The main objective of this study was to investigate the efficiency of photocatalytic degradation of humic acid using magnetic nanoparticles (Fe-doped TiO2@Fe3O4) in aqueous solutions.

In the present experiment, Fe-doped TiO2@Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized by the sol-gel method, and SEM, XRD, and DRS analyzes were utilized to characterize the synthesized nanoparticles. The effects of various variables, including pH (3 - 11), initial concentration of humic acid (20 - 80 mg/L), and concentration of nanoparticles (250 - 2000 mg/L) at different reaction times (15 - 60 min) were investigated on the photocatalytic degradation of humic acid.

The maximum degradation efficiency of humic acid at pH 3, the initial humic acid concentration of 5 mg/L, nanoparticle dose of 400 mg/L, and reaction time of 60 min using a 15-W bare UV lamp.

Due to the high efficiency of photocatalytic degradation, it is proposed to use for the removal of humic acid from water resources.

Due to the continued urbanization and industrialization in most parts of the world, metals are constantly being introduced into the soil environment and posing a major threat to human health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the contamination of Esfarayen surface soils with heavy metals and its hazards to human health.

Surface soil samples were collected from 5 areas with different land uses in Esfarayen. The concentration of heavy metals in the soil was measured by ICP-OES. Contamination factors (Geoaccumulation Index and Pollution Load Index) and health hazards (carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic) of heavy metals in surface soils were evaluated.

The results showed that the mean concentrations of cadmium (Ca), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) in Esfarayen soil were 0.21, 33.27, 39.91, 32.25, 25.17 and 25.52 mg/kg, respectively. It was much higher than the natural background values. The highest and the least carcinogenic risk were related to chromium and lead, respectively. Soil health risk assessment for the pediatric group showed that the soil did not pose a risk to children and adults.

The contamination factor (Cf) values showed that the heavy metal contamination levels were Zn> Cr> Ca> Cu> Ni> Pb, respectively. These results are important in developing appropriate management strategies to reduce pollutant resources in Esfarayen.

 Organophosphorus pesticides are one of the widely consumed poisons in agriculture. The consumption of drinking water, which contains an excessive amount of poison, therefore, contributes to adverse health and hygiene outcomes in humans.

 In this study, a new sodium alginate/biosilicate/magnetite (SABM) nanocomposite made by the precipitation method was used to remove Malathion from aqueous solutions. The properties of MBSA were analyzed using XRD, SEM, EDX, and FTIR techniques. The possible impact of several parameters such as contact time, pH, initial Malathion concentration, temperature, and MBSA dosage on the adsorption process were investigated. The equilibrium isotherm and kinetic models were employed to evaluate the fitness of the experimental data.

 The highest removal (94.82%) of MBSA was obtained at an optimum pH of 7, the contact time of 120 minutes, the adsorbent dosage of 4 g/L, Malathion concentration of 10 mg/L, and temperature of 318°K. The adsorption process followed the Freundlich isotherm model (R2 = 0.999), which implied that the adsorption process of Malathion molecules onto MBSA might be mainly a multi-molecular layer.

 The results of this study showed that MBSA had a good removal efficiency, lower cost of processing, and as well as not producing substances harmful to the environment, which make it a promising adsorbent to remove Malathion from aqueous environments.
 

Dyes are one of the most important pollutants found in the sewage of many industries, including; textile, printing, wood and paper industries, tanning, cosmetics and are often toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic and non-biodegradable.This study aimed to investigate the removal of Basic Blue41 (BB41) by the oxidation process by using laccase in presence of ABTS mediator.

The present study is an experimental in vitro study that investigated the main and interaction effects of three variables of pH, mediator concentration and laccase activity in three levels on BB41 removal efficiency by Response Surface Methodology (RSM), based on Box-Behnken design.

According to the results of the dye removal experiments, in the solution pH of
5, 0.2 mM of ABTS and the 0.2 U mL−1 of laccase, BB41 was not observed in the tested sample solution and the final solution was completely colorless. Also, the statistical analysis of the data obtained from the experiments and the results of the analysis of variance showed that the model was statistically significant (P-value < 0.0001) and could reliably predict BB41 removal efficiency by laccase enzyme.

This study found that laccase enzyme can be used to remove BB41 dye from aqueous solutions under optimum conditions designed by RSM.

Water is an important and vital factor for human activity and   is considered as one of the most important sources for development of countries. Due to the issues related to the water quality, this study was performed based on the two indices in order to evaluate the water quality and to take effective strategies for water consumption.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in four seasons in 2017. Samples were collected from different points of Mashkyd dam lake in the Siban and Suran city. After analysis of samples, obtained data was used for evaluating water quality r using the Water Quality Index (NSFWQI) and Surface Water Quality Index (IRWQISC).

The water quality of Mashkyd dam based on the IRWQISC index was “relatively good” in all stations in spring and it was “good quality” grade in other seasons. Also, according to the NSFWQI index, the water quality was “moderate quality” in all stations and all seasons.  

Based on the international and national indices, the water quality of Mashkyd dam is usable for agricultural activity and conventional water treatment methods are sufficient to achieve the standard drinking water.

Among the industries the dairy of the industry to recognize one of the most polluting Sources due to the presence of a high percentage of organic matter in the effluent. Recently, advanced oxidation processes, including Ultrasonic-persulfate with production of free radical such as sulfate and hydroxyl radicals is the efficient processes in wastewater treatment. Therefore, the aim of this study was evaluation efficiency of US-persulfate processes in treatment synthetic dairy wastewater. This research was an experimental-laboratory study. In this study, dry milk was used to make synthetic dairy wastewater and effect of pH (3, 5, 7, 9, 11), persulfate concentrations (50, 100, 250, 500, 750 mg/L), contact time (10, 30, 45, 60, 90 min) and intensity of waves US (35, 37, 130 kHz) was investigated on efficiency and the process efficiency was measured by calculating the residual chemical oxygen demand using spectrophotometrically at a wavelength of 600 nm. According to the results, the efficiency increased by decreasing the pH value, increasing the concentration of hydrogen peroxide to an optimal level and increasing the contact time and ultrasound intensity and also was found that the efficiency of US-persulfate process at pH 3, concentration of persulfate500 mg/L, intensity of US 130 kHz and contact time 60 min had the highest efficiency that the amount of this efficiency was 74/53% and 61/1% for synthetic dairy wastewater and actual dairy sewerage respectively.  According to the results, the acoustic-activated peroxylate process can be a good and high-performance method for removing organic matter from dairy wastewater.

Street dust contains small matters coming from motor combustion and other anthropogenic sources. These elements are known as indicators of heavy metals, which have an important role in environmental pollution. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the degrees of arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc pollution in street dust by using of the geo-accumulation index and enrichment factor.
For sampling, 35 points are randomly defined by using the geographic information system. The metals were detected using acid digestion inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The order of geo-accumulation index of analyzed heavy metals were: arsenic < lead < cadmium < zinc < copper. The copper levels can be considered as “moderately to heavily polluted” status. The assessment results of enrichment factor and geo-accumulation index showed that Arsenic did not have any noticeable concern, while enrichment factor of lead and zinc had moderate enrichment, and cadmium and copper had moderately severe enrichment. The average levels of studied metals were higher than the mentioned background level. There are variant elements causing high levels of heavy metals in street dust of Tehran. For instance, the extensive traffic following by the vehicles speed and braking, power plants, and industrial emissions are the main factors. Therefore, considering this information as an alarming sign for the safety of our environment is needed.

Excessive consumption of antibiotics and their incomplete metabolization in human and animals, as well as inadequate removal by conventional waste water system leads to the release of these chemicals into the environment. Antibiotics have adverse effects including bacterial resistance, digestive disorders and genotoxic. Therefore the aim of this study was to survey amoxicillin removal by photocatalytic process using magnesium oxide nanoparticles. This experimental study was carried in the form of batch in the laboratory. In this study, independent parameters including pH (3, 7, 11), magnesium oxide nanoparticles concentration (250, 500, 750 ml/L) and reaction time (30, 60, 90) were evaluated for getting high mineralization efficiency.  In order to achieve the optimal experimental conditions, response surface methodology (RSM) model was designed and applied. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for data analysis. According to the obtained results, the effect of independent parameters including pH and nanoparticles on removal process was significant (p-value<0.05) and the highest efficiency for mineralization of amoxicillin was achieved 79.0% in optimum condition pH: 11, nanoparticle concentration: 500 mg/L and reaction time: 90 min. Photocatalytic process using magnesium oxide can be considered as an effective method for amoxicillin removal from aqueous solution.

Background and purpose: Sonocatalytic process as an advanced oxidation process is considered for degradation of pollutants in aqueous solution. The aim of this study was to increase the removal of dye by doping of TiO2 with non-metal element such as nitrogen. Un-doped and N-doped TiO2 nano-particles with different nitrogen contents were synthesized by a simple sol–gel method in laboratory. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectra (UV-vis DRS) were used for characterization of the synthesized nanoparticles. The sonocatalytic activity of synthesized nanoparticles was evaluated by investigating degradation of reactive blue 29 under ultrasonic radiation and the effects of nitrogen doping content, different initial pH of solution, and dye concentration. The study showed that both un-doped and doped nano-particles were in nano-sized that tend to agglomerate. By using different nano-particles, the highest sonocatalytic activity was achieved by 0.6 N-doped TiO2 with 58 % after 90 min of ultrasonic irradiation. Effect of initial pH of aqueous solution showed that the sonocatalytic activity decreased by increase in initial pH. Sonocatalysis using N-doped TiO2 was found to be an effective method for degradation of textile dyes. The high sonocatalytic activity could be attributed to the band gap narrowing and anatase phase in TiO2 nanoparticles. Sonocatalytic degradation followed the Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetic model (R2 = 0.98) with a rate constant of 0.01 mg L−1 min−1.

Humic acid is a trihalomethane component in water supplies, causing various health disorders in humans.
This study was performed to examine humic acid adsorption on saturated activated carbon and to evaluate adsorbent regeneration through ultrasonic processes.
In the present study, effects of various parameters, including initial concentration of humic acid, pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, and temperature, on the adsorption stage were investigated. Also, effects of different parameters, such as regeneration time, pH, and number of saturation-regeneration cycles, were studied in the regeneration stage.
The highest percentage of humic acid removal was reported at pH of three and initial humic acid concentration of 10 mg/L. The highest adsorption capacity of activated carbon was 29.7 mg/g at adsorbent dosage of 0.1 g/L and contact time of 10 minutes. The results of thermodynamic experiments showed that removal of humic acid by saturated activated carbon was endothermic. Also, maximum regeneration occurred at pH of 11 and contact time of 60 minutes. Finally, the adsorption capacity of saturated activated carbon changed from 42.94 to 42.14 mg/g after five cycles of saturation and regeneration.
The results of this study showed that activated carbon is an effective adsorbent in the removal of humic acid from water. Also, the ultrasonic process is effective in regeneration of activated carbon, saturated with humic acid.

Background and Pharmaceutical products, particularly antibiotics are emerging contaminants that cause major environmental challenges due to cumulative effects, different adverse effects, and leading to drug resistance. The aim of this experimental study was to evaluate the efficiency of advanced oxidation process by persulfate activated by UV in removal of ofloxacin from aqueous solutions.
In order to investigate the removal efficiency of ofloxacin, major operating parameters including initial pH of solution (2-12), the concentration of persulfate (50-3500 mg/l), concentrations of ofloxacin (2-100 mg/l), reaction time (6-30 min), and UV radiation (8,15,30 Watt) were studied.
Maximum removal efficiency of ofloxacin and COD in optimal conditions (pH =6, persulfate concentration = 350 mg/l, ofloxacin concentration = 40 mg/l, reaction time =20 min and UV radiation = 8 watt) were 94.35% and 79.17%, respectively. Advanced oxidation with activated persulfate by UV, deceased the concentrations of ofloxacin and COD to 2.26 and 37.21 mg/l, respectively.
The results showed that using UV activated persulfate is an efficient method in removal of ofloxacin from aqueous solutions.

Phenol is one of most common organic pollutants in aqueous environments. Phenol presence in the environment can make some health problems such as carcinogenesis, abnormality of heartbeat, etc for humans and poisonous problems for other organisms. Therefore, this pollutant must be removed from polluted effluents to prevent water pollution. Using nanoparticles in adsorption processes is considered as an effective method for contaminants removal. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency of magnesium oxide nanoparticles in phenol removal from aqueous solutions.
In this research, nanoparticles of magnesium oxide were used with size of 43 nm. After the preparation of phenol stock solution, effects of pH¡(3- 5- 7- 9- 11)¡ contact time(10,30, 60, 90, and 120 min)¡ MgO dosage(20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg/L) and initial concentration of phenol (25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/l) Were investigated.
Results indicated that the removal efficiency increased with increasing pH, contact time, MgO dosage to a certain range and decreasing initial concentration. Such that the maximum efficiency was equal to 81% in the pH of about 11, initial concentration of 50 mg/L, MgO dosage of 80 mg/l and contact time of 60 min. It was found that adsorption kinetics and equilibrium data follow a pseudo-second-order kinetics model and a Langmuir isotherm model respectively.
This study showed that the magnesium oxide nanoparticles have the ability to remove the phenol and can be used effectively in removing phenol from aqueous solution

Arsenic is a toxic element, which is found naturally in water sources. Due to its high toxicity it has become a serious problem in drinking water sources and also affects the health of communities. Therefore, in the present study, risk estimation and the probability of adverse health effects of exposure to arsenic from drinking water was evaluated in the rural areas of Qom province. Water samples were taken from 44 rural areas with regard to the number of rural areas and also the type of water distribution systems. The intensity, duration and frequency of exposure to arsenic in drinking water were determined. Then the hazard quotient and cancer risks ware calculated. Results showed that more than 16% of the rural population was exposed to arsenic with level above 10 μg/L in the rural regions of Kahak County (10 ± 6.29 μg/L). Results of risk assessment showed that hazard quotient (HQ) were 1.7 and 2, while the cancer risk (CR) were 76 × 10-5 and 42 × 10-4 for 2 groups of age 1 and 2, respectively. The results indicated that the hazard quotient is higher than 1 (HQ > 1) for group 1 and group 2. For carcinogenic effects, the study indicated that the population in the Kahak region are exposed to arsenic in drinking water with the concentration of > 10 µg/L and they are at a very high risk for cancer, due to the fact that the cancer risk for the 2 groups are more than 7.6 and 42 times the environmental protection agency (EPA) criteria, respectively. Therefore it is recommended that at first, the source and water supply system in Kahak region is to be substituted with safe drinking water and to provide health facilities and screening tests for exposed populations.

Background and Extreme use of antibiotics and discharging them to the environment lead to serious consequences. Antibiotic Penicillin G a common antibiotic due to high production and are used in the treatment of infectious diseases health officials give much attention .The aim of the present study was to Remove antibiotic Penicillin G in aquatic environments with the ultrasonic / Fenton by response surface methodology.
We evaluated the effect of independent variables including solution pH, H2O2, Fe3, reaction time and the initial concentration of the antibiotics Penicillin G on response performance (removal efficiency Penicillin G) with response to surface methodology based on Central Composite Design (CCD). ANOVA was applied to analyze the responses. All experiments were performed in the presence US frequency 35(kHz). Chemical Oxygen Demand was selected to follow the performance for Penicillin G antibiotics removal of the ultrasonic/ Fenton process.
Penicillin G removal in proposed model was statistically significant at 95% confidence level. The model had insignificant lack-of-fit at 95% confidence level (P=0.8040). Penicillin G removal efficiency was dependent on PH, H2O2, Fe3 and reaction time. The removal efficiency of Penicillin G was 94.74% at optimum condition (3, 43mg/l, 0.007mg/l and 60 min).
ultrasonic/ Fenton process applying current experimental conditions was found to be efficient in removal of the Penicillin G from aqueous solutions. Designing experiments by D-optimal method can optimize the removal of the process and prepare the best conditions for pollutant removal by reducing the number of experiments.

The pollution of water with pharmaceutical compounds can cause problems in the ecosystem. Antibiotics have special importance due to their inducing bacterial resistance. The aim of this study was to optimize the sono-nanocatalytic process using Fe₂O₃ for removal of Penicilin antibiotic by response surface methodology.
The study was based on the practical laboratory method in order to evaluate the effect of independent parameters such as pH, the dose of nanoparticles, reaction time, the initial concentration of the antibiotic and Frequency sound waves on the rate of penicillin removal. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) was selected to follow the performance for Penicilin antibiotic removal. In order to achieve the optimal experimental conditions, response surface methodology (RSM) model was designed and used.
The results of data analysis showed that the catalyst dose and reaction time had greatest impact on the COD removal efficiency of Penicilin. Also, optimum removal conditions based on the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and model was achieved at pH, frequency of sono waves, initial concentration of the antibiotic, catalyst dose and reaction time equal 3, 35 KHz, 10 mg/l, 0.3 g/L and 53 min, respectively. Under these conditions, a COD removal efficiency equal to 95.51% was achieved.
The results of this study showed that the sono-nanocatalytic process in the presence 𝛾- Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles has a high efficiency on the COD removal (Penicilin antibiotic) from aqueous environments.

Background and Antibiotics are non-biodegradable and wastewater treatment processes are not fully effective in their removal. Therefore, presence of some antibiotics such as erythromycin and metronidazole in environment has become a major concern in recent years. The aim of this study was to evaluate TiO2 nano-particles for removal of these two antibiotics from aqueous solution based on the response surface methodology (RSM).
Effect of independent variables including pH, catalyst dose, contact time, and initial concentrations of erythromycin and metronidazole on the removal efficiency of these antibiotics were evaluated using RSM based on Box-Behnken design. All experiments were performed under ultrasonic irradiation in ultrasonic bath at a frequency of 35 kHz.
According to ANOVA analysis and the model proposed, the optimum condition of pH, nano-particle concentration, reaction time and initial concentration of antibiotics for removal of erythromycin and metronidazole were 3, 0.4 g/l, 89.8 min, and 50.0 mg/l for erythromycin and 3, 0.4 g/l, 85.5 min, and 50.0mg/l for metronidazole. Under these conditions, efficiency of COD removal in erythromycin and metronidazole was 98.5% and 99.4 %, respectively.
In current study, sono-catalytic process was accelerated in the presence of TiO2 nano-particle and enhanced the removal of erythromycin and metronidazole.

Backgrounds and Antibiotics can’t be removedefficiently by conventional wastewater treatment.Nano Zero Valent Iron (nZVI) has high efficiency of degradation of contaminants such as heavy metal, nitro aromatic compounds and insecticides. Ozonation is one of the most well known methods for remove of chemichal-resistant materials like antibiotics of water and wastewater
This study is experimental. nZVI and ozonation were used to remove of penicillin G. for determination removal efficiency of penicillin, COD and TOC, factors: initial pH, dose of nano particle, initial penicillin dose, reaction time with nano particle and ozone were investigated.
Removal efficiency of penicillin G, COD, TOC in stage of reaction with nZVI were 96.35%, 73.13% and 47.45%, respectivly with reaction time: 60 min, initial penicillin concentration: 100 mg/L, COD: 1429 mg/L, TOC: 510 mg/L, pH=7, nano particle iron concentration: 0.25 g/L. In the stage of reaction with ozone, removal efficiency of penicillin G, COD and TOC were 99.5%, 96.35% and 92.65%, respectivly with reaction time: 13 min, pH=9, initial penicillin 20 mg/l, COD: 356 mg/L, TOC: 136 mg/L, volumetric flow rate of ozone: 5 L/min.
The best removal efficiency in stage of nano particles reaction was in pH=7, initial nZVI concentration 0.25 g/L, initial penicillin concentration 100 mg/L and time about 60 min. The best removal efficiency in stage of ozonation was in pH=7 and time about 9 min.